GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY

Dr. MANOJ KUMAR BIBIN ELDHOSE

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ROLL NO: 13
MITS S7 ME

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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Conventional grinding
 Problems in conventional grinding
 Cryogenic grinding
 Liquid nitrogen
 Results of experimental studies
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Applications
 Future prospects
 References
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INTRODUCTION
 The term “ Cryogenics” originates from Greek word which means
creation or production by means of cold.

 It deals with low temperatures as low as below -150°C or 123K t0

absolute zero.

 The extremely low temperatures are produced by using

substances called “cryogens”.

 There are several cryogenic liquids such as nitrogen, neon,

argon, helium, krypton, hydrogen etc….

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CONVENTIONAL GRINDING
 Grinding is the process of reducing the size of solid materials by
mechanical action, dividing them into smaller particles.
 Size reduction is achieved by fracturing the materials.

 The material is stressed by the action of mechanical moving

parts.
 Grinding can be classified into two types:

1. Grinding for material removal

2. Grinding for powdering

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PROBLEMS IN CONVENTIONAL
GRINDING
 High heat generation

 Occurrence of micro cracks

 High level od surface quality cannot be reached

 Problems in hard materials

 Less tool life

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CRYOGENIC GRINDING
 Also known as freezer milling/ freezing grinding/ cryomilling.

 It is the act of cooling or chilling a material and then reducing it

to smaller particle size.

 The cryogen like liquid nitrogen is applied on to the cutting

point mostly in the form of jet.

 All materials embrittle when exposed to low temperatures.

 It utilizes the cooling effect of cryogen to embrittle materials

prior to and or during the process.

 Also a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures.

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LIQUID NITROGEN
 The use of liquid nitrogen has advantages like east handling,
little additional equipment, increased throughput, clean and
pollution free working environment and finer particle size.

 Its extra ordinary heat dissipation capability from machining

zone helps in improving tool life.

 When it is delivered to machining zone, it immediately

evaporates without leaving any residue.

 Helps in higher retention of etheric oils.

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RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
1.Effect of cryogrinding on recovery of essential oil

Percentage of essential oil recovered during conventional and cryo

grinding of variety of seeds. Pic courtesy : [6]

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2. Experimental comparison of MO40 steel surface roughness
under different cooling techniques

MO40 steel surface roughness changes in

cooling-lubricating environment in cutting
depth of (a) 0.02, (b) 0.04, (c) 0.06mm.
Pic courtesy : [1]

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ADVANTAGES
 Smaller particle size

 Decreased wear on grinding equipment

 Higher production rate

 Low energy consumption

 More uniform particle distribution

 Less grinding cost

 Minimal loss of volatile components

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DISADVANTAGES
 The application of cryogen in moist atmosphere may cause
formation of ice around the delivery nozzle and the piping
system carrying the cryogen.

 Economic considerations should be solved

 Health hazards of cryogenic liquids.

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APPLICATIONS
 Cryogrinding of steels

 Thermoplastics

 Thermosets

 Adhesives and waxes

 Explosives

 Spices

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FUTURE PROSPECTS
 As the cost of raw materials and energy is increasing day by day, it is
very necessary to use optimum quantity and at the same time getting
the required quality. These aspects can be met efficiently by adopting
CryoGrinding technology.

 By adopting CryoGrinding technology the leading spice industries of

our country will earn considerable foreign exchange by exporting more
value added processed spices, in place of exporting whole spices.

 By CryoGrinding technology can be easily extended to processing of

PVC and industrial waste plastics in view of recycling of non-

biodegradable materials.
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REFERENCES
 [1] Amini, Saeid, Mohammad Baraheni, and Seyyed Javad Esmaeili. "Experimental comparison of
MO40 steel surface grinding performance under different cooling techniques." International Journal
of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture (2019).

 [2] Khan, Ahsan Ali, and Mirghani I. Ahmed. "Improving tool life using cryogenic cooling." Journal of
materials processing technology 196.1-3 (2008): 149-154.

 [3] Manimaran, G., and M. Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of cryogenic cooling and sol–gel alumina wheel on
grinding performance of AISI 316 stainless steel." Archives of civil and mechanical engineering 13.3
(2013): 304-312.

 [4] Reddy, Prudvi P., and Amitava Ghosh. "Some critical issues in cryo-grinding by a vitrified bonded
alumina wheel using liquid nitrogen jet." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 229 (2016): 329-
337.

 [5] Elanchezhian, J., and M. Pradeep Kumar. "Effect of nozzle angle and depth of cut on grinding
titanium under cryogenic CO2." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 33.13 (2018): 1466-1470.

 [6] Saxena, Rohit, et al. "Cryogenic Grinding: A Physical Technique To Retain Volatile Content In
Natural Products." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 22. World
Scientific Publishing Company, 2013. 14
THANK YOU

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