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Chauvenet's criterion using excel

An outlier is an observation that lies abnormally far away from other values in a dataset. Outliers can be problematic because they can affect the results of an analysis. One way to identify outliers in a dataset is to use Chauvenet’s Criterion, which uses the following process: 1. For each individual value xi
in the dataset, calculate the deviation from the mean as: Deviation = |xi – x| / s where x is the sample mean and s is the sample standard deviation. 2. Compare the deviations of each individual value to the critical values of Chauvenet’s Criterion Table below. For individual data values with deviations
greater than those found in the table, declare those data values to be outliers. Chauvenet’s Criterion: An Example Suppose we have the following dataset of 15 values: The sample mean for this dataset is x = 17.067 and the sample standard deviation is s = 10.096. For each individual data value, we can
calculate calculate its deviation as: Deviation = |xi – x| / s For example: The first data value would have a deviation of |4 – 17.067| / 10.096 = 1.294. The first data value would have a deviation of |6 – 17.067| / 10.096 = 1.096. And so on. We can use the same formula to calculate the deviation of each
individual data value: We can then refer to Chauvenet’s Criterion Table and find that the critical value that corresponds to a sample size of n=15 is 2.128. Thus, any value with a deviation greater than 2.128 can be considered an outlier. It turns out that the value 42 has a deviation greater than 2.128:
Thus, the value 42 is the only outlier in this dataset. Cautions on Using Chauvenet’s Criterion Chauvenet’s Criterion makes the assumption that the values in a dataset are normally distributed. If this assumption is not met, then using Chauvenet’s Criterion to identify outliers is likely not valid. If you do use
this method and find that a value is an outlier, you should first verify that the value is not a result of a data entry error. Sometimes data is simply entered incorrectly. If the value is a true outlier, you may choose to remove it if it will have a significant impact on your overall analysis. Just be sure to mention
that you removed an outlier when you report your results. Also, this method should only be used on a given dataset once. For example, suppose we use this criterion to identify the value 42 as an outlier in the previous example and remove this value from the dataset. We then shouldn’t recalculate the
sample mean and sample standard deviation and calculate the deviations once again to find more outliers. for identifying outliers Principles We previously discussed outlier detection and rejection in Unit 2 We stress again that the important thing is to find out why a particular point is an outlier. It should
then only be removed if it is a clear error. It should not be removed simply because it does not fit the researchers preconceptions of what the data should look like. Nevertheless, we give some details here of Chauvenet's criterion, a long established method based on probability theory that is widely used in
government, universities and industry for outlier detection - and deletion. It has the disadvantage (unlike methods previously considered ) that it assumes that data are from a normal distribution - always a very questionable assumption! If this is assumed, then outliers are identified based on the mean and
standard deviation of the data. Practice The mean and standard deviation of the observed data (including any suspected outliers) are calculated. The (two-sided) probability of a value as (or more) extreme than the suspected outlier being taken from a normal population with the observed values of mean
and standard deviation is estimated from the normal distribution function. This probability is then multiplied by the number of observations - if this comes to less than 0.5, then by Chauvenet's criterion the outlier can be discarded. Say we have the following observations: 13,26,8,25,36,92,14,17. The mean
is 28.875 and the standard deviation is 27.016. The value of 92 is suspected to be an outlier. The probability of getting a value that deviates from the mean by that much is 0.0195 Since we have eight observations, we multiply the probability by 8 to give 0.156. Since this is less than 0.5, by Chauvenet's
criterion the outlier can be discarded. Other approaches Chauvenet's criterion has been criticised because it uses an arbitrary assumption - namely that a measurement may be rejected if the probability of obtaining the deviation from the mean for that value is less than the inverse of twice the number of
measurements. Ross (2003) advocates use of Peirce's criterion instead, and gives full details of how to use it. This method does not make use of an arbitrary assumption to identify outliers - albeit it still assumes the data follow a normal distribution. Another technique known as Grubbs' test for outliers
(Grubbs (1969)) uses a significance test to assess whether there are any outliers in the data set. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chauvenet's
criterion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In statistical theory, Chauvenet's criterion (named for William Chauvenet[1]) is a means of assessing whether one piece of experimental data — an outlier — from a set of
observations, is likely to be spurious.[citation needed] Derivation The idea behind Chauvenet's criterion is to find a probability band, centered on the mean of a normal distribution, that should reasonably contain all n samples of a data set. By doing this, any data points from the n samples that lie outside
this probability band can be considered to be outliers, removed from the data set, and a new mean and standard deviation based on the remaining values and new sample size can be calculated. This identification of the outliers will be achieved by finding the number of standard deviations that correspond
to the bounds of the probability band around the mean ( D m a x {\displaystyle D_{\mathrm {max} }} ) and comparing that value to the absolute value of the difference between the suspected outliers and the mean divided by the sample standard deviation (Eq.1). D m a x ≥ | x − x ¯ | s x {\displaystyle
D_{\mathrm {max} }\geq {\frac {|x-{\bar {x}}|}{s_{x}}}} (1) where D m a x {\displaystyle D_{\mathrm {max} }} is the maximum allowable deviation, | ⋅ | {\displaystyle |\cdot |} is the absolute value, x {\displaystyle x} is the value of suspected outlier, x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} is sample mean, and s x
{\displaystyle s_{x}} is sample standard deviation. In order to be considered as including all n {\displaystyle n} observations in the sample, the probability band (centered on the mean) must only account for n − 1 2 {\displaystyle n-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} samples (if n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} then only 2.5 of the
samples must be accounted for in the probability band). In reality we cannot have partial samples so n − 1 2 {\displaystyle n-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} (2.5 for n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} ) is approximately n {\displaystyle n} . Anything less than n − 1 2 {\displaystyle n-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} is approximately n − 1 {\displaystyle
n-1} (2 if n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} ) and is not valid because we want to find the probability band that contains n {\displaystyle n} observations, not n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} samples. In short, we are looking for the probability, P {\displaystyle P} , that is equal to n − 1 2 {\displaystyle n-{\tfrac {1}{2}}} out of n
{\displaystyle n} samples (Eq.2). P = n − 1 2 n = 1 − 1 2 n {\displaystyle P={\frac {n-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}{n}}=1-{\tfrac {1}{2n}}} (2) where P {\displaystyle P} is the probability band centered on the sample mean and n {\displaystyle n} is the sample size. The quantity 1 2 n {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2n}}} corresponds
to the combined probability represented by the two tails of the normal distribution that fall outside of the probability band P {\displaystyle P} . In order to find the standard deviation level associated with P {\displaystyle P} , only the probability of one of the tails of the normal distribution needs to be analyzed
due to its symmetry (Eq.3). P z = 1 4 n {\displaystyle P_{z}={\frac {1}{4n}}} (3) where P z {\displaystyle P_{z}} is probability represented by one tail of the normal distribution and n {\displaystyle n} = sample size. Eq.1 is analogous to the Z {\displaystyle Z} -score equation (Eq.4). Z = x − μ σ {\displaystyle
Z={\frac {x-\mu }{\sigma }}} (4) where Z {\displaystyle Z} is the Z {\displaystyle Z} -score, x {\displaystyle x} is the sample value, μ = 0 {\displaystyle \mu =0} is the mean of standard normal distribution, and σ = 1 {\displaystyle \sigma =1} is the standard deviation of standard normal distribution. Based on
Eq.4, to find the D m a x {\displaystyle D_{\mathrm {max} }} (Eq.1) find the z-score corresponding to P z {\displaystyle P_{z}} in a Z {\displaystyle Z} -score table. D m a x {\displaystyle D_{\mathrm {max} }} is equal to the score for P z {\displaystyle P_{z}} . Using this method D m a x {\displaystyle
D_{\mathrm {max} }} can be determined for any sample size. In Excel, D m a x {\displaystyle D_{\mathrm {max} }} can be found with the following formula: =ABS(NORM.S.INV(1/(4n))). Calculation To apply Chauvenet's criterion, first calculate the mean and standard deviation of the observed data. Based
on how much the suspect datum differs from the mean, use the normal distribution function (or a table thereof) to determine the probability that a given data point will be at the value of the suspect data point. Multiply this probability by the number of data points taken. If the result is less than 0.5, the
suspicious data point may be discarded, i.e., a reading may be rejected if the probability of obtaining the particular deviation from the mean is less than 1 2 n {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2n}}} .[citation needed] Example For instance, suppose a value is measured experimentally in several trials as 9, 10, 10, 10,
11, and 50. The mean is 16.7 and the standard deviation 16.34. 50 differs from 16.7 by 33.3, slightly more than two standard deviations. The probability of taking data more than two standard deviations from the mean is roughly 0.05. Six measurements were taken, so the statistic value (data size
multiplied by the probability) is 0.05×6 = 0.3. Because 0.3 < 0.5, according to Chauvenet's criterion, the measured value of 50 should be discarded (leaving a new mean of 10, with standard deviation 0.7).[citation needed] Peirce's criterion Another method for eliminating spurious data is called Peirce's
criterion. It was developed a few years before Chauvenet's criterion was published, and it is a more rigorous approach to the rational deletion of outlier data.[2] Other methods such as Grubbs's test for outliers are mentioned under the listing for Outlier.[citation needed] Criticism Deletion of outlier data is a
controversial practice frowned on by many scientists and science instructors; while Chauvenet's criterion provides an objective and quantitative method for data rejection, it does not make the practice more scientifically or methodologically sound, especially in small sets or where a normal distribution
cannot be assumed. Rejection of outliers is more acceptable in areas of practice where the underlying model of the process being measured and the usual distribution of measurement error are confidently known. References ^ Chauvenet, William. A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy V. II.
1863. Reprint of 1891. 5th ed. Dover, N.Y.: 1960. pp. 474–566. ^ Ross, PhD, Stephen (2003). University of New Haven article. J. Engr. Technology, Fall 2003. Retrieved from permanent dead link]. Bibliography Taylor, John R. An Introduction to Error Analysis. 2nd edition. Sausalito, California: University
Science Books, 1997. pp 166–8. Barnett, Vic and Lewis, Toby. "Outliers in Statistical Data". 3rd edition. Chichester: J.Wiley and Sons, 1994. ISBN 0-471-93094-6. Aicha Zerbet, Mikhail Nikulin. A new statistics for detecting outliers in exponential case, Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods,
2003, v.32, pp. 573–584. Retrieved from "

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