Problems and solutions of the 16th IPhO∗

Portorož, Slovenia, (Former Yugoslavia),

1985

Contents
1 Problems 2
1.1 Theoretical competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Experimental competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Solutions 9
2.1 Theoretical competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Experimental competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1 Problems

1.1 Theoretical competition

Problem 1

A young radio amateur maintains a radio link with two girls living in two
towns. He positions an aerial array such that when the girl living in town
A receives a maximum signal, the girl living in town B receives no signal
and vice versa. The array is built from two vertical rod aerials transmitting
with equal intensities uniformly in all directions in the horizontal plane.
∗
Edited by B. Golli, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, and J. Stefan Insti-
tute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail:bojan.golli@ijs.si

1
 a) Find the parameters of the array, i. e. the distance between the rods,
its orientation and the phase shift between the electrical signals sup-
plied to the rods, such that the distance between the rods is mini-
mum.

b) Find the numerical solution if the boy has a radio station transmit-
ting at 27 MHz and builds up the aerial array at Portorož. Using the
map he has found that the angles between the north and the direc-
tion of A (Koper) and of B (small town of Buje in Istria) are 72◦ and
157◦ , respectively.

Problem 2

In a long bar having the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with sides a,

b, and c (a  b  c), made from the semiconductor InSb flows a current
I parallel to the edge a. The bar is in an external magnetic field B which
is parallel to the edge c. The magnetic field produced by the current I can
be neglected. The current carriers are electrons. The average velocity of
electrons in a semiconductor in the presence of an electric field only is
v = µE, where µ is called mobility. If the magnetic field is also present,
the electric field is no longer parallel to the current. This phenomenon is
known as the Hall effect.

a) Determine what the magnitude and the direction of the electric field
in the bar is, to yield the current described above.

b) Calculate the difference of the electric potential between the oppo-

site points on the surfaces of the bar in the direction of the edge
b.

c) Find the analytic expression for the DC component of the electric

potential difference in case b) if the current and the magnetic field
are alternating (AC); I = I0 sin ωt and B = B0 sin(ωt + δ).

d) Design and explain an electric circuit which would make possible,

by exploiting the result c), to measure the power consumption of an
electric apparatus connected with the AC network.
Data: The electron mobility in InSb is 7.8 m2 T/Vs, the electron con-
centration in InSb is 2.5 · 1022 m−3 , I = 1.0 A, B = 0.10 T, b = 1.0 cm,
c = 1.0 mm, e0 = −1.6 · 10−19 As.

2
 Problem 3

In a space research project two schemes of launching a space probe out

of the Solar system are discussed. The first scheme (i) is to launch the
probe with a velocity large enough to escape from the Solar system di-
rectly. According to the second one (ii), the probe is to approach one of
the outer planets, and with its help change its direction of motion and
reach the velocity necessary to escape from the Solar system. Assume
that the probe moves under the gravitational field of only the Sun or the
planet, depending on whichever field is stronger at that point.

a) Determine the minimum velocity and its direction relative to the

Earth’s motion that should be given to the probe on launching ac-
cording to scheme (i).

b) Suppose that the probe has been launched in the direction deter-
mined in a) but with another velocity. Determine the velocity of the
probe when it crosses the orbit of Mars, i. e., its parallel and perpen-
dicular components with respect to this orbit. Mars is not near the
point of crossing, when crossing occurs.

c) Let the probe enter the gravitational field of Mars. Find the minimum
launching velocity from the Earth necessary for the probe to escape
from the Solar system.

Hint: From the result a) you know the optimal magnitude and the di-
rection of the velocity of the probe that is necessary to escape from
the Solar system after leaving the gravitational field of Mars. (You
do not have to worry about the precise position of Mars during the
encounter.) Find the relation between this velocity and the velocity
components before the probe enters the gravitational field of Mars;
i. e., the components you determined in b). What about the conser-
vation of energy of the probe?

d) Estimate the maximum possible fractional saving of energy in scheme

(ii) with respect to scheme (i). Notes: Assume that all the planets re-
volve round the Sun in circles, in the same direction and in the same
plane. Neglect the air resistance, the rotation of the Earth around its
axis as well as the energy used in escaping from the Earth’s gravita-
tional field.

Data: Velocity of the Earth round the Sun is 30 km/s, and the ratio of the
distances of the Earth and Mars from the Sun is 2/3.

3
1.2 Experimental competition

Exercise A

Follow the acceleration and the deceleration of a brass disk, driven by an

AC electric motor. From the measured times of half turns, plot the angle,
angular velocity and angular acceleration of the disk as functions of time.
Determine the torque and power of the motor as functions of angular
velocity.

Instrumentation

1. AC motor with switch and brass disk

2. Induction sensor

3. Multichannel stop-watch (computer)

Instruction

The induction sensor senses the iron pegs, mounted on the disk, when
they are closer than 0.5 mm and sends a signal to the stop-watch. The
stop-watch is programmed on a computer so that it registers the time
at which the sensor senses the approaching peg and stores it in mem-
ory. You run the stop-watch by giving it simple numerical commands,
i. e. pressing one of the following numbers:

5 – MEASURE.
The measurement does not start immediately. The stop-watch waits
until you specify the number of measurements, that is, the number
of successive detections of the pegs:

3 – 30 measurements

6 – 60 measurements
Either of these commands starts the measurement. When a mea-
surement is completed, the computer displays the results in graphic
form. The vertical axis represents the length of the interval between
detection of the pegs and the horizontal axis is the number of the
interval.

4
 7 – display results in numeric form.
The first column is the number of times a peg has passed the detec-
tor, the second is the time elapsed from the beginning of the mea-
surement and the third column is the length of the time interval
between the detection of the two pegs.

In the case of 60 measurements:

8 – displays the first page of the table

2 – displays the second page of the table

4 – displays the results graphically.

A measurement can be interrupted before the prescribed number of mea-

surements by pressing any key and giving the disk another half turn.
The motor runs on 25 V AC. You start it with a switch on the mounting
base. It may sometimes be necessary to give the disk a light push or to
tap the base plate to start the disk.
The total moment of inertia of all the rotating parts is: (14.0 ± 0.5) ·
10−6 kgm2 .

Exercise B

Locate the position of the centers and determine the orientations of a

number of identical permanent magnets hidden in the black painted block.
A diagram of one such magnet is given in Figure 1. The coordinates x, y
and z should be measured from the red corner point, as indicated in Fig-
ure 2.
Determine the z component of the magnetic induction vector B ~ in the
(x, y) plane at z = 0 by calibrating the measuring system beforehand.
Find the greatest magnetic induction B obtainable from the magnet sup-
plied.

Instrumentation

1. Permanent magnet given is identical to the hidden magnets in the

block.

2. Induction coil; 1400 turns, R = 230 Ω

5
 Fig. 1 Fig. 2

3. Field generating coils, 8800 turns, R = 990 Ω, 2 pieces

4. Black painted block with hidden magnets

5. Voltmeter (ranges 1 V, 3 V and 10 V recommended)

6. Electronic circuit (recommended supply voltage 24 V)

7. Ammeter

8. Variable resistor 3.3 kΩ

9. Variable stabilized power supply 0 – 25 V, with current limiter

10. Four connecting wires

11. Supporting plate with fixing holes

12. Rubber bands, multipurpose (e. g. for coil fixing)

13. Tooth picks

14. Ruler

15. Thread

Instructions

For the magnet-search only nondestructive methods are acceptable. The

final report should include results, formulae, graphs and diagrams. The
diagrams should be used instead of comments on the methods used wher-
ever possible.
The proper use of the induced voltage measuring system is shown in Fig-
ure 3.

6
This device is capable of responding to the magnetic field. The peak volt-
age is proportional to the change of the magnetic flux through the coil.
The variable stabilized power supply is switched ON (1) or OFF (0) by the
lower left pushbutton. By the (U) knob the output voltage is increased
through the clockwise rotation. The recommended voltage is 24 V. There-
fore switch the corresponding toggle switch to the 12 V – 25 V position.
With this instrument either the output voltage U or the output current I is
measured, with respect to the position of the corresponding toggle switch
(V,A). However, to get the output voltage the upper right switch should be
in the ’Vklop’ position. By the knob (I) the output current is limited bellow
the preset value. When rotated clockwise the power supply can provide
1.5 A at most.

Fig. 3 ’0’ zero adjust dial, ’1’ push reset button

Note: permeability of empty space µ0 = 1.2 · 10−6 Vs/Am.

7
2 Solutions

2.1 Theoretical competition

Problem 1

a) Let the electrical signals supplied to rods 1 and 2 be E1 = E0 cos ωt and

E2 = E0 cos(ωt + δ), respectively. The condition for a maximum signal in
direction ϑA (Fig. 4) is:

2π a
sin ϑA − δ = 2π N
λ
and the condition for a minimum signal in direction ϑB :

2π a
sin ϑB − δ = 2π N 0 + π (2p.)
λ
where N and N 0 are arbitrary integers. In addition, ϑA − ϑB = ϕ, where

Fig. 4

ϕ is given. The problem can now be formulated as follows: Find the

parameters a, ϑA , ϑB , δ, N, and N 0 satisfying the above equations such,
that a is minimum.
We first eliminate δ by subtracting the second equation from the first one:
1
a sin ϑA − a sin ϑB = λ(N − N 0 − 2 ) .

8
Using the sine addition theorem and the relation ϑB = ϑA − ϕ:
1 1 1
2a cos(ϑA − 2 ϕ) sin 2 ϕ = λ(N − N 0 − 2 )

or
λ(N − N 0 − 12 )
a= .
2 cos(ϑA − 12 ϕ) sin 2 ϕ
1

The minimum of a is obtained for the greatest possible value of the de-
nominator, i. e.:
cos(ϑA − 21 ϕ) = 1 , ϑA = 21 ϕ ,
and the minimum value of the numerator, i. e.:

N − N0 = 1 .

The solution is therefore:

λ
a= , ϑA = 12 ϕ , ϑB = − 12 ϕ and δ = 12 π − 2π N . (6p.)
4 sin 12 ϕ

(N = 0 can be assumed throughout without loosing any physically relevant

solution.)
b) The wavelength λ = c/ν = 11.1 m, and the angle between directions
A and B, ϕ = 157◦ − 72◦ = 85◦ . The minimum distance between the
rods is a = 4.1 m, while the direction of the symmetry line of the rods is
72◦ + 42.5◦ = 114.5◦ measured from the north. (2 p.)

9
 Problem 2

a) First the electron velocity is calculated from the current I:

I
I = jS = ne0 vbc, v= = 25 m/s .
ne0 bc

The components of the electric field are obtained from the electron veloc-
ity. The component in the direction of the current is
v
Ek = = 3.2 V/m . (0.5p.)
µ

The component of the electric field in the direction b is equal to the

Lorentz force on the electron divided by its charge:

E⊥ = vB = 2.5 V/m . (1p.)

The magnitude of the electric field is

q
E = Ek2 + E⊥ 2
= 4.06 V/m . (0.5p.)

while its direction is shown in Fig. 5 (Note that the electron velocity is in
the opposite direction with respect to the current.) (1.5 p.)

Fig. 5

b) The potential difference is

UH = E⊥ b = 25 mV (1p.)

10
c) The potential difference UH is now time dependent:

IBb I0 B0
UH = = sin ωt sin(ωt + δ) .
ne0 bc ne0 c

The DC component of UH is

I0 B0
UH = cos δ . (3p.)
2ne0 c

d) A possible experimental setup is-shown in Fig. 6

Fig. 6

(2 p.)

11
 Problem 3

a) The necessary condition for the space-probe to escape from the Solar
system is that the sum of its kinetic and potential energy in the Sun’s
gravitational field is larger than or equal to zero:
1 GmM
2
mva2 − ≥ 0,
RE
where m is the mass of the probe, va its velocity relative to the Sun, M
the mass of the Sun, RE the distance of the Earth from the Sun and G the
gravitational
p constant. Using the expression for the velocity of the Earth,
vE = GM/RE , we can eliminate G and M from the above condition:
2GM
va2 ≥ = 2vE2 . (1p.)
RE

Let va0 be the velocity of launching relative to the Earth and ϑ the angle
between v ~E and v~a0 (Fig. 7). Then from v ~a = v ~E and va2 = 2vE2 it
~a0 + v

Fig. 7

follows:
2
va0 + 2va0 vE cos ϑ − vE2 = 0
and h p i
va0 = vE − cos ϑ + 1 + cos2 ϑ .
The minimum velocity is obtained for ϑ = 0:
p
va0 = vE ( 2 − 1) = 12.3 km/s . (1p.)

b) Let vb0 and vb be the velocities of launching the probe in the Earth’s and
Sun’s system of reference respectively. For the solution (a), vb = vb0 + vE .
From the conservation of angular momentum of the probe:

mvb RE = mvk RM (1p.)

12
and the conservation of energy:

1 GmM GmM
2
mvb2 − = 12 m(vk2 + v⊥2 ) − (1p.)
RE RM

we get for the, parallel component of the velocity (Fig. 8):

vk = (vb0 + vE )k ,

and for the perpendicular component:

q
v⊥ = (vb0 + vE )2 (1 − k2 ) − 2vE2 (1 − k) . (1p.)

where k = RE /RM .

Fig. 8

c) The minimum velocity of the probe in the Mars’ √ system of reference

to escape from the Solar system, is vs00 = vM ( 2 − 1), in the direction
parallel to the Mars orbit (vM is the Mars velocity around the Sun). The
role of Mars is therefore to change the velocity of the probe so that it
leaves its gravitational field with this velocity.
(1 p.)
In the Mars’ system, the energy of the probe is conserved. That is, how-
ever, not true in the Sun’s system in which this encounter can be consid-
ered as an elastic collision between Mars and the probe. The velocity of
the probe before it enters the gravitational field of Mars is therefore, in

13
the Mars’ system, equal to the velocity with which the probe leaves its
gravitational field. The components of the former velocity are v⊥00 = v⊥
and vk00 = vk − vM , hence:
r q
2 2
00
v = vk00 + v⊥00 = v⊥2 + (vk − vM )2 = vs00 . (1p.)

Using the expressions for v⊥ and vk from (b), we can now find the relation
0 00
√ launching velocity from the Earth, vb , and the velocity vs ,
between the
00
vs = vM ( 2 − 1):
p
(vb0 +vE )2 (1−k2 )−2vE2 (1−k)+(vb0 +vE )2 k2 −2vM (vb0 +vE )k = vM
2
(2−2 2) .
p √
The velocity of Mars round the Sun is vM = GM/RM = k vE , and the
equation for vb0 takes the form:
p 3 p
(vb0 + vE )2 − 2 k vE (vb0 + vE ) + (2 2 k − 2)vE2 = 0 . (1p.)

The physically relevant solution is:

p q p 
3
0
vb = vE k − 1 + k3 + 2 − 2 2 k = 5.5 km/s . (1p.)

d) The fractional saving of energy is:

2
Wa − Wb v0 2 − v0
= a 0 2 b = 0.80 ,
Wa va

where Wa and Wb are the energies of launching in scheme (i) and in scheme
(ii), respectively. (1 p.)

14
2.2 Experimental competition

Exercise A

The plot of the angle as a function of time for a typical measurement of

the acceleration of the disk is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 Angle vs. time

The angular velocity is calculated using the formula:

π
ωi (ti0 ) =
(ti+i − ti )
and corresponds to the time in the middle of the interval (ti , ti+1 ): ti0 =
1
(t
2 i+1
+ ti ). The calculated values are displayed in Table 1 and plotted in
Fig. 10.
Observing the time intervals of half turns when the constant angular ve-
locity is reached, one can conclude that the iron pegs are not positioned
perfectly symmetrically. This systematic error can be neglected in the
calculation of angular velocity, but not in the calculation of angular accel-
eration. To avoid this error we use the time intervals of full turns:
∆ωi
αi (ti00 ) = ,
∆ti

15
 Fig. 10 Angular velocity vs. time

where ∆ti = t2i+2 − t2i ,

2π 2π
∆ωi = −
(t2i+3 − t2i+1 ) (t2i+1 − t2i−1 )

and ti00 = t2i+1

0
.
The angular acceleration as a function of time is plotted in Fig. 11.
The torque, M, and the power, P , necessary to drive the disk (net torque
and net power), are calculated using the relation:

M(t) = Iα(t)

and
P (t) = M(t)ω(t)
where the moment of inertia, I = (14.0 ± 0.5) · 10−6 kgm2 , is given. The
corresponding angular velocity is determined from the plot in Fig. 10 by
interpolation. This plot is used also to find the torque and the power as
functions of angular velocity (Fig. 12 and 13).

16
 i t δt ϕ t0 ω α
ms ms rd ms s−1 s−2
1 0.0 0.0
272.0 5.78
2 543.9 543.9 3.14
758.7 7.31
3 973.5 429.6 6.28 3.38
1156.3 8.60
4 1339.0 365.5 9.42
1499.9 9.76
5 1660.8 327.8 12.57 5.04
1798.6 11.40
6 1936.3 275.5 15.71
2057.1 13.01
7 2177.8 241.5 18.85 5.96
2287.2 14.36
8 2396.6 218.8 21.99
2498.1 15.48
9 2599.6 203.0 25.73 9.40
2689.6 17.46
10 2779.5 179.9 28.27
2859.4 19.66
11 2939.3 159.8 31.42 18.22
3008.6 22.65
12 3078.0 138.7 34.56
3139.9 25.38
13 3201.8 123.8 37.70 25.46
3256.6 28.66
14 3311.4 109.6 40.84
3361.8 31.20
15 3472.1 100.7 43.98 26.89
3458.2 34.11
16 3504.2 92.1 47.12
3547.8 36.07
17 3591.3 87.1 50.27 21.72
3632.4 38.27
18 3673.4 82.1 53.41
3713.5 39.22
19 3753.5 80.1 56.55 4.76
3792.8 39.97
20 3832.7 78.6 59.69
3872.4 39.03
21 3912.6 80.5 62.83 −1.69
3952.7 39.22
22 3992.7 80.1 65.97
4032.8 39.22
23 4072.8 80.1 69.12 0.77
4112.4 39.67
24 4152.0 79.2 72.26
4192.3 39.03
25 4232.5 80.5 75.40 −0.15
4272.4 39.42
26 4312.3 79.7 78.54

Table 1

17
 Fig. 11 Angular acceleration vs. time

Fig. 12 Net torque (full line) and total torque (dashed line) vs.
angular velocity

To find the total torque and the power of the motor, the torque and the
power losses due to the friction forces have to be determined and added
to the corresponding values of net torque and power. By measuring the
angular velocity during the deceleration of the disk after the motor has

18
been switched off (Fig. 14), we can determine the torque of friction which
is approximately constant and is equal to M 0 = (3.1 ± 0.3) · 10−5 Nm.

Fig. 13 Net power (full line), power loses (dashed and dotted line)
and total power (dashed line) vs. angular velocity

Fig. 14 Angular velocity vs. time during deceleration

19
The total torque and the total power are shown in Fig. 12 and 13.

Marking scheme

a) Determination of errors 1 p.

b) Plot of angle vs. time 1 p.

c) Plot of angular velocity and acceleration 3 p.

d) Correct times for angular velocity 1 p.

e) Plot of net torque vs. angular velocity 2 p. (Plot of torque vs. time
only, 1 p.)

f) Plot of net power vs. angular velocity 1 p.

g) Determination of friction 1 p.

20
 Exercise B

Two permanent magnets having the shape of rectangular parallelepipeds

with sides 50 mm, 20 mm and 8 mm are hidden in a block of polystyrene
foam with dimension 50 cm, 31 cm and 4.0 cm. Their sides are parallel
to the sides of the block. One of the hidden magnets (A) is positioned so
~ (Fig. 15) points in z direction and the other (B) with its B
that its B ~ in x or
y direction (Fig. 15).

Fig. 15 A typical implementation of the magnets in the block

The positions and the orientations of the magnets should be determined

on the basis of observations of forces acting on the extra magnet. The
best way to do this is to hang the extra magnet on the thread and move it
above the surface to be explored. Three areas of strong forces are revealed
when the extra magnet is in the horizontal position i. e. its B~ is parallel
to z axis, suggesting that three magnets are hidden. Two of these areas
producing an attractive force in position P (Fig. 16) and a repulsive force
in position R are closely together.

Fig: 16 Two ’ghost’ magnets appearing in the place of magnet B

21
However, by inspecting the situation on the other side of the block, again
an attractive force in area P’ is found, and a repulsive one in area R’. This
is in the contradiction with the supposed magnets layout in Fig. 16 but
corresponds to the force distribution of magnet B in Fig. 15.
To determine the z position of the hidden magnets one has to measure
the z component of B ~ on the surface of the block and compare it to the
measurement of Bz of the extra magnet as a function of distance from
its center (Fig. 18). To achieve this the induction coil of the measuring
system is removed from the point in which the magnetic field is measured
to a distance in which the magnetic field is practically zero, and the peak
voltage is measured.
In order to make the absolute calibration of the measuring system, the
response of the system to the known magnetic field should be measured.
The best defined magnetic field is produced in the gap between two field
generating coils. The experimental layout is displayed in Fig. 17.

Fig. 17 Calibration of the measuring system

The magnetic induction in the gap between the field generating coils is
calculated using the formula:

µO NI
B= .
(2l + d)

Here N is the number of the turns of one of the coils, l its length , d
the width of the gap, and I the current through the ammeter. The peak
voltage, U, is measured when the induction coil is removed from the gap.

22
Plotting the magnetic induction B as a function of peak voltage, we can
determine the sensitivity of our measuring system:
B
= 0.020 T/V .
U
(More precise calculation of the magnetic field in the gap, which is beyond
the scope of the exercise, shows that the true value is only 60 % of the
value calculated above.)
The greatest value of B is 0.21 T.

Fig. 18 Magnetic induction vs. distance

Marking scheme:

a) determination of x, y position of magnets (±1 cm) 1 p.

b) determination of the orientations 1 p.

c) depth of magnets (±4 mm) 2 p.

d) calibration (±50 %) 3 p.

e) mapping of the magnetic field 2 p.

f) determination of Bmax (±50 %) 1 p.

23
Fig. 19 Distribution of marks for the theoretical (1,2,3) and the
experimental exercises. The highest mark for each exer-
cise is 10 points.

24