Reproductive System

Mir Arif Hussain

BSPT, M.Sc.PT (NMSPT), Ph.D.* (PT)

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 Reproductive System
• Section 1 Reproductive and Hormonal
Functions of the Male
• Section 2. Reproductive and Hormonal
Functions of the Female
• Section 3. Hormonal control of the menstrual
cycle
• Section 4 Pregnancy
• Section 5 Oxytocin
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 Section 1 Reproductive and
Hormonal Functions of the Male

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 Functions of testes
• spermatogenesis
– seminiferous tubules
• secrete hormones
– testosterone - by the instestitial cels of Leydig,
– inhibin - by Sertoil cells

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 I. Endocrine Function of Testes
• Androgens: testosterone, dihydrotesterone and
androstenodione
• Function of testosterone
– Maintenance of spermatogenesis
– Stimulation of development of genitalia.
– Development and maintenance of the male secondary sexual
characteristics.
– Maintenance of libido.
– Effect on metabolism.
• increases anabolism of protein,
• causes growth of the bones
• deposition of calcium salts
• enhancement of production of red cells.

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 Plasma Testosterone at Different Age in Male

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 Endocrine Function of Testes (cont.)
• Inhibin
– a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 31,000-
32,000
– Secreted by by Sertoil cells in testis
– potent inhibitory effect on FSH secretion by
pituitary gland.
– slightly inhibitory in GnRH secretion.

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 II. Regulation of Testis Function
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Testis Axis
– GnRH
– FSH, LH
– Testerone
• Negative Feedback
Mechanism
– Testosterone
– Inhibin
• Local regulation in testes
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 Section 2 Reproductive and
Hormonal Functions of the Female

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 I. Menstruation, Ovulation and Hormonal
Regulation

• Menstruation cycle or female sexual cycle

– Uterine cycle
• Proliferative phase (estrogen phase)
• Secretary phase (progesterone phase)
• Menstruation
– Ovarian Cycle
• Follicular phase
• Ovulation
• Luteal phase

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 Uterine Cycle
• Proliferative phase (estrogen phase)
• Secretary phase (progesterone phase)
• Menstruation

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 Ovarian Cycle
• Follicular phase
• Ovulation
• Luteal phase

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 Endocrine Functions of Ovaries
• Physiological function of estrogen
– On sexual organs
– On secondary female sexual characteristics
– On metabolism
– others
• Physiological function of progesterone
– on uterus
– on breasts
– thermogenic effect
– others
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 Section 3. Hormonal control of
the menstrual cycle

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 Section 4 Pregnancy

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 I. Fertilization and Implantation

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 II. Hormones of Placenta

• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

• Progesterone and Estrogen
• Human Chorionic Somatommotropin (HCS)

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 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

• glycoprotein with a molecular weight of

39,000
• secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells
• can be measured in the blood 8 to 9 days
after ovulation
• Function:
• identical to LH in its effect
• maintain the corpus letum

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 Progesterone and Estrogen
• Secreted by corpus luteum
before 5-6 weeks of
pregancy and by placenta
later
• maintain the endometrium
and prevent menstruation
• Estrogen: cause
enlargement of uterus,
breasts and mother’s
female external genitalia
• Progesterone: decrease the
contractility of pregnant
uterus

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Human Chorionic Somatommotropin (HCS)

• protein with molecular weight of 38,000

• begins to be secreted by the placenta at the
5th week of pregnancy
• Secretion in direct proportion to the weight of
placenta.
• Function
– stimulates growth of fetus
– regulates metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and
protein in both the fetus and the mother
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 Changes of Hormones during Pregancy

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