Activity 3

1. What is/are the importance of knowing the different levels of measurement

(nominal, ordinal, interval, and scale)? (10 points)
 Talking about the importance of knowing the different levels of measurement
which are the nominal, ordinal, interval, and scale, there are 3 reason why it
is important, to begin with, comprehending the degree of estimation assists
you in identifying how to analysis the information from that variable. When
you discover that an action is apparent, you comprehend that the
mathematical qualities are really short codes for the longer names.
Furthermore, considering the amount of approximation can help you figure
out what kind of factual study to conduct for the attributes you've previously
allocated. You know you'll never be able to average the information values or
perform a t-test on the results if you assume an activity is self-evident. In
addition perceive that there is a pecking order inferred in the degree of
estimation thought. Assumptions will be less prohibitive, and information
examinations will be less delicate, at lower levels of estimation. The current
level contains all of the traits of the one below it and adds a novel, new thing
at each step up the pecking order. In general, it is preferable to have a higher
significant level of estimation than a lower one.
2.  Differentiate dependent variables from independent variables. (10 points)
 The difference between dependent variable and independent variable.
Independent variable has a big impact on dependent variable for its reliability or
dependency on independent variable, when it can be manipulated or change by
experimenter. And dependent variable relies in independent variable for it is the
result or outcome through independent variable.
 Ex. when using mobile phones the amount of hours being spent while using is
the independent variable while the dependent variable is quality of sleep or
numbers of hours of sleep. So using mobile phones more hours can affect our
quality of sleeping or even can affect our health. The independent is the cause
while dependent variable is the result or effect.
3. What are parametric and non-parametric test?  (10 points)
 Tests that make assumptions about the parameters of the population
distribution from which the sample is derived are known as parametric tests.
The assumption that the population data is regularly distributed is frequently
made. Because non-parametric tests are "distribution-free," they can be applied
with non-Normal variables.
4. When is it appropriate to make use of a parametric test or a non-parametric test?  
(20 points)
 It is appropriate to make use of a parametric test when the mean quietly more
accurate that represent the center of distribution of data and if the size of the
sample is large enough. On the other hand, use non-parametric test if the
median is more reliable or accurate who represent as the center of the
distribution of data and even if there’s a large sample size.
5. Enumerate the various parametric test tools and its non-parametric tool equivalent.
Also indicate the use/utility of each tool (ex. T-test  is a type of
inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
means of two groups, which may be related in certain features) (50 points)
 Parametric Test
o T-test - used to test the null assumption that the means of both groups
are the same.
o ANOVA - test whether there is a significant difference between the
averages of two or more groups.
 Non-parametric Test
o Wilcoxon signed rank test, one sample - approach determines if the
sample could have been drawn from a population with a median value
that is hypothesized.
o Wilcoxon rank sum test - assumes that the data are at least on an
ordinal scale, that the samples are independent and randomly chosen,
and that the populations are roughly the same shape. And all data points
are ranked in order, the rank sum of each sample is calculated, and the
difference between the rank sums is compared.
o Kruskal-Wallis Test - examines if the median values of three or more
independent samples differ in any way. The data values are ranked in
ascending order, and the rank sums are computed before the test
statistic is computed.
o Friedman Test - When the same parameter has been tested under
multiple settings on the same subjects, this is an alternative to repeated
measures ANOVAs.
 o Sign Test - solely uses + or - signs and ignores the data's real values. As a
result, it's useful when measuring values is difficult.
o Run Test - analyzes the number of runs in a sequence of observations to
determine its randomness. A run is the appearance of one or more
similar observations in a row.
o Kolmogorov – Smirnov Test for Normality - created to determine
whether two random samples were chosen from the same distribution.
The KS test's null hypothesis is that two distributions are identical. The
distance between the two empirical distributions, determined as the
biggest absolute difference between their cumulative curves, is the KS
test statistic.
o Spearman Coefficient of Rank Correlation - determine the quality and
direction of their connection.
6. Provide the assumptions for the use of each parametric test and its non-parametric
equivalent. What statistical tools could help us determine these assumptions? ex.
normality test – we have Kolmogorov smirnov or shapiro wilk test. (50 points)
 Process flow chart – non-parametric data has two factors which are
comparison and relationship/prediction. Under comparison we have two –
two techniques under it we have Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman’s
repeated measures. And under relationship is Kendall.
 Cause and effect diagram – identify the problem, work out the major factors
involved (site, task, people, equipment, control), identify possible causes,
and analyze your diagram.
 Pareto diagram – decide what categories you will use to group items, decide
what measurement is appropriate, decide what period of time the pareto
chat will cover, collect data, subtotal the measurements for each category,
determine the appropriate scale or the measurements being collected,
construct and label bars for each category.
 Check sheet – we have histogram, bar chart, and pareto chart as a result of
using check sheet.
 Taguchi methods – planning, conducting and evaluating results of matrix
experiments to determine the best levels of control factors.
 Designed experiments - altering one variable in order to see if changes in one
variable lead to changes in another.