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© Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2005

JAERI-Research 2005-021
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Systematic Source Term Analysis for Level 3 PSA of a BWR

with Mark-II Type Containment with THALES-2 Code
Jun ISHIKAWA, Ken MURAMATSU and Torn SAKAMOTO*
Department of Reactor Safety Research

Nuclear Safety Research Center
Tokai Research Establishment
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken
(Received August 3, 2005)
The THALES-2 code is an integrated severe accident analysis code developed at the Japan Atomic
Energy Research Institute (JAERI) in order to simulate the accident progression and transport of
radioactive material for probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of a nuclear power plant. As part of a
level 3 PSA being performed for a l,100MWe BWR-5 with a Mark-II containment, a series of
calculations were performed by THALES-2 to evaluate the source terms for extensive accident
scenarios. This paper presents the methods and insights on the dependency of source terms on the
core damage sequences and the containment function failure scenarios from this analysis.
As for core damage sequences to be analyzed, 5 following representative core damage sequences
were selected from the core damage sequences systematically identified by PSA works at JAERI; (1)
Loss of containment heat removal with high pressure injection available, (2) Loss of containment
heat removal with low pressure injection available, (3) Loss of coolant injection to the core, (4)
Station blackout and (5) Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS) with high pressure injection
available. As for containment function failure scenarios, this analyses covered the following 4
containment function failure scenarios: overpressure in drywell, overpressure in wetwell, controlled
release by unfiltered containment venting and accident termination by drywell spray recovery. All
physically possible combinations (15 scenarios) above core damage sequences and containment
function failure scenarios were analyzed by THALES-2 to determine the source terms.
Results and insights from the analyses were that 1) the calculated release fractions of Csl and
CsOH to the environment were in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 for late containment overpressure failure
cases, and the release fractions for the containment venting cases were one order of magnitude
smaller than that of over-pressure case and those for drywell spray recovery cases where no
containment failure occurred were two orders of magnitude smaller than the containment venting
cases, 2) the governing factors for source terms of Iodine and Cesium are different depending on
whether the containment fails before core melt or not, 3) the containment venting, which is one of
the accident management measures, can be expected to reduce source terms of I and Cs if
suppression pool bypass is avoided.
Keywords: Source Terms, Severe Accident, THALES-2, Level 2 PSA, BWR, Mark-II Containment
* Japan Systems Corporation
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iv
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Objective 1
1.2 Outline of the Analysis 1
1.3 Composition of the Report 2
2. Plant and Accident Scenarios Analyzed 3
2.1 Plant Description 3
2.2 Accident Scenarios 3
2.2.1 Core Damage Sequences 3
2.2.2 Containment Function Failure Scenarios 6
2.3 Calculation Conditions and Cases 8
3. Calculation Models and Conditions for Analysis 9
3.1 Modeling of Plant and Thermal Hydraulic Phenomena 9
3.1.1 Volume and Connection Models 9
3.1.2 Modeling of Core Cooling and Containment Cooling Systems 10
3.1.3 Modeling of Phenomena under Severe Accident Conditions 11
3.2 FP Release Path and FP Transport Behavior 13
3.2.1 Models of FP Transport 13
3.2.2 Models of Gaseous FP Deposition 16
3.2.3 Models of Aerosol Deposition 17
3.2.4 Models of Aerosol Growth 19
3.2.5 Models of Pool Scrubbing 20
3.2.6 Models of FP Removal by Spray 21
4. Calculation Results for Accident Progression and Thermal Hydraulic Behavior 22
4.1 Loss of Core Cooling Function (TQUV) Sequence 22
4.2 Station Blackout (TB) Sequence 24
4.3 Loss of Containment Heat Removal with a Low Pressure Injection (TQUVl W) Sequence • 25
4.4 Loss of Containment Heat Removal with a High Pressure Injection (TW) Sequence 26
4.5 ATWS with High Pressure Injection Available (TC) Sequence 27
4.6 Governing Factors for Event Time 27
5. Calculation Results for Source Terms 29
5.1 Dependency of Source Terms on Containment Function Failure Scenarios 29
5.1.1 Source Terms of TQUV Sequence 29
5.1.2 Dependency of FP Removal on Size of Spray Droplet 35
5.1.3 Dependency of Source Terms 36
5.2 Dependency of Source Terms on Core Damage Sequences 40
5.2.1 Comparison of Source Terms of Xe(Overpressure Failure Case) 40
V
5.2.2 Comparison of Source Terms of CsI(Overpressure Failure Case) 40

5.2.3 Comparison of,Source Terms of Sr(Overpressure Failure Case) 42
5.2.4 Comparison of Source Terms of Other FPs(Overpressure Failure Case) 43
6. Conclusions 44
Acknowledgement 47
References 48
Abbreviation List 51
Appendix 1 Summary in English 126
vi
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E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E
List of Figures and Tables
Table 2.2.1 Classification of Core Damage Sequences

Table 2.2.2 Symbols used for Classification of Core Damage Sequences
Table 2.2.3 Relationship between Accident Scenearios and Actuation of Safety Systems
Table 2.3.1 Calculation Cases
Table 2.3.2 Calculation Condition
Fig. 2.1 Composition of Safety Systems on BWR-5 Mark-II Plant Type
Fig. 2.2 Description of Containment Failure Modes
Fig. 2.3 Radionuclides Transport and Deposition in THALES-2 Code
Table 3.1.1 Nodalization of Reactor Pressure Vessel
Table 3.1.2 Calculation Conditions of Engineered Safety Features
Table 3.2.1 Geometric Mean Radius and Geometric Standard Deviation at Aerosol Formation
Table 3.2.2 Aerosol Size Distribution
Table 3.2.3 Initial Inventories of Radionuclides considered
Table 3.2.4 Combination for Radionuclides Groups on the THALES-2
Table 3.2.5 Physical Forms of FPs in the Plant
Fig. 3.1.1 Nodalization and Configulation of Plant System in THALES-2
Fig. 3.1.2 Nodalization of Reactor Pressure Vessel by THALES-2
Fig. 3.2.1 Representation of the Radionuclides Transport and Deposition
Fig. 3.2.2 Models of Gaseous Radionuclides Deposition by Condensation and Evaporation
Fig. 3.2.3 Models of Gaseous Radionuclides Deposition by Chemical Adsorption
Fig. 3.2.4 Models of Equilibrium between Gas and Liquid
Fig. 3.2.5 Models of Aerosol Diffusion (Flat Plate)
Fig. 3.2.6 Models of Aerosol Diffusion (Pipe)
Fig. 3.2.7 Models of Settling Velocity of Aerosol
Fig. 3.2.8 Models of Aerosol Deposition by Diffusiophoresis
Fig. 3.2.9 Models of Aerosol Deposition by Thermophoresis
Fig. 3.2.10 Models of Aerosol Resuspention
Fig. 3.2.11 Models of Aerosol Growth (Condensation)
Fig. 3.2.12 Models of Aerosol Growth (Agglomeration)
Fig. 3.2.13 Models of Pool Scrubbing
Fig. 3.2.14 Models of Mass Transfer Coefficient at Liquid Surface
Fig. 3.2.15 Models of FP Removal by Spray (Gaseous Radionuclides)
Fig. 3.2.16 Models of FP Removal by Spray (Aerosol)
Table 4.1 Event Time (TQUV Sequence)
Table 4.2 Event Time (TB Sequence)
Table 4.3 Event Time (TQUVl W Sequence)
Table 4.4 Event Time (TW Sequence)

Table 4.5 Cladding Oxidation and Hydrogen Generation by Metal Water Reaction
(All Sequences)
Table 4.6 Relationship between Stored Decay Heat in the Core and Accident Progression
Fig. 4.1 Event Time
Fig. 4.1.1 Pressure in the Containment (All Cases of TQUV Sequence)
Fig. 4.1.2 Pressure in the Reactor Cooling System (RCS) (All Cases of TQUV Sequence)
Fig. 4.1.3 Mixture Levels in the RCS (TQUV Sequence)
Fig. 4.1.4 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.1.5 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.1.6 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.1.7 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.1.8 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.1.9 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.2.1 Pressure in the Containment (All Cases of TB Sequence)
Fig. 4.2.2 Pressure in the RCS (All Cases of TB Sequence)
Fig. 4.2.3 Mixture Levels in the RCS (TB Sequence)
Fig. 4.2.4 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TB Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.2.5 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TB Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.2.6 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TB Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.2.7 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TB Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.2.8 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TB D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.2.9 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment(TB-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.3.1 Pressure in the Containment (All Cases of TQUVl W Sequence)
Fig. 4.3.2 Pressure in the RCS (All Cases of TQUV1W Sequence)
Fig. 4.3.3 Mixture Levels in the RCS (All Cases of TQUV1W Sequence)
Fig. 4.3.4 ' Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUVl W Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.3.5 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUVl W Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.3.6 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUVl W Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.3.7 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUV 1W Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 4.3.8 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TQUVl W D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.3.9 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TQUVl W D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 4.4.1 Pressure in the Containment (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.4.2 Pressure in the RCS (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.4.3 Mixture Levels in the RCS (TW Sequence)
Fig. 4.4.4 Atmosphere Temperature in the RCS (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 4.4.5 Atmosphere Temperature in the Containment (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Table 5.1 Relase Fraction of FPs to the Environment by Containment Vent Actuation
XII
Table 5.2.1 Source Terms of Calculation Cases

Table 5.2.2 Released Csl from the Core and Transferred Mass to the Suppression Pool
Fig. 5. l.l Relationship between Mixture Level and Xe Release from the Core
Fig. 5. .2 Behavior of Xe in the RCS (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. 1.3 Behavior of Xe in the Wetwell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. 1.4 Behavior of Xe in the Drywell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. 1.5 Source Terms of All FPs (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. .6 Behavior of Csl in the RCS (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. L.7 Behavior of Csl in the Steam Dome (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. .8 Behavior of Csl in the Wetwell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.]1.9 Behavior of Csl in the Drywell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. .10 Relationship between Mixture Level and Sr Release from Core
Fig. 5.1 .11 Behavior of Sr in the RCS (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.1L.12 Behavior of Sr in the Wetwell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. 1.13 Behavior of Sr in the Drywell (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5. 1.14 FPs Release Path to the Environment on the Containment Vent Actuation
Fig. 5. 1.15 Behavior of Xe in the RCS (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.16 Behavior of Xe in the Wetwell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.17 Behavior of Xe in the Drywell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.18 Source Terms of All FPs (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.19 Behavior of Csl in the RCS (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.20 Behavior of Csl in the Wetwell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.21 Behavior of Csl in the Drywell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.22 Behavior of Sr in the RCS (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.23 Behavior of Sr in the Wetwell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.24 Behavior of Sr in the Drywell (TQUV Controlled Release Case)
Fig. 5. 1.25 Behavior.of Xe in the RCS (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.26 Behavior of Xe in the Wetwell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.27 Behavior of Xe in the Drywell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.28 Source Terms of All FPs (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.29 Behavior of Csl in the RCS (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.30 Behavior of Csl in the Wetwell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.31 Behavior of Csl in the Drywell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.32 Relationship between the Mass Median Diameter and Aerosol Removal by Spray
(TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.33 Behavior of Sr in the RCS (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. 1.34 Behavior of Sr in the Wetwell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
Fig. 5. [.35 Behavior of Sr in the Drywell (TQUV-D/W Spray Recovery Case)
xiii
Fig. 5.1.36 Effect of Csl Removal by Spray (Brown Diffusion)

Fig. 5.1.37 Effect of Csl Removal by Spray (Interception)
Fig. 5.1.38 Effect of Csl Removal by Spray (Impaction)
Fig 5.1.39 Conparision of Source Terms on Containment Failure Modes(No. 1)
Fig 5.1.40 Conparision of Source Terms on Containment Failure Modes(No. 2)
Fig. 5.2.1 Event Time of the Overpressure Failure Cases
Fig. 5.2.2 Source Terms of the Overpressure Failure Cases
Fig. 5.2.3 Behavior of Xe (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.4 Behavior of Xe (TB Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.5 Behavior of Xe (TQUVIW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.6 Behavior of Xe (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.7 Behavior of Csl (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.8 Behavior of Csl (TB Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.9 Behavior of Csl (TQUVl W Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.10 Behavior of Csl (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.11 Behavior of Sr (TQUV Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.12 Behavior of Sr (TB Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.13 Behavior of Sr (TQUVIW Overpressure Failure Case)
Fig. 5.2.14 Behavior of Sr (TW Overpressure Failure Case)
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m#j^te, fo^®mkmmyyvyr\z.te\,^x\x, io-9a»e> IO B ©^— y*-, mm
S&fri&taw-y^fcifc^-Cfciu lO'Sfrb 10-4<o*—y-bfto tza
(3) y-*7-McR\£r&m(p>bm^-®.y-fry*\z.xz>*m)
p>bmmwy-fry*cD^^x&y-*y-j>.^cDBmi^\,^xmbtifz&&nik
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• %>tf*xb& xe te, 7 ° 7 ^ hft-e^^Tyx^ L-CigSSV^^^^ftJiV^Ttfe, £T©
^^«^*&^-^yyNtefev^T^«*pftft)l*©fS^^*^^^^^tii$ft5o
• Csl710CsOH©J;5te#^'t4îi5<ô^î^teS'[4ft^Kte, 7°7^hfti:\ @ft\

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7J$nTt£ft«te&i^te, &Tfc*fcfc5£ 5 temf3^H©^H©0#^^^^î!!i©Bti
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(i) TQUV, TB, T Q U V l W ^ - ^ ^ ^ W j ; 5 ^ ^ i L ^ i » ^ ^ f t i W ^ S ^ « l ^ i - 5 * & * r t ^ *
fJbWtfftv-7-y « t e , +S-*ft^5&fiSEti«5IiLW-e^3£U-CV^S Csl 710 CsOH tf^<
#£-r5#y ^ - ^ t e RCS -e*>«3, z.n&ftn&^tfcmztizmffjsmm+bte
&0 RCS ftteMihS Csl 75.0 CsOH te, fflto&fflSl&fto WW ©^MftÊEte J:
oT^tii-s&tH£ft5o ^cow^®w&n'$myyy yrx\x, R c s t e ^ ^ - r s c s i
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(H) Tw^Tcy-fry*cox bfcfcm®m^^mi-%fa^®^ftmyy,j*

te&v^-tte, mti®%$mmcDX bftD/W <DM.m£W(,mxp>bfrbco F P ^ I H ^
*oy-c^-eteS2#ftv^©-e,Rcs ft-ei?MtfcCsi,csOHte,Rcs rtfctif*D,
r ^ M ^ 7 £ 0 E E ; ^ « £ i t 0 # t e D/W te^fxL7t*;^^©;!fttij#j^tef^f
i-5„ r©D/wte#fft7ccsi, csOHte, d/w comRumzttmi-^mzmm^tk
mztiz*imm*ft<&>9, ^m^tete^^^^m^îs^-r-y**o&ffi^
te^<ft50
• TB710TW^-7-y^©J;5te^^^l^|^teÊE©*^*l^îiJl-r5iÊEi/-^y
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^ f t t e ADS W f l L f t V ^ C & t e , SRV^S-eEE^^lj7°-7Vteâi$ft5*^^JPS$ft
tzz\btf±mtemmxb&o z\(D2oco^^cy-fry*<DbhTBy-fry*^ fam
®mkm®m.yyyyrxbz><DXRcsftte^-r5 csi7i0csOH^^-N!&tii£ft5
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• %\z.^7vfr;Vk LXmh-rZ Sr^©FP ©H^©£fcm#J^te,frtl%fflm.frb&

m®mm&x<Dmtittmmmi-%MfaWM^tebMm^ftA% < ttzmwb
5o z\com7Jtkmmmi-z>mmix, p'bmm^^y-fry*Kx^xm^^>cox\ sr
^^jte-rsir, mm^commm^xio^frb io-4©^-y^©t5iaîst5Hftfe©t
ft50 r^-? , Twy-fry*<DW£W^®^M7mkyy')^\z.^>\^x\y, i&M%&&
7 u t e « * L r v ^ © - e T Q U v , TB, TQUVIW y-fry*coW£W^®mkn^.Wst y^
teit^T Sr ©Htifg^©$ffi§iJ£-;^< ft5M^]^fe5o
W < 7 V 3 P S A t e f e # 5 # ^ f P i ! W 6 - 1 ] t e , THALES-2 a - K i : ^ , JDSW-TfHIS^tbfcSS

^ W « = - K 0SCAAR[6"21 a - K£ffl V ^TSIJfe LX*3 t», THALES-2 = - K)&» £>-£*. fc*l
f c y - x y - A ^ r OSCAAR 3— K © A 7 3 © - ^ t L - c ^ x . ( b f t 5 £ 9 M £ f t T v ^ 0 $■&
te, ^ M ^ W ©*!•*£: Ltefr^tz7ymn.mmcDXbte^yi?^frs yy^mzn-tz
y-*y-j±mffiRU7Fmm&wffi%m-m-y%^fexbz>0
m&
mm, g £ l ^ g c £ M W 5 ^ © j l L ^ lEJift, $f« tWIfttete, *fg^#©m&l£
^ t e & v ^ , ^-fflft^y^h^Tlv^Co * r t 3 ^ © m ^ t e , DK^^SS&HMS m* %
^S;îIWtetiir&]4'te^^L7c0^±^te^^LTV^S o ^ r t e $ K M © I c £ ^ L 3 ; t - 0
47
# n xm
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,"Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S.
Nuclear Power Plants", NUREG-1150,Vol.2, Appendix C,1990.
(MM^TJ^m&mmn," y<;^ 2PSA W © M t e g f l ^ 5 M # = B W R fryyb
=",INS/M99-17, 2000.
(MM^ts^mmmmm," y^v 2PSA ^mcommim-y §fR^#=BWR fry y b ©
7 - x y — i»=",INS/M01-14, 2002.
(Wi)m^7j^m^mmm:y-<7V 2PSA ¥ & © M t e § 8 - f 5 f g ^ # = B W R 7 * 7 ^ h-
=",INS/M02-11,2003.
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ft v'^/tf ^ 7 A f&3d|,IAE-R8903,1989.
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[6-i] #w &.% m,"m7Kp^ry^y°7y b<&£#&##wy tttt-tz&m&wmm
",JAERI-Research 2000-060,2000.
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-50-
SSL
ADS Automatic Depressurization System H!»JMEE^

AM Accident Management 7yyyyb~?^—isyy b
BWR Boiling Water Reactor
CST Condensate Water Storage Tank wmmyyy
CV Containment Vessel
DCH Direct Containment Heating
DG Diesel Generator ys-^^%mm
ECCS Emergency Core Cooling System ik%mp>b*m&
FP Fission Products
HPCS High Pressure Core Spray System &:j±p'b*7°yym
LOCA Loss of Coolant Accident
LPCI Low Pressure Coolant Injection System {£EE&7k.^
LPCS Low Pressure Core Spray System ^frp>b*fryy^h
MCCI Molten Core Concrete Interaction 3 7 • xt^y y-bfcl&
PSA Probabilistic Safety Assessment
RB Reactor Building my-pmm
RCIC Reactor Core Isolation Cooling System m^-pmmmmm
RCS Reactor Cooling System m^-p^^m
RHR Residual Heat Removal System
RPV Reactor Pressure Vessel m^-pfrjj®^
S/P Suppression Pool frjjffimfr-s^
SGTS Stand-by Gas Treatment System immtf*mm
SRV Safety Relief Valve #
* & £ »-e© THALES-2 <E>3# y a--AÂ%

CAVI Cavity $r -ffcfx -i
CORE Core P'b
DC Down Comer fry-yjJ-?
D/W Drywell by4 7^7V
ENVI Environment
LOPA Recirculation Loop A '-7A
LWPL Low Plenum
STMD Steam Dome MM. b*—A
UPPL Upper Plenum y.^fryyy,
VENT Vent Pipe -<yb^
W/W Wetwell 7 x. y b 7^7V
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Table 2. 2. 1 P>b^^^S-fr ^X CO^M .

p>bMmwy-fry*
p>bmw&y-fry*
fr;v-fr
TW*, TQW, TQUIW, TPW.TPQW, TPQUIW,
y—y-y*(fr/v—fri) TiW, TiQW, TiQUIW, S1W, S2W, S2QW,
S2QU1W, AW
TQUV1W*,TPQUW, TPQUV1W, TiQUW,
y-fry*(fr/u-fr2) TiQUVlW, TQUW, S2QUW, S2QUV1W, SlUW,
S1UV1W, AUW, AUV1W
p>b^ntMy-fry* TQUV*, TPQUV, TiQUV, TIB, TiBU,S2QUV,
(fr/v-frz) S1UV, AUV, S2BU, SIB, AB, S2QUX,
S1UX, TQUX, TPQUX, TiQUX
±&mmmmt:y-fry* TB*, TBP, TBU, TBPU, S2B
(frlV-fr 4)
u^-p*y y ^.•kW.y-fry* TC*, S2C, SIC, AC
(fr;v-fr 5)
&.)■ iXM y—fry*&*X7jsi-0
Table 2.2.2 &'b%k&&tki'—fr>'X<DfrmX*%\^£>*l<5f

E #—
fa # m # £ #
TT T y-\fybv yfrzmm^b Ltzbyyy^sb
TB ±Mumm#mzmmwb Lit b y yy^y b
TP 9\-nmMM$k*umWb Ltzbyyy^yb
TF 'i&&m&%m.mWkLtzbyyy^yb
TU m7k^MQm$kik&mm*0.kLtzbyyi?^yb
TI &#L££#ift#;&£jeH*fcb Lit by >&*.s b
To ^coitiLCD byyis^y b
A
Si EFMLOCA mmmm
S2 /hTOLocA mm^m
B EPS ffift&mmMffl%Ri7ts —M frz&nm&'St*)
C RS fcj&&w±mm (W^P* y y J*%RU* 7H7k&A^)
N MSI [ ~£mnmmmm
M SRV-0 ^Lgc£#(l)
P SRV-R mL%±#mffl)
Q FW
Ui RCIC j%ypmmtif?TiMn
U2 HPCS mj±.p'b*fruy%
X ADS/DEP m=fpWi,m (g mmi±% & 5 v ^ ix^mus.)
Vi LPCS <&]±.p>b*frus%.
V2 LPCI
Wi i PCS
W2 RHR
LOCA :ft$m&$&&
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ti ti &
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f m m m m
98 TO" TO" IS
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m A 1+1 A UJ 1+1 A 1+i ta A 1+! 1+1 A
an fit! fflj °N
K in K 8m K ft" K m K
Q P Q P
P Q P P p P
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£ ] E< £ ■•
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54
Table 2. 3. 2 f&8x0kW
Wti mn THALES-2 M^f AzCDfcfe
fryyb&£: BWR(Type-5, Mark-II)
pmtj fitti/J 3300MWt (110 75 kWe B.)
K7-T <7^7V(DAV)te, '<7!s\#;l>QfflUft&&^'&fc
m 5400m* b L tz0 7^7 b7^/HWW)fc, W®U#
tmm%&w m 4100 mSbmmWf-^M 3400 m.s bLtz0 Jfc^yb
«\ nmimmtwm
L tz0
BC^yfrD —
®mxs s^mt
L fto
• DAV RU WAV K*3tt SiSJEflfcti
is-t v ■* • mbm&'O'b&mît'gmtkm
-D/w*fru4mmz.xz>inkm&
ws^^frbmm^commm 0.5%/day
fryyb mmftKMmLtzt?*^ ^nmis*^m^^m^
L ,
&iim%m:®ffl&
ys/iy?$hmts îS*\X, ioo%^cffl, *©fi]itf> FP M:,
99%&*fcLfc 0
$t£lJ±7J : 0.885 MPa(KW-JEE<Z> 2.5 fg)
ScffliS&S : 40 m
BfcftBfffif* ■ NUREG/CR-4624 <DffF«t 0.65 m2
(7ft2)£{£ffl
ECCS ?n£&>9\ xK^y^^-rbr-r—â^l!l«t«9 ECCS ttffi
7 ^ 7Vy ft LT? WAV M M £ t) sm$ffl 0

ftWifr ■ 0.531MPa (fam®^<DmntJ±(D 1.5 {£)
WS®^^<^ b #IhJEE : 0.354MPa(I£f+ffi)
#ctijrS£ = 16m(&lX JfctttP : 0.164 m2
TXeJs TTeJ, TCsIJ, TCsOHj, TSrJ, TRuj, TCeJ R
memo's. up'bmmmwRu^yy y - h ©##$##» &«$$
memo's. mm * l 5 r-t©flfc©aiTnj/^J <&£"ff-8#3g
mfmth
Mtif THALES-2 "CÎt RTtlft^fbttU 3.2 * & # Fig.2.3 £ #
^ ■ 7 7 ( S $ 100m)^fc^ctm-5tN<7)t LTf+^€r^JSL-CV^^ 0
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ti
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A
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bb
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Q
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tin
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Table 3. 1. 1 m^-Pfrt]®^C07T<V x--Aftm

*j? y =L—M.% mm&ft mmtm
LOPA, B nmw^-fr 1?M W f f T M £
W^W^-frA, B ^n-h±«SiU$
LWPL LWPLl TU^y KTffiiSSS
TgG7V-7-A (TlfB^y K « ) f V 7 " f r ^ §
LWPL2 7^:7—fTSSfliS
(v^y h^^7°^*) 7 - n - m 8 | ^
CORE CORE1 7V7-1fTffi?5£
P'b ^'L^«P*R±ffiii5 $
CORE2 *F<fr£mR±ffiiiS $
P>b±^>M £
UPPL UPPL1 JF£*±8l5i«S *
1
±Ufryfr^ a/*. ?? b^y K « ) ECCSARyx>Jg£
UPPL2 ECCSARyX>^£
(xy>-K7^7°^^) ^y^K^^7°±î«$
UPPL3 ;*y^K/>V7°±M£
(MTy^m^mm) ^7j<#ltt3§Tjtg|Sil5£
STMD STMDl ^7JCAPyX7Vi^$
*yyby^frm^n^
STMD2 %-&%im&&% £
M7K^m^m^m^
STMD3 %&ftm&mmM£
¥&©8H^gi«§£
STMD4(¥M) «<7>,WgilG£
a&CK~AJ:«&ji5£
DC DCl(i?^y btfyfrffi) 7*w7-ifTiSSi$
^n—MggBH5$
BC2(P'bU) * p - M f ^ £
JHttHSBflSS
DC3 *p<i>llM $
ECCS A R y X/WiU £
DC4 EccsApyxîSi$
I&TICAP yxvu^$
-59-
Table 3. 1. 2 X^ftjS^fitOSS;^
T.^m^±mm W^MSL «
m^pmmmifcMZk 140 t/hr RCIC tfyfrCOfefa®t;
(RCIC) (38.89kg/s)
Mfrp'b*fryy 1580 t/h MB* frv4 TK yfr®mcoMA®m^ i)
(HPCS) (438.89 kg/s)
i&j±p<b&7y& 1690 t/hr/iS a^mi^*^^7°^*
(LPCI) (469.44 kg/s/t?)
\&frp'b*fryy%k 1440 t/hr/i§? ^f^^^T^l;^"
(LPCS) (400 kg/s/t?)
MS^/WI -DAV*7°WSEfl: -gS@fUSfc£#l'7 p <7);£*fc$l: 1690 t/hr
95%flt(444kg/s) -DAV^7V-Tf-i N ^ ^ ^ * 0 95%
-WAV*7V^Mfi - W A V ^ 7 V - ( « , g f e t i © 5%
5%16(25kg/s)
nmm$k:m&#m 4610 kcal/s £*&B£$I*
D/W:Ky-ry^/K wmfr^y by^^
£ 1 : #$P#fT*fiI£/B LX^ft^
Table 3.2.1 ^ T n y V ^ £ f t © g | f f i T O « t > l ! I M I M :

M¥#)'#[cm] mmwmmm-] fit%
In-Vessel "CCDIS^ 1. 2 X 1 0 - 5 1.7 BMI-2104 (31 J; -5
Ex-Vessel " C ^ I S ^ 1.0X10-4 2.0 NUREG-0772 \Z X 5
Table 3. 2. 2 x 7 o '//V§tfi^ 7 *
ft^7y i 7 a y ^ f l ^ 7 7
II©TPS[g] Wfi©±PS[g] Azm^mum]
mi) (£1)
14 13
I 1.2566X10" 1.0053X10" 0.1 0.2
2 1.0053X10"13 8. 0425X10"13 0.2 0.4
3 8. 0425X10"13 6. 4340X10"12 0.4 0.8
4 6. 4340X10"12 5. 1472X10-11 0.8 1.6
5 5. 1472X10"11 4. 1177X10'10 1.6 3.2
6 4. 1177X10"10 3. 2942X10"09 3.2 6.4
7 3. 2942 X 10"09 2. 6354X10"08 6.4 12.8
8 2. 6354X10"08 2. 1083X10"07 12.8 25.6
9 2. 1083 X 10"07 1.6866X10"06 25.6 51.2
10 1.6866X10"06 1. 3493X10"05 51.2 102.4
£ 1 : x.7v//us&&& 3.0[g/cm3]LfcS^©ffl(îg|4, l U ^ O S C T ^ - b\hXl\9-&*i%)
-60-
Table 3.2.3 MttrCOttMb Ltz FP ik&mcOftJMPft M S

it^m ®MPPyHMm[kg] \YAm wmppyftMrn [kg]
Xe 387.0 Te 34.9
Csl 34.0 Ru 172
Sr 62.7 Ce 236
CsOH 213.9
Table 3. 2. 4 THALES2 ^ — Kfc&V^T^lfcfS FP jn^<DB.%-J&t>:&:

THALES-2 x^Myyîx^jtm ft^7G^<hM<Dipi]£^5i{S£L7c^*
He, Ne, Ar, Kr*, Xe*, Rn
Xe*
T/vti y ^ J S Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs*, Fr
Cs*
r^ts y ± n Be, Mg*, Ca, Sr*, Ba*, Ra
Sr*
F, CI, Br, I*, At
I*
^7^=t7/N/ S, Se, Te*, Po
Te*
Cr*, Mo*, Mn*, Fe*, Ru*, Ni*, V, Nb,
Ru* Ta, W, Tc, Re, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au
Sc, Y, La*, Ce*, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm,
U*, Th, Pa, U*, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf
Ce*
Ti*, Zr(FP)*, ZrCMfO*, Hf
mm ■ u o 2 ( » ) *
P^WAm : ZrG&SfO*. Fe*, Sn*, Ni*, Mn*
^C(tCirn/*/VH iXmiy^SltbCO^T P yVu:Mg*, Ba*, Zr(FP)*, Ag*,
Sb*, Cr*, Mo*, Ti*
3y^y-hj^7>
* THALES2 3 - F-C^^*^0C|±l$^? .SiS(CORSOR-M =tfr/V)
** <ftSx;*(Cs, Sr, I, Te, Ru, Ce)£XPt-<D^T n y / K O ^ f p
-61-
Table 3.2.5 FP ^ ^ 7 ° 7 is b ^ fc*5tt5#£7T21£

&%mm
THALES-2 X^m-r 5 7y\z.mm
ft^FP MK
MW^ JLfi mm
O X X X X
Xe
T7w#y^ji/7Npy>'
Csl, CsOH
O O o O 0 o
Te
O O o O 0 o
Tjvti y ± n X O X O X
Sr COJj-
mzj<y%
Ru
X o COJf-
X O X
Ce
X o C07j~
X O X
^©ji©ir0/'/i' X o CO&
X O X
-62-
H
u
'x.
\
n
IN
H
^
£
^
A
IN
CO
-63-
'K
■R
m
leg
1
n
cb
EH
<N
i-H
CO
bi
-64-
sj?y -A I Wayyfr #y -A j
m 14
0
wm 6 k
y^7°2
&
>
o \
y^7°3
o
■^STl
yf7 4
tffi l - # H ^ f c M 5 #*:(£ F P
ttffi 2 - # H « U - g l 5 1 T B yvnK FP 7^/2- Mffi*»f)«ffiÔ#!
*cffi 3 - immzmMxteftnz.t£& Lit FP
«H 4- ffiictt* L f c ^ T o vOMfc FP ?'f7'4- JSffii^JSfl^©^!
=t£ffi!5- HKSiSSLfcFP
:R1& 6 - HHHfr^Bfcif Lfc FP
Fig. 3.2.1 FP W j C W f r ^ y v V
HIM k
: COND
<r~0
k k k
v V V
COND CNV C
'CNV
k
D
VCNV^^Sh
p(s)
v (s) = 5i_
AMitx«7>i± Ya Ya °D
L
Sh Sherwood j
T
i±7J A,B,C ttflije*
c
>m«i g :#* a Air
(s)
Fig. 3.2.2 #*$£ FP ?) « • « ^ x >
65
k
im&MXB>v ADS
1 1
k k -+ -k
V V V
ADS AD CNV
BCL, SNh (Dm^^vkAD

( Is. \
<o VAD = A k e x p
v.
RT
J
CNV
OB D k
VCNV = Y " S h
A, £ :ttWfe&.
R :%&■£& 8s^
OFP k •$«
T ■m^mns.
g ■#*
D :te«««
L :ftgft£
Sh :Sherwood $k
>mm
Fig. 3.2.3 #*5|fcFP © I ' b ^ ^ T V W
immfl-mxco^'m
M^mwmxco^m
M-m'Mmm
kg(k)
corns.
Cg(k)
cii(k)/cgi(k) = H(k) mx-m \cimjr% ¥&&&■

Fig. 3.2.4 tfxftFP coMM^^r^
66
HiM
-s+9vi'mm&-vI
kBTg
8 6nn g r p
ffifttfhZi te
'diff
a^
1/2Q„1/3
Vdiff= 0.678-r^Re^Sc-
i c o ^ ^ f t , TRAP-MELT2 ©
ffitfcfil»C Re Reynolds W.
& * # # » ¥ £ Sc Schmidt ifc
Boltzman feWc L
Cu Cunningham <D
g
P rcT n y/U
Fig. 3.2.5 i / o yVucD^t^rvKTOff^)
^ T o »//ufafc<jEffffln) a&tbas/^v is±
mco^^n n
N LDP
v
diff - 1- h=
N0 7 2L 2UR2
h > 0.0156
N
— = 0.8191 exp(- 7.314h)+ 0.0975 exp(- 44.6h)
N0
+ 0.0325 exp(-114h)
h ^ 0.0156
— = 1 - 4.07h2/3 + 2.4h + 0.446h4/3
No
nMCD^ft., TRAP-MELT2 CO
D :tem#Jfc R : I B t ^ S U : flfEftjIfi L : EtffiS

N ■■ tttnX<n^7vy/VTS%t No : APT*(D^Tn y^fmic
Fig. 3.2.6 ^Tuy*fr(D&&*:7!/\'(mfg1&y0
67
K n u d s e n iffl Stokes W N e w t o n W.i
O o
Wy
_32r3gPg(pp-Pg)
Vd(r) = ^ l E S - )
c u vd(r) : f D (Re)Re z =
9ng 2rp„ 3Hg
vd
p. tttt#$C g g :J3*
r p : i 7 o ^ l '
Re Reynolds j$C Cu Cunningham WffijESSiC
Fig. 3.2.7 i 7 n yVK^STJ^fcl^^'rV^
3 v
difp ~
7sV m s +YaV m a
Û,
O U
1
c v
l
s
-+ ■
v
l
CNV,s
<K3 D
vs=^Vys=^lV^
<0 /■ A P(S)
i ^ < 7 } ; S « M $ : J i S : vCNV s
A mmxfefr}f± Dgs
V S h
CNV,s - T
D
7 Â-^ P : J±7J
5D i&nkMftmm& PT : ^ffi
L ®^ft$ m -.ft^m.
Sh Sherwood & JS^
g : #;* : Air
M s : M%
a
(s) : Ma
Fig. 3.2.8 J : T n ^ K ^ t f i t f c S c K l ^ x ^
68
mm<DfcMi&m.' vtkhmop
v v V
thmop thm CNV
■M.£>
K n < 0.2 <£>:!§
flM&fcJtJESrfToifc Brock <hff;\<

3vgCu(Xg + C t K n >. p j
VT
2Tg(l + 3CmKn)(2A.g + Xp+ 2C t K n ^ p )
Kn ^ 0 . 2 ( 7 ) ® ^
^f*^-^-iltljHral- J: 5 Waldman O^fr)V
3
VTwexp
K
4|l + - % m l T B v ny
a t A.„
T = 0.09 + 0.12a m +0.28a m
2X
P )
>-BE?
8s?
v KlttttîC Ct,Cm)am>at :*BE«I» #* p
Kn Knudsen tit Cu : Cunningham GQliiElll^ m% (s)
a k
Fig. 3.2.9 ^ T n yVVcDfft&kl^TVl'
TOT >2;trcj + 4m- fp p g/3
x = p g U 2 C f 12
• •
3 E* &1
w^se C f = 0.0791 R e _ l / 4
T mmy
r ^ruv/u^m
ff SiSffi^
f **«*
J^j |Op
^rny/w^g
§ jd, # t . ^ m,.:.,:.:.j.
P%
U
&tt*ft
^fowSjl
Cf ffi&isafe
Re Reynolds S5c
Fig. 3.2.10 ^ T n y V K D S ^ j S ^ T ' V v
-69-
mmm
mM^W(Dmmm&'vk ag,c (r)
Dk(S)
Vag,c(r) = 47cr p D£ ^(r)
1 + Kn
M y\ ^(r)
l + 0.71Kn +1.33333Kn
mu^mmm^ ag,c (r)

,s(S)
(r) = 4TT r p D s g e x p F m f—^-
"ag,c
L
Smk 1 ?
g
0 = 1- -DbT^S
„
RTp VP
D KSc^S r y®
5D
w&mftmmz p i±y m^
k ;v
Kn Knudsen SS( Fm IEB^ 7B-7
g
#'^ s IS
P ^ S kB B o l t z m a n AETSSC
a (s)
fg®3S7J M 5H-*
T r£Jt L
X miymm R ^f*Sffe
Fig. 3.2.11 ^ T n y V K D ^ ^ ^ - r X l i f f i )
3 O t P ^ ^ ^ X ^ t C ^ S J i i ^ v ^ d . R )
y*
v
agj(r'R) = va&B(r'R) +va6T(r,R) + va&o(r'R)
s+7 ^>mm^x^mMMSt-^B(r,R)
v a g 3 (r > R) = 47t(r + R)[Dp(r) + Dp(R)J
v
ag,T"( r ' R ) = VagTD(r=R)+ v
agTl( r = R )
• ?$ U ; i C f e i ^ J : S | l l l S j f WagJD(r,R)
flii#:<7>-5L;}^ . . / 8n e T p .
v a g ,TO(r.R)=Ep(r,Rl- 8 (r + R?
15M. B
mr±ffimz.£.Z>MM&%.--vag,-n(r,R)
vagTI(r,R) = E p ( r , R ) ^ : ( 8 ^ ) ' / 4 ( r + Rfp
pp
|Cn r r 2 ~C„ R R 2
9n„ 15n„ l
y
R) = E P (r,R)^7t(r + R) 2 jp r Cn r r 2 -p R Cn R R 2 |
9ng I I
r i 7 a / / H ^ g D £p(r R)=1 5
R x 7 o y > 2 f g p ^ ' ' l^rj ^
P : I 7 D •/> g : # *
£ T
s ■ MM. r :i7ny>i
Cn C u n n i n g h a m If J E O ^ F
R :x/ny>2
Fig. 3.2.12 ^Tny'frtDf&M^fMMM)
70
5D: i&mm^sm^ M(t)

s ML(t) Mo(t) Mm\Hcom.fotkFPfctEm.
ML(t)
tf*ty;FP-
kL,G ••^.ffi^t.^ffi^CO
tammm
kG,L -W^frbM^ft^CO
mmmmm
7 SPARC ^/waaftap
xG ■■mtttm^xz
m^cowff^
XB ■■ijL.Wtiz.XZwffi^cD
Wi7^
DF = DF s (S,P,T p) H s )exp(0.19Dj
xexp[(o.88+0.52DJ;)n s ]
Rs:Rs>l
DFS(S>P,TP)HS) =
VR: M ^ ± # M 1 : Rs < 1
e • 0 DF :&&«&
O/B. Rs : ^ + y r ^ x © » i E A? ) i E *
®o
an ® ®
<-J P :J±7J
Dp : m 7 n ;/>*£&
s :y-/^ffi-ecor±7](y-yj±)
T y^-yfr^— Tp y - ^ * a a
Ha : y-A-* ^ 9 f ^ if m £
MUW.&RUM^y.WMmx-l£bUfe
dMG
= - k-L.G
i.r, iM
vl r + 6 k
GT GjL-— ML
dt V
L
dML_ a Mr,-6k a Mi
+k L,G'
!VJ G,L
dt vG " "' VL
VG :ftCfSl§lrofWI VL :J&*BflMK
^ ^ = - (XB + X G )M G (t) (SPARC *7*/U)

dt
dM G (t)
= -X(DF)M G (t) (S*W^-rVv)
dt
ffl.U MDF)&, D F < 7 ) | l i ^ J ; ^ 5 l L T * f e 5 #? f *
Fig 3.2.13 7°—>v* y y t V ^ ^ f ^
-71-
I.Vr. BB I
Mffl^$tfi : ki
r-@^M*@ : k2
M
ks
llllllllllllll
C|i(k) Cgi(k)
k2 ki
^rW<£>FP?
u$#HIJ = Cii(k) © « £ Cg(k)
MmM ■ Cgi(k)
:H
C|i(k) / Cgi(k) = H(k) ¥ * * #

Fig. 3.2.14 mfammxcon&ft&wc
?pm&
W.fa îffi
Sh=2 + 0.6Re 1/2 Sc 1/3
Fig.3.2.15 *fry4mmz.XZ>FP%klx (#*^FP)
72
dM asc _ i M k
dt ^sp.asc'âsc t
"?h F FSP *7usmm
A
sp,asc _ n
p,asc . v
hsp
r
U
^ r sp,asc v g Re Reynolds %
Stk Stokes %.
— s
■'-'p.asc pb,asc "*" s pc,asc fc
pl,asc
^-f^steM p x j o y ^
%M pb
2rsp
s„U pc tlttff^ pi
s pPe; "-" sp 1 / 6 P e
biasc=3.02Re k
D„
' pl.asc
«tt«f^K:<fc5R&fe2l», ■pease
.2
3rn
e
>tk pl,asc
pc.asc 'sp
(Stk + 0 . 5 )
2
S
PPrp2USp
tk -
9
^grsp
Fig. 3. 2.16 *7°y^W.M^X^> FPl&*(^7"nyVU)
73
Table 4.1 y-<yb^^.0M\ (Tquv y-fry*)

Mfr$mfr-x D/W7,rvmmfr-*
p>mmrm Al mi£ mta

p'bxmmm 56 m& mtE
±p'bmm 179 m& m/A
j±jj®^mmmm 239 m/y IDT^
^fr'*^;vWm. 745 mtE m&

fcmm^y b 10S
f^Sb 779, # l t 782
{y W) 1372, & It
1393
3 Eg
\y W) 1673, W It
1691
4011
\y tb i97i, & it
1998
B/w*y°y4mm - - 1200
fam®mm 1662 - -
Table 4.2 y-<yb%£.mM (TB y-fry*)

T&fromfr-x mikty\fr-x D/w^°vmmfr-*
^yfrV-fem 480 m/y. m&

p'bmmrm 649 m& m&
p'b^wmmm 689 mtt m/£
±p>bmn 845 mt£ m/y
frtj%$mmnm 856 m& m&
^fs\^;VWlk 1468 1473 1468
Wi$fo®%$y<y b 101
fNSb 858, W± 861
211
\yW] 1329, # I t 1334
30@
ftW) 1569, If ih 1589
40g
\yW) 1898, # l t 1918
D/W *7°y4mB - - 1200
M«M 1860 - -
-74-
Table 4.3 J^lsbft^MM (TQUVIW y-fry*)

^mmmfr-* D/wztvmmfr-*
p'bmmm^ 483 [H* m&
p>b3:mmwk 604 m& m&
±p>bffin 813 m/£ ID£
frtjm^mmnm 889 miE m&
^fr^fr/vmk 1515 [Rife P7£
tetmîs b i0@
iyWi 1039, g i t 1053
20g
iyWi 1297, g i t 1303
30g
\f% 1539, g i t 1563
401
f£®J 1803, "git 1821
B/W*7°y4WB - - 1200
ftmmmm 1515 - -
Table 4.4 y^sb^^MM (TW y-fry*)

mfrmfr-x ^mj&itifr- * vrwztimmfr—*
&m®mm 2335 -
p'bmmmw 2537 -
p'b%wumm 2587 -
±p'bmn 2815 -
frti®^M§AMM 2835 -
-<y**?7Hm 3546 -
fomm^y b - -
D/W * 7" W ^ IB - -
Table 4.5 ^m-fKRit^x^w.m^m^RUTKmm^.M^y-fry*)

y—fry*% 7mm*y&
[kg]
TQUV 0.06 158
TB 0.216 566
TQUVIW 0.442 1160
TW 0.493 1290
-75-
Table 4.6 JFibV<Df&<DW&&t&&<D&m<Dm&(&>bmMmtktif&)

~~~~~~—~~—^__^ TQUV TB TQUVIW TW
P'bXcomtyMA Qlfkcal] 4.49X10 7 3.27 X10 8 9.45 X10 8 9.17X10 8
P>bfr b CO &M& Q2[kcal] 3.29X107 3.20 X10 8 9.48X10 8 9.13X10 8
P>bXcoWmWtMQl-Q2) 1.20 X10 7 6.83 X10 6 -2.41X106 3.61X106
Tmelt / ^ b T g r i d £ - e CO 15 40 121 50
Tmelt frb Thead lUXCO 198 207 406 298
(mTmelt:p>mmMbtimL Tgrid:^fr£##SfcSl$#.k Thead:Tg[5^y K « « ^ * J
-76-
TQUViy-fr^Xlzmi^^yb^M
iEE®*i(D/W) D Ay 0 <
aaJE«SKW/W) CD A y 0 <
•attffl ID Av <x X X X
D/WXÛfttlB ID A v 0 0
■ i ' ■■ 1 ' 1— ' 1 1 ,■■ 1 1 1 1 ■ I 1 1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
TBis-y^sTAzmhi^sVmA
T^smo/n- DO £ 0 <
fflsmN/n- DO # 0 <
wsm DO * x ox X
D/W&L-mB- 00 > 0
. i > i . i i ■ p
i ' i i '
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
TCUMbr-Jfr7lZttl+&{'<Wm
D 0 AV 0
a o AV 0
D 0 Av X X <X X
D/W*2W£!B DO Av C> 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Ws-Ks7lZ&1&('<Wm
< DO 47 0
DO 47 0
D/W*2UflHB
20O322(X)2400 26002800300032(X)34O3360038004000
Fig.4.1 J^y H
-77-
1—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—|—i—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#M#]
Fig. 4.1.1 fommm^frt) (TQUV £fr-*)
7.0
ADSfES)
mBEM^- s\
6.0
*FibXft«tt« D/W*:*W«IB>r- s\
5.0
ttttSS^hf^ft
13 4.0
Q.
2.0
D/WXÛf^lB ftmtmtik
1.0 ■
0.0 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 | 1 1 r—| r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
BS*J[#]
Fig. 4.1.2 JJC^MTh&tl(TQUV ±fr-*)
78
n—■—i—'—r
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Fig. 4.1.3 m^pftsm^M UTQuv £fr-*&m)
si
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#*J[#]
Fig. 4.1.4 m*&^J&ft&faffi
M (TQVVmfrtimfr-s\)
-79-
wETw(m^)-wET:wj±7jX(Dy-^7^<Dmnm&
200
B DRYWCftffi)
:/—7v|&fn
180 -^- WETW(^tl)
-±- WETW(;£f@)
160
^fvûM flMMttft
20
TSP^vKWS
0 i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—.—■,—■—i—i—i—■—i—■—i—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#£IJ[#]
Fig. 4.1.5 fom®%sftu&(Tquvmfr®imfr-*)
1200
o£
si
1 — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — 1 — I — I — 1 — I — I — I — I — I — r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
usance]
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ncsftxcomf+frbcD RCS ftRU RCS S/P ft #£$!•&[%]
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(m ttmxs xefr*fryy7k\^m.fr\z.mMLtzz\b*fF-y
Xe(-) Te(-)
Csl(-) CsOH(-)
Sr(-) Ru(-)
Ce(-)
-| 1 1 1 1 , 1 r f ^ r"-r"~1 T
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#£i][#]
Fig. 5.1.28 ^m^cotttli\m-&(TQUV-D/W*frUAmmfr-*)
-111-
10° i
I— £wb$lftlHte
-i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r-
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#£IJ[#]
Fig. 5.1.29 W-^P^M ^\Hco Csl <7)^ft(TQUV-D/W *:/U/f1t 10^r-x)
10° T
10-1 p
a*
10
^x^^jna*
10
D/WX^WM
10
i—r—T—■—i— , —
n—■—i—'—i—'—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
BSSJ[#]
Fig. 5.1.30 7^yb7^ft(D Csl <7)ipfiKTQUV-D/WX7°WÎ0'7--x)
■112-
10 u
: TSP^vKfiKli D/WX^WfllS
i—■—T—'—i—■—i—'—i—'—i—■—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
H#*J[#]
Fig. 5.1.31 bfrA7^7V^co Csl comMTQUV-DW *fruAmmfr-*)
-i—i—■—i—■—i—■—i—■—i—■—i—■—i—■—i—■—r
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300
B#*!l[#]
Fig. 5.1.32 KM^^%bD/W*frUAKX^^^9^(Dm%(TqUV-D/W*fryym\Bfr-*)
-113-
1 ^ 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 r-

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Fig. 5.1.33 m^P^n^P^co Sr <DÎb(TQUV-D/W *fruymBfr-*)

10°T
10"
*P'd>jSHtMi& D/WXÛ-flftlB
10"
<n 10-3
gas
St*
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-i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r-
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#*|[fl\l
Fig. 5.1.34 7^yb7^7Vp%<D Sr <D^W)(TqUV-T>W *fryynfr—*)
-114-
10
10"
10"
TSP^yKflftH D/)Ns\Zfis^m\B
<n 10' 4
w
&
It 10"5
i—'—i—r—i—■—i—'—i—'—i—'—i—■—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#*JKH
Fig. 5.1.35 by^7^7V? \(D Sr <7^®)(TQUV-D/Wx:/.W^|07r-X)
10"
StattftCm]
■ 4.0E3
oLOE3
A 7.0E4
V 4.0E4
4tt
i7n^jli[/.ml
Fig. 5.1.36 *fryAKX%W&9))W;(Brovin%m)
-115-
30 40 50
oc7'n)//>ilL#[/xm]
Fig. 5.1.37 *yw.c«fc5l&sfe$:£(£;ic? !5')
■ 4.0E3
o 1 .OE3
A 7.0E4
v 4.0E4
4tf
40 50 60 70 80
Fig. 5.1.38 *frvy\c-x^my^m.>imm)
■116-
TQUV v - -^>x ■ Xe • Csl A Sr
m±mm)M- A • 1
mssmwM- 4 • 1
wmm- ▲ 1l 1
D/WJUmR- A 1 1
'
1 0 * 10" 10" 10" 10" 5 10" 4 10" 3 10" 2 10" 1
8 7 6
10P
T B v ^>X !■ Xe • Csl A Sr
■
ilEE6H(D/W) ' A ' •
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i
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i
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i
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i ■ !
— i i IIIIII! i i
9
10" 10" 8 10" 7 10" 6 10" 5 10" 4 10" 3 10" 2 10" 1 10°
TQUV1W u—r>s ^ ■ Xe • Csl A Sr
JBE«»(D/W) I I ▲ ' i '

• 1
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| i
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i i
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I i—.. i — i—11
10" 9 10" 8 10" 7 10" 6 10" 5 10" 4 10" 3 10" 2 10" 1 10°
IW>'-T >x ■ Xe • Csl A Sr
»Ettft<D/W) \ I A !
i •I '
j&Efi£*ft(W/W) A i 1
I 1
1
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' i i
D/WWKttlB
j j , I ! ■' '■■"!—
9 8 7 6 5 4 3
10~ 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 10" 1 10°
2
Fig 5.1.39 Wrummmfe^yt- v *cotmicx% y-*y-Abmvtco i)
-117-
TQUVi/ >r>X ■ CsOH • Te A Ru T Ce

jaE«»(D/W) ▼ • ■
1 1
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D/WX7VfttlHf A
i
10~1210"1110"1010"910"810~710"610"510"410"310"210"1 10°
Ib*X ~ 9 " > A ■ CsOH • Te A RU W Ce
ME.®tfm(D/W-
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YA • ■
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10"1210"1110"1010"910"810"710"610"510"410"310"210"1 10°
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jME®ii(D/w) |TA .
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I
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10" 10" 10 ° 10~ 10~ 10~7 10~6 10~5 10~4 10~3 10~2 10"1 10°
1l 11 , 9 8
mm^nfottimisb]
T W V — ^ 7 " > X I ■ CsOH • Te A Ru T Ce
i : ;• i
i
JiE®$i(D/W) :
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Fig 5.1.40 mm^mm^^sfr y ^-co^m^ x % y-*y-Abmetco 2)
-118-
TQUVDA7 ~< a 'faibmmmvs

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TCODA7 O
i i1 r■ r 1 T■ r1 r
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
*tt$e±fca>««i$ra[#]
Fig. 5.2.1 \fr-*\z.io\i^y(y<y b%L&%n
TQUV
— D - Xe
-o- Csl
-A- Sr
-v- CsOH
-Te
TQUV1W -<- -Ru
->-Ce
10"9 10"8 10"7 10"6 10"5 10~4 10"3 10"2 10"1 10° 101
Fig.5.2.2 T&fr$i&fr—si\z.$5tfZy—x
? —J»
119-
i?i£(RCS)
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a»(DRYW)
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2t*(RB)
J¥Sfi(ENVl)
- * - « » *
"V^T-*—r—•—î ^-T
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
BS*J[#]
Fig. 5.2.3 TQUV i i f f M ^ - * CO Xe Wm
saKRcs.
a#(Rcs)
j?3l(DRYW)
5*®(DRYW)
j?jS(WETW)
>*if(WETW)
JMKRB)
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»»(ENVD
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Fig. 5.2.4 TB ^frMMfr—* CO Xe CO^Wi
-120-
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
H#*U[#]
Fig. 5.2.5 TQUVIW MfrM&fr—x CO Xe COmW]
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000
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Fig. 5.2.6 TW T&frffi&fr-X CO Xe (D^Wl
-121-
10'
j?jS(RCS) 8t*(RCS)
j?iS(DRYW) jJt.t(DRYW)
5?JS(WETW) ».}*(WETW)
ioV »ifi(RB)
M(ENVI)
• 2fc*(RB)
10°^ -A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
^fX^Jl/
10"
10"
10"
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#£IJ[#]
Fig. 5.2.7 TQUV$ifrnfr—XGO Csl £#SJ
10'
5¥ffi(RCS) a*(Ros)
■5?3I(DRYW) • )3t«(DRYW)
j?Jg(WETW) nA JSt#(WETW)
»j»(RB) * £fc*(RB)
10 1 :" 8SI(ENVD * NK3H4>
T 10°
10"
10"
10" 1
—i—'—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
B#*|[#]
Fig. 5.2.8 TB i |7r—y^(D C s l » ^
-122-
10*
j?ifi(RCS) ftSCRCS)
J¥&(DRYW) ■ ;A*(DRYW)
j$jS(WETW) A atifO/VETW)
J¥jfi(RB) * 3t»(RB) &t;«nw#s_Hift»
io' )?JS(ENVI) * « * . *
tpib&lA —r JFtoXftftflMS
; x x x x x
T 1 — f 1 |—>T
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Fig. 5.2.9 TQUVIW T&fr$L$kfr—s\<D Csl CO^W)
jfjfi.RCS) -*- &.»(RCS)

>¥5ffi(DRYW) -*- ? *®(DRYW)
jfjfi(WETW) A;*^(WETW)
»»(RB) * Sfc.t<RB)
5?5$S(ENVO ***.*
— —
n — • i — ' — r ^ — i — ^ — i — ' — i — ■ — r
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000
H#*|[#]
Fig. 5.2.10 TWMfrWfr—y-CO Csl comwi
-123-
10" 1 T
1 ' t~-r—l ' 1 — ' 1—"*"

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Fig. 5.2.11 TqUV Mfr&^fr—* CO Sr <Di
■MB irr 5
10
ttl
-i—|—i—|—i—I-H—riH—i a
r i—i—i 'i^'i—i—|—n—i—■—i—■—r
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Fig. 5.2.12 TB Mfr$&fr—s\<D Sr COi
■124-
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
B#*J[#]
Fig. 5.2.13 TQUVIW ^frM^fr—*CO Sr co^W]
10"
Tffi'vyRaSl
2
10
10" - o - »5tt(RCS)
-»- a»(Rcs>
o 5? jfi(DRYW)
_<: i o - 4 * a*(DRYW)
^ J? JS(WETW)
A 3*3f(WETW)
o »itt(RB)
• >*5t(RB)
\7 BStKENVI)
10" 6
10"7 =
10 i—i—i—i—i—'—i—i—r—'—i—■—r—'—i—'—i—■—r
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000
B#*][#]
Fig. 5.2.14 TWMfrtfc^fr—* CO Sr CO^Wi
-125-
Appendix 1 Summary in English
Systematic Source Term Analyses for Level 3 PSA of a BWR

with Mark-II Type Containment with THALES-2 Code
1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The THALES-2 codeclJ'[2I'[3]'[41 is an integrated severe accident analysis code developed at the
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute in order to simulate the accident progression and
transport of radioactive material for probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of a nuclear power
plant. As part of a level 3 PSA being performed at JAERI for a l,100MWe BWR-5 with a
Mark-II containment, a series of calculations were performed by THALES-2 to evaluate the
source terms for extensive accident scenarios. This paper presents the insights from the
analyses.
2. FP RELEASE SCENARIOS
In this paper, the FP release scenarios are defined by combinations of a core damages
sequence scenario and a containment function failure scenario. The core damage sequence
means a combination of success/failure of safety systems and operations for prevention of core
damage. The containment function failure scenario means a combination of the containment
failure modes which define the reason of containment failure such as overpressure,
overtemperature, accident management measures taken for mitigation and the location of
containment failure. As for the energetic events such as steam explosion which cannot be
simulated by THALES-2, these scenarios are out of the calculation case.
3. MODELING BY THALES-2
The THALES-2 BWR version, used in this study, simulates the thermal-hydraulic transient in
the reactor cooling system of a BWR and its containment and reactor buildings with
consideration of the operation of emergency core cooling systems (ECCS) and other engineered
safety systems together with their control logics.
The thermal hydraulics model of the code is based on a volume-and-j unction concept.
Parameters such as mass of fluid, pressure, mixture level, void fraction, and temperatures of
fluid (gas and liquid) and wall are calculated in each volume. The core region is divided by axial
and radial nodes. The temperatures of fuel and cladding in each node are calculated with
consideration of the relocation of molten-fuel to lower region. Severe accident phenomena
considered in the code include the hydrogen generation by the metal-water reaction, reactor
vessel lower head failure, hydrogen burning in the containment and generation of
non-condensable gases by the molten-core/concrete interaction.
The models for the FP release and transport are based on those of the ART code'51 and they
cover the release of FPs from fuel and the transport of FPs in the form of gas, aerosol, deposit
on structure walls and floors, and solution in water. THALES-2 solves the governing equations
for multi-component aerosol, taking into account the particle size distribution by a sectional
method. The aerosol model considers the size growth by agglomeration and
condensation/evaporation, chemical adsorption of the gas species at structure surfaces,
deposition of aerosol to walls and floors, removal by sprays and filters, scrubbing by water
pools, and convection by liquid as well as gas flow. The aerosol removal by pool scrubbing in
-126-
the suppression pool is calculated by the Kaneko's model[6] based on experiments by the
Japanese utilities.
In THALES-2, radionuclides including components of fuel and structure materials are
classified into 10 groups in terms of chemical properties. Seven representative chemical species
or elements, i.e., Xe, Csl, CsOH, Te, Sr, Ru and Ce, were considered in this study.
The control volumes for representing the BWR in the present analysis is shown in Fig. 1. The
reactor cooling system was divided into seven volumes, the reactor core, upper plenum, steam
dome, down comer, lower plenum and recirculation loops A and B. Moreover, the containment
was divided into drywell, wetwell, pedestal, and vent pipe that connects the drywell and wetwell.
The environment was modeled by hypothetical volumes connected with the containment or the
reactor building by junctions representing the leaks or piping for containment venting. Other
models used in this analysis include: the filtration of FPs by the stand-by gas treatment
system(SGTS), feedwater system, reactor core isolation cooling system(RCIC), high pressure
core spray system(HPCS) and low pressure injection system(LPCI) that takes suction from the
condensate storage tank or suppression pool.
A characteristic feature of this plant is that it has the suppression pool under the drywell floor;
therefore, if the drywell floor is penetrated by the molten core, the melt will fall into the
suppression pool and it makes a flow path from the drywell to the containment venting pipe that
bypasses the suppression pool. The suppression pool bypassing is expected to increase the
source terms when containment venting is conducted for preventing the overpressure failure of
the containment.
4. CALCULATION CASES AND ASSUMPTION
4.1 Calculation Case

The core damage sequences identified by event tree analysis in a level 1 PSA are classified
into groups based on the similarity of accident progression and these groups are called the core
damage sequence groups or plant damage states(PDS).
The previous analysis'23 at JAERI with the THALES/ART code system, which is an older
version of THALES-2, had shown that could be classified into the following 5 groups from the
similarity in accident progression, where a representative core damage sequence is also shown
for each group as follows:
(1) Loss of cooling function (Representative sequence is a transient(T) followed by loss of

feedwater(Q) and high(U) and low(V) pressure injection systems(TQUV sequence)),
(2) Station blackout (TB sequence),
(3) Loss of containment heat removal with a low pressure injection (a transient followed
by loss of feed water, high pressure injection, low pressure injection(Vl) and
containment heat removal(W) (TQUVIW sequence)),
(4) Loss of containment heat removal with a high pressure injection (TW sequence),
(5) Anticipated transient without scram (ATWS)(C) with high pressure injection available.
(TC sequence).
The source term analyses were performed for the representative sequence of each core damage
sequence group with THALES-2. Considering the various influencing factors on source terms,
the source term analyses were performed for a variety of FP release scenarios. The present
analyses covered the following 3 containment function failure scenarios in the FP release
scenarios: overpressure, controlled release by unfiltered containment venting and accident
termination by drywell spray recovery. Furthermore, as for the over pressure, which was
considered to be more important than the other containment function failure scenarios from the
frequency and consequence point of view, two different failure locations, drywell and wetwell,
-127-
were considered. Thus, the source term analyses were performed with THALES-2 for 15 relase
scenarios except what can't happen from the combination of 20 scenarios given by 4
containment function failure scenarios for each of the 5 core damage accident sequences.
4.2 Major Assumptions for Scenarios Analyzed

The following assumptions were made in the present analysis.
The containment overpressure failure was assumed to occur at the containment pressure 2.5
times higher than the design pressure and to have a break size of 0.65 m2 as had been assumed
in NUREG/CR-4624[?1. The break was assumed to open a flow path to the reactor building
volume which has a break flow path to the environment. In all calculation cases, the
containment was assumed to have a leak to the reactor building at a rate of 0.5%/day. If the
containment has this small leak only, the SGTS was assumed to release FPs in the reactor
building through a stack with filter efficiency of 99% for FPs other than rare gas. As for the
station black out (TB) sequence, the battery power, which is used for controlling RCIC and
other systems, was assumed to be depleted in 8 hours.
As for the scenarios involving the containment venting, which is an accident management
measure to avoid the containment overpressure failure by a controlled release of containment
atmosphere to the environment, it was assumed that the venting was made through piping
connected to the wetwell gas phase without any filter. The venting was assumed to start at a
containment pressure 1.5 times higher than the containment design pressure and to stop at the
design pressure.
In the scenarios of the containment cooling recovery, the containment heat removal by
drywell spray was assumed to be restored at 20 hours after accident initiation.
5. OVERALL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Since it is considered that the radionuclides Xe, Csl and CsOH, which are volatile and have
high release fractions to the environment, should be important for the consequence analysis, this
paper describes the source terms for these radionuclides. The other radionuclides, which have
much lower volatility, have smaller release fractions and relatively lower importance for level 3
PSA. In order to understand governing factors for the source terms of non-volatile species, the
results for Sr, which has relatively high source term among non-volatile radionuclides, are
discussed in this paper as a representative of non-volatile species.
5.1 Accident Progression and Timing of Containment Failure

In order to estimate individual and collective doses under a level 3 PSA, not only the source
terms but also the timing of release is important. As for overpressure scenarios, the left side
graph of Fig. 2 shows accident progression for the 5 core damage sequences.
In the TW and TC sequences, the containment failure occurs before the core melt starts. As
for the TW sequence which is the loss of decay heat removal case, the containment failure
occurs at about 40 hours by steam evaporation at suppression pool. The core melt starts about
200 minutes later. In the TC sequence, the containment failure was assumed to occur due to
over- pressurization at about 2 hours because of the decay heat generation in the core that
exceeds the capacity of the residual heat removal system. Then the core melt starts in several
minutes. Since THALES-2 does not have reactor kinetics models, the timing of containment
failure was determined from surveys on existing analyses of ATWS events at BWRs.
As for the other sequences such as TQUV, TB and TQUVIW, the core melt starts before the
containment failure and the containment fails between 25 hours and 40 hours. Large fractions of
FPs are released to the environment at containment failure. The time of core melt initiation
depends on the conditions of the core damage sequence, such as the availability of coolant
injection systems and existence of pipe breaks in the reactor coolant system. The time of FP
-128-
release to the environment for other containment function failure scenarios may be determined
as the times of events shown in Fig.2 such as the times of the core support plate failure, reactor
pressure vessel head failure, and melt through of pedestal floor.
5.2 Dependency of Source Terms on Core Damage Sequences

This section describes characteristics of source terms for each core damage sequence. The
source terms for overpressure failure at drywell will be used as representative examples. The
plots on the right in Fig.2 shows the source terms of each species for 5 core damage sequences
calculated by THALES-2. Since the behavior of radionuclides depend on their
physical/chemical forms, such as gas or aerosol, the behaviors of each species will be described
separately in the following.
Most of Xe in the plant is released to the environment in all core damage sequences because
Xe is transported as gas in the plant.
The volatile and chemically active species such as Csl and CsOH have complex transport
behavior because they can take various forms such as gas, aerosol, and deposits on wall or
solution in liquid phase. Therefore, the controlling mechanism for the release to the
environment is also complicated. Furthermore in this analysis, the release mechanisms of these
species are different depending on whether the containment fails before core melt or not.
For core damage sequences such as TQUV, TB and TQUVIW, in which containment failure
occurs after core melt, the dominant factor for source terms is the amount of FPs suspended in
the RCS at the time of containment failure.
Fig. 3 shows the relative masses of Csl in different locations in the plant for the overpressure
failure case of TQUV sequence as an example. The amount of Csl suspended in the drywell is
small at the time of containment failure because Csl transferred to the drywell deposit on the
walls in relatively short time for the reason that the deposition rates of Csl is high because the
temperature of drywell wall is low.
On the other hand, large fraction of Csl deposit in the RCS in the early phase of the accident.
Much of these Csl will be revaporized by the decay heat of FPs by the time of containment
failure. Thus the RCS contains most of Csl suspended in the plant before the time of
containment failure. The failure of containment brings about the depressurization of drywell and
the release of Csl suspended in the RCS to the environment. Therefore, the later containment
failure, the larger Csl suspended in RCS, the larger source terms. For example, the TB sequence
has larger source terms of Csl than other sequences due to the largest amount of suspended Csl
at the time of the overpressure failure of the containment.
For core damage sequences TW and TC, in which the containment failure occurs prior to the
core melt, the governing mechanism of the source terms is not the revaporization. In these
sequences, revaporized Csl remains in the RCS and don't contribute much to the source terms
because these sequences don't have significant depressurization of drywell after the start of FP
release from core.
The dominant factor in these early-containment failure cases for source terms is the amount
of Csl released to the drywell during the core degradation phase and at the time of reactor vessel
lower head failure. The Csl released to the drywell is likely to be released to the environment
before deposition to the drywell wall and floor because the containment has already failed. As a
result, the source term of Csl in these sequences is usually larger than those in the sequences
where the containment fails after core melt.
As for the less volatile species Sr, the revaporization is not considered because it behaves as
aerosol in the plant. The source terms of Sr have a clear tendency that the shorter the duration
between reactor pressure vessel failure and containment failure, the bigger the source terms.
5.3 Dependency of Source Terms on Containment Function Failure Mode

The dependency of source terms on containment function failure mode will be discussed here
-129-
using the calculation results of a core damage sequence TQUV as a representative example.
Figure 4 shows source terms for all containment function failure scenarios, almost 100% of Xe
would be released to the environment except for non-containment failure case (drywell spray
recovery case). And Sr doesn't depend on the containment function failure scenarios.
Source term of Csl tend to becomes small in the order of overpressure failure case,
containment venting case and drywell spray recovery case.
The source term of drywell failure case is slightly larger than that of the wetwell failure case.
This small difference can be explained by the fact that, as was described in section 5.2, the Csl
suspended in RCS is the dominant factor for source terms. This is based on the difference of the
path from RCS to the environment.
The drywell spray recovory case was analyzed with the assumption that the drywell spray and
the residual heat removal system of containment were recovered at 20 hours after accident
initiation. The containment doesn't fail in this case because of the successful removal of decay
heat from the drywell and wetwell. The FP release to environment is only by the small leakage
from the containment. This case has the smallest source terms in all core damage sequences.
As for the containment venting case, the vent valve was assumed to open at the pressure 1.5
times higher than the design pressure of the containment and close at the design pressure. At the
timing of the failure of the pedestal floor, the molten fuel drops into the suppression pool. At the
same time, the drywell pressure increases significantly and the first containment venting occurs.
Figure 5 shows the relative mass for total core inventory of Csl in the plant for containment
venting case of TQUV sequence as an example. Since the depressurization by the containment
venting actuation is smaller than that by the containment overpressure failure, the
depressurization of containment by the venting does not cause the release of large fraction of the
FP suspended in RCS. Thus the dominant factor of this case is not the Csl suspended in RCS but
that suspended in the drywell. Furthermore, it should be noted that the source term of
containment venting case is significantly smaller than that of over pressure failure case. The
reasons for this difference is that (1) the contribution of Csl suspended in RCS is smaller in the
venting case because of lower RCS wall temperature and smaller depressurization of the RCS
and (2) the shorter duration(several minutes in the present calculation) of release in the venting
case allow the more deposition of aerosol in the containment. The present results suggest that
the containment venting, which is one of the accident management measures, can be expected to
reduce source terms. But it has a demerit that the release of FP to the environment occurs at
earlier phase than in the overpressure failure case.
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Using the THALES-2 code, a set of source terms were calculated for use in a level 3 PSA of a
BWR with Mark-II type containment, and for obtaining better understanding on the profile of
source terms of severe accident scenarios. Results and insights from the analyses for a
l,100MWe BWR-5 with a Mark-II type containment were that 1) the calculated release
fractions of Csl and CsOH to the environment were in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 for late
containment overpressure failure cases, and the release fractions for the containment venting
cases were one order of magnitude smaller than that of overpressure failure cases and those for
drywell spray recovery cases where no containment failure occurred were two orders of
magnitude smaller than the containment venting cases, 2) the governing factors for source
terms of Iodine and Cesium are different depending on whether the containment fails
before core melt or not, 3) the containment venting, which is one of the accident
management measures, can be expected to reduce source terms if suppression pool
bypass is avoided.
-130-
REFERENCES
[1] Kajimoto, M., et al., "Analysis of Source Term Uncertainty Issues for LWRs", PSAM-II, San
Diego,(1994)
[2] Kajimoto, M. et al. "Development of THALES-2, A Computer Code fort Coupled Thermal
Hydraulics and Fission Product Transport Analysis for Severe Accident at LWRs and Its
Application to Analysis of Fission Product Revaporization Phenomena, Proc. of Int. Mtg. on
Safety of Thermal Reactors, Portland. 584,1991.
[3] Muramatsu, K., et al., "Modeling Improvement and Application of the Intergrated Severe
Accident Analysis Code THALES-2 for Assessment of Accident Management Strategies",
PSA95, Korea, 1995.
[4] Ishikawa, J. et al., "Systematic Source Term Analyses for Level 3 PSA of a BWR with
Mark-II Type Containment with THALES-2 code", 10th International Conference on
Nuclear Engineering, Apr., 2002.
[5] Ishigami, T. et al., "User's Manual of ART Code for Analyzing Fission Product Transport
Behavior during Core Meltdown Accident", JAERI-M 88-093,1988.
[6] Kaneko, I., et al., "Experimental Study on Aerosol Removal Effect by Pool Scrubbing", 22nd
DOE/NRC Nuclear Air Cleaning and Treatment Conference, Aug., 1992.
[7] R. S. Denning et al., "Radionuclide Release Calculations for Selected Severe Accident
Scenarios", report for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG/CR-4624,
BMI-2139, Volumes I-V, July, 1986.
-131-
Condensate
Environment
Storage Reactor Building -i
Tank Blowout
Containment Pannel
break
Leakage
Containmqrilj
Leak
Emergency
"Gas Treatment
System
t Containment
Venting System
RCIC: Reactor Core Isolation Cooling System, SRV: Safety Relief Valve,
ADS: Automatic Depressurization System, HPCS: High Pressure Core Spray System,
LPCS: Low Pressure Core Spray System, LPCI: Low Pressure Core Injection System
Fig. 1 THALE S-2 modeling for a BWR with mark-II containment
□ Core melt start O Core support plate failure

A Core collapse V RPV failure
O Pedestal failure -4 Containment failure
! 1 i
TQUV -■-Xe * 1
\ -•-Csl
- A - CsOH
-▼-Sr i 1
\
\
I
_ 1
\ \ 1
*
1
J r 1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
10"
10"° 10"" 10"' 10"' 10u
Time[min]
Release Fraction[-]
Fig.2 Source terms for core damage sequences calculated by THALES-2
Note: This figure summarizes information in Figs 5.2.1 and 5.2.2
in the main text.
132-
- Suspended CsI(RCS) Deposited CsI(RCS)

- Suspended CsI(D/W) Suspended Cst(WAV)
- Release CsI(ENVl) Overpressure 1 1 11
r -■-Xe * l
(D/W failure) - • - Csl |
- A - CsOH
Overpressure -▼-Sr • 1
(W/W failure)
Containment /
▼ A l
> /
Venting / //
/
/ /
D/W spray ▼ il 1
recovery
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 10~10 10~8 10~6 10"4 10"2 10°
Timefmin]
DAV : Drywell, WAV : Wetwell, E N V I : E nvironment Release Fraction[-]
Fig. 3 Relative mass of Iodine in the plant Fig. 4 Source terms for all containment
(Overpressure failure case :TQUV sequence) function failure scenarios (TQUV Sequence)
- Suspended CsI(RCS) - Deposited CsI(RCS)

- Suspended CsI(DAV) - Suspended CsI(WVW)
-Released CsI(E NVI)
10'
Pedestal Failure Containment Vent
Actuation
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
T_me[m_n]
Fig. 5 Relative mass of Iodine in the plant
(Containment venting case: TQUV sequence)
-133-
This is a blank page.
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20 26 20 22
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JAERI-Research JP0550528

THALES-23-KC<fc5BWR Mark-I£ftf tltz

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

(¥319-1195 ^«ftlWS$S^fB*Jg^§f? SF;frt) ■? «? £ < £ £ * » # M £ £ ^ £ o

This report is issued irregularly.

© Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2005

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Systematic Source Term Analysis for Level 3 PSA of a BWR

Jun ISHIKAWA, Ken MURAMATSU and Torn SAKAMOTO*

Department of Reactor Safety Research

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5.2.2 Comparison of Source Terms of CsI(Overpressure Failure Case) 40

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List of Figures and Tables

Table 2.2.1 Classification of Core Damage Sequences

Table 4.4 Event Time (TW Sequence)

Table 5.2.1 Source Terms of Calculation Cases

Fig. 5.1.36 Effect of Csl Removal by Spray (Brown Diffusion)

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