Answer 1 (a)

• In Feb. 1922, Gandhi took the Non-Cooperation Movement back. It caused anger and disenchantment in the mind
of youthful Nationalist particular.
• Young Nationalist moved towards revolutionary measures. Hindustan Republican association, Hindustan Socialist
Republican Army were the main revolutionary organizations which came into existence in this period.
• Gandhi was critical to violent method. He counted it unethical and said that violence can beget only violence. On
the contrary revolutionaries were critical to non violence. Sharat Chand in his Pather Dabi appreciated revolution.
Sachindra Nath Sanyal wrote his Bandi Jiwan.
• He came with a Philosophical base to revolution by interpreting Ramayan and Mahabharat. He said that Gita
teaches us to fight. His logic was based upon the concept of protecting peace & Dharma needs sword & sacrifice.
• Later on we find philosophy of Bomb which provided the violence a philosophical base.
 Answer 1 (b)
• Indian National Congress and peasants :-
o Demand for the cutting in Land revenue and enhancing the budgetary allocation to agriculture.
o In person Gandhi led the Champaran and Khera peasant movements; but till date congress never launched
any movement in favour of peasants. During Non-Cooperation movement peasants participated in the
movement and now on they remained the most important social base of Indian National Movement and
Indian National Congress. During this movement Gandhi had a plan to launch a Non payment of tax
movement from Bardoli, but before it could happen, this movement was taken back.
o As for as the demand of the congress is concerned, we find that peasants were brought into the mainstream
politics but their issues were yet to come in the mainstream. During the civil disobedience movement,
congress allowed the peasants to go for the non payment of taxes but the Bengal peasants were not allowed.
Indian National congress was not ready to agitate the Zamindars. Congress was following a general policy to
keep the Indians united against the British and for this purpose it Generally avoided the second front of the
exploitation of Indians.
o Even in the Karachi session it did not pass the resolution regarding the Zamindari abolition, although they
passed the resolution regarding universal adult franchise and welfare state.
o In 1936 only congress passed the resolution regarding the abolition of Zamindari. Still we can’t forget that in
1937 election Zamindars became very dominant in Indian National Congress.
 Answer 1 (c)

• In October 1906 a delegation of Muslim intellectuals met Lord Minto in Shimla. They demanded more
representation than that of their population. Along with this they demanded separate electorate. Government
accepted their demand.
• Muslim League was founded on the initiative taken by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was particularly concerned that
some young Aligarh Muslim Leader’s political aspiration was leading them towards congress.
• Aaga Khan assured Dunlop Smith (Secretary of Lord Minto) that Mohsin-ul-Mulk will not take any step without
consent of the Government.
• Md. Ali later on called the events as the command performances.
• Examine :-
• Demand of the separate electorate initiated from Dunlop Smith, went to Archibald and finally it reached
to Lord Minto by the delegation in Shimla. Minto’s acknowledgement that showing the dragon's teeth will
help the British cause in India. He also said that Muslims don’t deserve the number of seats what they
have been given.
• Muslim League was not founded with the British command but their was an assurance and untold
consent.
 Answer 1 (d)

• 1885 to 1905 is considered first phase of Indian National Movement :-

o But during this phase congress was a very weak organization which can be witnessed on account of
these evidences :-
 No working committee.
 No provincial and district committee.
 No acceptable leadership like the Gandhian era.
 Social base was limited to the urban upper middle class.
 Moderates were particularly missing the popular support.
o Swadeshi movement brought the popular support first time.
o Yet the congress remained organisationally very weak.
o After the Surat split once again it went into the hands of the moderates who were having no political
programme and method to lead the movement to the next level.
 Answer 1 (e)

• Indian Nationalism Forced British to leave India and made India united and a Nation State. Some Historians
believe that India Broke the British chain with British hammer only.
• Base :-
 British United India Politically and administratively.
 British Education and the Idea of Liberty, Equality and Nationalism.
 Railway
 Economic Integration
 English became a connecting language
• Flip side of the coin :-
 Indian Nationalism evolved through India’s Civilizational evolutional.
 Indian Nationalism was considered an Impossible phenomenon.
 Indian National Movement was like a protest movement.
• Evaluation :-
 British contribution was supporting not decisive.
 British role was unintentional not purposive.
 Answer 2 (a)
• Basic initiatives of Lord Ripon :-
 Famine code
 Factory Act
 Railway.
 Minimising the tariff.
 Press was given freedom.
 Upper age limit for the services was made higher.
• Analysis :-
 Imperial economic interest was promoted.
 He tried to keep the middle class nationalists along with the government.
 From paternalism, he moved towards partnership to keep the empire safe and intact.
 Curzon, on other hand was a firm believer of hard handling with the nationalist forces. He was almost similar to
Ripon on the economic front. But he tried to bring the so called paternalistic pattern back in the policy design.
• Example :-
Some growth and welfare related initiatives. But at the same time he came with some reactionary measures like:-
 Media control.
 Control over the education institutions.
 Control over the municipal bodies.
 Ever the partition of Bengal too should be read in this line only because Curzon was committed to curb the
nationalist forces by hook or by crook.
 Answer 2 (b)

• Beginning of the 20th century came with new nationalist enthusiasm. It brought protest against the British and

friction within the congress. This friction reached at the worst level in Surat Congress.

• Extremist Nationalists and moderate Nationalist s were divided sharply because :-

 Moderates demanded reform and extremists demanded Swaraj.

 Even when Kolkata session of the congress passed the resolution of Swaraj moderates and extremists

interpreted it differently.

 Moderates wanted to remain under the constitutional means while extremists were committed to the new

means like civil disobedience and it needed even revolutionary means.

 Their ideas about the nation too were different.

• Thus we can say that this gap was almost unbridgeable.

 Answer 2 (c)
• Introduction of Economic thinkers :-
 Name
 Book
 Paper
 Their Ideas :-
 Drain of wealth.
 Analysis of the income and expenditure proved the imperialist design.
 Remained in favour of the peasants, Industrial class and demanded budgetary enhancement to
education, Science & Technology etc. They demanded enhancement in tariff and imposing income tax
to alternate the excessive land revenue.
• Limitations :-
 Some over enthusiasm in the list of Drain of Wealth.
 Demand was more focussed in favour of industry. Labour issue was left.
 Zamindars were never targeted. They gave walkover to Indian exploitation.
• Contribution :-
 Idea of the drain of wealth became a central issue in Indian National Movement.
 The same economic issues remained pivotal throughout the various phases of Indian National Movement
 Answer 3 (a)

• Arbindo Ghosh :-

 New lamp for the old.

 Vande Mataram

 Doctrine of passive resistance.

 Meaning of Swaraj

 Role in the Swadeshi movement and the Principal of National college.

 An iconic figure to the revolutionary.

 Answer 3 (b)
• Basic introduction of Swadeshi Movement :-
 Bycott
 Swadeshi
 Swaraj
• Reason behind :-
 Immediate reason :- Partition of Bengal.
 Fundament Reason :- It was a natural culmination of the historical process.
• Evidence :-
 Indian National Movement was gaining some ground.
 Extremist expression of the movement was showing its sign since 1892.
 Dayanand Saraswati had already propounded the idea of Swaraj
 Governments sweeping neglect was causing resentment in the mind of people and youths in particular.
• Role of Curzon :-
 Curzon thought that Bengal will respond mildly but he could not understand the latent heat of politics in
India and in particular Bengal. Thus when India was almost standing on the verge of a movement, he
appeared with his divisive and reactionary policy. Thus he proved like an ignorant stimulator to lead the
movement one step ahead.
 Answer 3 (c)
• Show the aggression of Gandhi :-

 Determined to launch the movement.

 Purpose was the same but finality was new.

 Leadership was given to the people.

 All the Non-Violent methods were allowed.

• Rationality :-

 Orderly anarchism

 He was apprehensive about the Japanese aggression

 Discontent caused by the war and non responsiveness of the government.

 Background of Indian National Movement and achievement till now.

 Answer 4 (a)
• Caste movement of 19th Century :-
• Jyotiba Phule founded Satyashodhak Samaj. He was inspired by the ideology of American revolution. Jyotiba
purchased the idea of liberty and equality, thus he fought against the discriminatory caste system and the
exploitation based upon gender.
• Later on satyasodhak Samaj was divided into two categories. Mukund Rao Patil remained committed to the
abolition of caste and he participated in the peasant movement as well as national movement, on the other
hand Bhaskar Rao Jaghav followed the path of sanskritisation. He remained loyal to the government.
• In Kerala Srinarayan Guru founded a group which was committed to the abolition of caste system and national
unity as well as freedom struggle. Some of the leaders from this Ezhava community remained committed to
Gandhian movement while some of them moved towards communist movement.
• Sanskritisation was also a widely adopted feature of the caste group like- Mahar, Shanan, Palli etc.
• In 20th century we find two very powerful trends from the lower caste peoples. In Madras Justice party was
loyalist and committed to sanskritisation. It was firmly against the congress and theosophical movement. Justice
party launched Atma Samman movement. They participated in the legislative elections, which uplifted the
socio-political status of the people form lower caste.
• Dr. Ambedkar was the most charismatic leader among all the lower caste movement leaders. His idea can be
summarized in these points:-
 Liberty and equality to all. Thus caste annihilation is essential.
 He was committed to bring gender justice.
 He thought that empowerment was essential to improve the condition of the socially oppressed and
discriminated people.
 He begun his own political party to bring them and their issues in the centre of Indian politics.
 He remained responsive to the British government to ensure the interest of the most deprived section of
Indian society.
 He was a great nationalist in his own way.
 Answer 4 (b)
• Explain the meaning of paternalism and trusteeship.
• Training towards self government
• Idea of training towards self government was almost left after the 1857 revolt. Although Lord Ripon brought it
back to some extent which was obstructed by Curzon.
• Flip side of the coin :-
 Evidence of imperial character of the government.
 Revenue policy
 Industrial policy
 Railway
 Famine
 Education was neglected
• Racialism :-
 Evidence
 Imperial connection of racialism
 Answer 4 (c)
• Gandhi kept experimenting with truth.
• His adherence with truth was the soul of Satyagraha and Satyagrah was the guiding principle behind his political
social movement.
• He remained determined to his idea against either the state and it’s law or even against the social structure
based upon tradition and customs.
• This Satyagraha gave him the conviction of launching the war against the evil.
• He was a firm believer in God and believed that man is the child of god. Thus he or she posses the divine virtue,
this is the source of his idea to hate the sin not the sinner. That is why Gandhian method to fight against the evil
was essentially non violent.
• From Champaran to Quit India Movement, Gandhi violated the law many times and arrested also, but he
remained ethically convinced while breaking the law. He expressed his idea lucidly in the trial against him after
the non-cooperation movement.
 Answer 5 (a)
• Revolutionary means?
 Those who wanted to make India free with the help of arm forces and popular support after defeating
British in the battle field.
 They were keen to take the international support .
 They were parallelly following the path of resistance and individual performances against the brutal officers
 Capturing the royal treasury to prepare for the revolutionary activities.
• Their emergence and use of Brutal force, forced them to settle on foreign land to organise national movement.
Few Examples.
• How their approach changed?
 Regional identity was left.
 Religious identity was left behind and nation building became central.
 Social and economic equality and justice became a new idea to the revolutionaries in the movement.
 Idea of liberalism and republicanism.
 They came close to the international revolutionaries.
 Gadar movement was the most powerful expression of these revolutionary activities.
 Answer 5 (b)
• Tribal policy of Nehru contained 5 points known as Panchsheel :-
 Let them develop along the lines of their own genius. Outside imposition should be avoided .
 Tribal rights in Land and forest should be respected.
 Tribal people should be trained to take the responsibility of Administration in the respective areas.
 Tribal areas should not be overwhelmed with administrative interference in the name of various schemes.
 Results should be judged not by the statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the human character that is
evolved.
• Rationality :-
 Nehru believed that tribal people remained rebellion against the British government because they dispossessed
them from the Land and Forest.
 They have their own culture and way of life and that should be respected. They have inherent ability to remain
happy even against the appalling poverty and destitution. External intrusion in the name of development and
their welfare will upset and antagonise them.
 Gradual growth with minimum essential alien interference is reasonable because Nehru was in favour of middle
path. They should be neither flooded nor be left like a museum item. Process of modernism must not be taken as
forcing a sudden break with the tribal past, but help them build upon it and grow by a natural process of
evolution.
• Relevance :-
 In the age of globalization and growing capitalism, Tribal resources can be an inviting place. It can cause
conflict of interest and uprisings. Thus the Panchsheel is relevant here.
 Panchsheel is good for the protection and preservation of nature also.
 Now decentralised planning and guided growth with the help of local heart, hand and mind has become
more feasible.
 Keeping the happiness index in the mind and post modern understanding we find the Panchsheel very
relevant.
 Answer 5 (c)

• Give the basic information regarding the Trial.

• Government thought that this public trial will send a very strong message to all the serviceman to keep them

away from politics.

• Result was just opposed to the expected line.

• Why?

 No stand or strategy can be Judged in vacuum. In 1946, India was already standing on the verge of

independence. Almost every section of Indian society was vehemently opposed to the government. Thus

military too was developing the sense of nationalism, because they came from the same society.
 Answer 5 (d)

• Define socialism

• Nehruvian socialism was based upon democracy.

• Nehru’s Initiative :-

 Fiver year planning

 Zamindari abolition

 Community Development Program

 Public Sector Undertakings

 He was in favour of gradual evolution of socialism.

 Answer 5 (e)
• Patel was the man behind Indian unity.
• Saifuddin soz :- (Kashmir - glimpse of history and story of struggle).
 Sardar Patel would have been agreed to give Kashmir to Pakistan if Pakistan would have responded positively on
Hyderabad.
• Menon :- (Integration of the Indian States)
 Mount Batten’s meeting with Hari Singh and his assurance to him that if Hari decides to go with Pakistan, then
Patel will not object.
 Rajmohan Gandhi :- (Patel a life)
 Before 13th September 1947 Patel was not having keen interest in keeping Kashmir in India but after this he
changed his stance.
 Sardar Patel changed his stance regarding Kashmir when Pakistan intervened in the matter of Junagarh.
• Sardar’s letter to Baldev Singh :- If Kashmir adopts the rule of any other country then he will not oppose.
• Urvish Kothari :- keeping the population and geography of Kashmir in his mind Sardar Patel was not very much
interested in keeping Kashmir along with India.
• Nehru and Gandhi were concerned about the Denial of two nation theory and Kashmir would have been the answer.
• Nehru and Patel were opposed to each other on few issues. Like referendum in Junagarh and taking the issue of
Kashmir to UNO.
• In fact Patel was a pragmatic leader who was not committed to any fixed idea.
 Answer 6 (a)

• Describe the concept of two nation’s theory and the Denial of Indian National Congress of this idea.

• Ayesha Jalal said that congress was not committed to the principle of Denial of two nation’s theory, because

they were committed to the partition of Punjab and Bengal.

• Rational of Indian National Congress.

• Muslim league was committed to two nation’s theory and they fought their tooth and nail to form a Muslim

Pakistan. Thus Muslims in India were equal citizens, while Pakistan was not at all reliable to protect the life and

liberty of Hindus. Keeping this basic reality in our mind, we can say that demand of the partition of Punjab and

Bengal was not at all dichotomic.

 Answer 6 (b)

• Capitalist class was supporting the nationalist cause in India form the begging because British government was
working in favour of British industrial and financial capitalism.
• Capitalist gave the nationalist, particularly Indian National Congress donations. In return they wanted that
congress should raise voice in their favour.
• But capitalist class did not support Swadeshi Movement because they wanted protest through the constitutional
means only.
• During Non cooperation movement capitalists were divided in two groups. Some of them supported them while
others formed anti non cooperation league. After the Non cooperation movement Gandhi came with two stands :-
 Make the congress economically less dependent upon the capitalist class.
 He guided the capitalist class to form a united forum, which can give them strength to play a more effective
and constructive role in the prospective politics of India. On account of this suggestion capitalists formed Ficci
in 1927.
• Capitalist class participated fully in Civil Disobedience Movement first time and they boycotted the round table
conference as well.
• Within the Congress they wanted to promote the leadership which was considered pro capital or at least not
socialist. That is why they were generally in favour of Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Raja Jee and particularly
against of Subhash Chandra and Jawahar Lal Nehru.
• But by coming of 1940 Indian Capitalists too were showing same conciliatory path. In 1944, eight Indian
Capitalists came with “A brief memorandum outlining a plan of economic development for India.” This was a
plan which accepted the significant role of the state in economic affairs. These are the routes from where the
idea of mixed economic emerged.
 Answer 6 (c)

• When congress resigned from the provincial government after the beginning of World War Two.
• Muslim League got opportunity. They formed governments :-
 Assam in August 1942
 Sindh in October 1942
 Bengal in March 1943
 North Western Frontier Provinces in May 1943
• On account of this Muslim league became very powerful and energetic. Almost all the other Muslim political
leadership was weakened and Muslim league along with Jinnah as the supreme leader came into the centre of
Muslim politics. This was an entirely different Muslim league in comparison of 1937.
• But emergence of the league was not only an outcome of the political manoeuvring . We have to look it in the
large prospective, like :-
• Historical process was broadening the gap between Hindus and Muslims.
• Muslims Capitalists and Zamindars were in favour of Muslim league because for their class interest.
• As the national movement was reaching to its destination and growing as democrat and socialist, Muslim league
became essential for them.
 Muslim youths and small business people thought Pakistan in their favour, because they were not in
condition to complete against the Hindus in their respective field.
 International situation (Particularly German events) too was stimulating the issue raised by Muslim league.
 Government kept promoting the Hindu Muslim communal conflict Ab initio.
• Thus we can say that Muslim league’s manoeuvring became successful because it was working against the fertile
socio-political context.
 Answer 7 (a)
• Various phases of integration :-
 Treaty of annexation :- Only those rights were given to Indian Government which were enjoyed by the British
Government.
 Unification under the Rajpramukh.
 Democratisation :- When power was given to Vidhan Sabha and Chief Minister.
 Centralization :- When the areas under the Rajpramukh and Chief Ministers were brought under the 7th
schedule of Indian constitution.
• Role of Sardar Patel :-
 He dealt with Mount Batten and asked for full basket of apple.
 With the help of Mount Batten he assured the annexation of most of the princely states.
 He used his emotional intelligence, persuasive power and diplomatic skills.
 He used every possible weapon and left the kings with choice but used arms very little; because he convinced
the states that they don’t have any alternative and then he offered them to keep their palaces, personal
properties, good political opportunities and privy purse. Overall we can say that the velvet glove he offered to
the kings was neither too soft nor very steely. Princes were convinced for one another thing that Sardar Patel
is the most appropriate man to deal with, because Jawahar Lal was considered very radical in this regard.
 Answer 7 (b)

• Constituent assembly paid homage to Gandhi with highest regard but in words only. If we read the constitution of
India we do not find any majors particular influence.
• Popularly people say that Gandhian idea was incorporated in many specific ways like- Abolition of untouchability, and
many provision of DPSP like Panchayati Raj, Protecting animal husbandries, Cottage industry etc.
• But if we examine it in depth we find that abolition of untouchability given in the Article 17 was the only significant
influence taken from Gandhi. In this regard too we should remember that abolition of untouchability would have
been accepted even otherwise, by some other law.
• As far as DPSP part is concerned, it looks like a promish without conviction and directive without command.
• If Gandhi would have been considered constitutionally worth following than extraordinary power to the centre would
not have been provided. In this regard we can compare Indian constitution with the constitution of Aundh framed by
Gandhi and another parallel constitution framed with the help of Gandhi. Gandhian democracy was overlooked by
the constituent assembly either in the name of National integration, socialism and Dalit empowerment. This is the
reason why Indian Polity is gradually losing the democratic norms and the real popular controle over the mechanism.
Authority with popularity is the political reality of Indian since last 5 decades and gradually it is degrading. Panchayati
Raj is the only solution of may problems. It can resolve even the regional problems.
 Answer 7 (c)
• How Sir Sayyid Khan gave the Muslims a sense of separate Identity?
 Sir Sayyid Ahamad Khan persuaded the Muslims to move towards the modern education and outlook. Along
with this he led them towards friendly relationship with the government. It was a departure from the
traditional Muslim politics, which was divided in two parts :-
 Wahabis were sectarian in nature.
 1857 revolt provided a collective political mission.
 Sir Sayyid Ahamad Khan called the Muslims not to join congress, because he believed that Muslims are
separate and have different interest than the Hindus. Both are different political communities thus they
should not join any similar political organisation. This is the point from where two nation theory emerged.
• How Iqbal gave them the sense of separate Destiny ?
 Iqbal was a poet and a leader of Pan Islamic movement. Initially he was in favour of integrated India but by
the passage of time he became a Muslim leader only. He came with the idea of separate Muslim nation in
the Western and North Western part of India within India. In fact he propounded the idea of three tier
political system in which centre, group of Muslim majority states and state will fall in which centre will be
kept restricted to few departments only, while Muslim majority states can share some political and
governmental authorities.
 In one way Iqbal look like a natural culmination of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan but we should notice one another
thing that he was constructing his political frame when India was demanding Purna Swaraj. That is why the
idea of separate identity moved towards separate destiny which was realised by Jinnah in the next phase with
ever one step further by making Pakistan a sovereign country.
 Answer 8 (a)
• Gandhi led the national movement from 1919 to 1942 during which he launched many movements involving
many a million people directly or indirectly.
• Some historians believe that although Gandhi was accepted as an unparallel leader and all the leaders respected
his command but people in general were not responding to the movement as framed by Gandhi.
• Examples :-
 Violence erupted many times.
 Hindu-Muslim harmony was never up to that mark as Gandhi suggested
 Dalits were generally not respected by the upper caste Hindus.
 Peasants participated with their own priority and method. In civil disobedience movement peasants in Bengal
launched non payment of taxes without the consent of Gandhi.
• Comment :-
 Examining the leader’s command over the people during the mass movement, should not be judged in terms
of absolutism. With all the limitations we can say that Gandhi was having great influence. Over the popular
participation of the movement. Local reasons and aboriginal methods were their but Gandhi must be
credited to bring not only the courage to protest but constructive and cultural way to protest also.
 Answer 8 (b)
• Gandhi was the paramount leader of Congress and like a father figure to Nehru. Nehru became the president of
Indian National Congress in 1929 with the support of Gandhi. In 1946 also he became the president of congress
with the intervention of Gandhi in favour of Nehru.
• Nehru followed the path of Gandhi in all the movements he launched and followed many of his lessons even
during the post independence era; particularly in foreign policy.
• Flip side of the coin :- Nehru was critical to Gandhi on various subjects like :-
 Nehru passed the resolution of Purna Swaraj.
 Nehru was not in agreement with using religion in politics while Gandhi was a religious man by core.
 Nehru was not convinced that change in heart can bring justice to depressed class of society.
 Nehru was critical to Gandhi for his being absolutely against the western ideas and the role of technology.
 Nehru was a socialist and during the early age of thirties he started showing his disenchantment form Gandhi
and wrote “ Parting of the ways”.
 Nehru was in favour of modern industry while Gandhi counted it an evil force.
  Nehru was in favour of a strong centre while Gandhi was in favour of Gram Swaraj and Panchayati Raj.
 Gandhi thought non violence as a way of life while Nehru counted it a strategy.
 Gandhi too criticised Nehru on various occasions and shaped Nehru as a great political leader who became
able to make a balance between his idea and the reality of the time and space. But at the same time we
should notice that Nehru raised few issues before Gandhi, like- Purna Swaraj, Abolition of Zamindari and
Active role of congress in princely states.
• Finally we can say that Nehru was a political disciple of Gandhi with his own ideas and priorities who was
tremendously influenced by Gandhi but at the same time he influenced Gandhi as well in many ways.
 Answer 8 (c)
• In 1962 India lost against the Chinese which brought new diplomatic direction to whole of the Asia but India in
particular.
• How it damaged to India?
 Physical loss :-
 Loss of life
 Territorial loss – Wallong – Lapas – Aksai Chin.
 Along with the above physical loss, some less visible but more profound impact can be witnessed, like
 National pride was lowered.
 Nehru was forced to ask American support. He wrote two letters to American president . Galbraith
(American Ambassador in India) has informed this thing in his Diary . He has shown his apprehension that
China can capture whole the area of Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya. He asked 12 Swadren
of warheads and Pilots also. In the second letter Nehru asked 350 warheads and at least 10000 support
staffs.
• Danish Cook in his book India’s and United State’s strange democracies has given the detail information regarding this.
• B. K. Nehru (Indian Ambassador in America) in his book “Nice Guys Finish Second” said that First letter was against
our policy of non alignment and the second was the symbol of shame.
• If we look the events with the broader perspective of Indian foreign policy it looks like a case of collapsing the
castle. How?
 India started with the idea of Asian unity and leadership. It was shattered by an Asian only.
 He propounded the idea of Panchsheel and China trenched it.
 Propounded the idea of NAM but now Nehru was forced to beg for the extra-ordinary support of USA.
 India was trying to give a leadership to the world while this attack showed the world along with India that in
the real world of diplomacy and national interest power is the most pivotal thing.
• In the end we can say that though there was a resource crunch also but Nehru can’t be freed from the blame of
misjudging China and the prospective threat.