NAVOTAS POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

College of Business Administration

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related
Literature

11:00AM – 2:00PM
DISCUSSSION
Utilizing Online Scientific Journal

Identifying Relevant Source

Writing up Literature Review

Utilizing the American

Psychological Association (APA)
format
Literature Review

• is a search and evaluation of the Literature = Hypothesis

available literature in your given
subject or chosen topic area. Development

• It documents the state of the art

with respect to the subject or
topic you are writing about.
• It synthesises the information in
that literature into a summary.
• It provide insight in determining
relationship of variables to assess
and helps to build research
framework
Purpose of Literature Review
• Provide foundation of knowledge
on topic
• Identify areas of prior scholarship
to prevent duplication and give
credit to other researchers
• Identify inconstancies: gaps in
research, conflicts in previous
studies, open questions left from
other research
Continue….
• Identify need for additional
research (justifying your research)
• Identify the relationship of works
in context of its contribution to
the topic and to other works
• Place your own research within
the context of existing literature
making a case for why further
study is needed
Online Scientific Journal
Databases
Online Databases
Scopus Website
Scopus Website
Scopus Website
Scopus Website
Scopus Website
Sci-Hub
Sci-Hub
Sci-Hub
Google Scholar
 TIPS in Writing
Literature Review

Use journals (online journal are accessible; use

google scholar)

Use textbooks if you are looking for definition

Observe proper citation

Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Look for Abstract
Look for Abstract
Paraphrase
Paraphrase
Proper Citation
Proper Citation
Summarized in a table
Research Gaps
Research Gaps
Research Gaps
Research Gaps
Evidence Gap
• An evidence gap occurs with a
provocative exception arises if a
new research finding contradicts
widely accepted conclusions.
• The identification of contradictory
evidence starts with analyzing
each research stream.
• Subsequently, the results from
these analyses need to be
synthesized in order to reveal
contradictory evidence [Müller-
Bloch & Kranz, 2014].
Knowledge Gap
• The knowledge gap is a common
gap in the prior research. There
are two settings where a
knowledge gap (knowledge void)
might occur.
• First, knowledge may not exist in
the actual field to theories and
literature from related research
domains. Second, it might be the
case that results of a study
differs from what was expected
[Müller-Bloch & Kranz, 2014].
Practical-Knowledge Gap
• This kind of gap tends to be a
discrepancy that can motivate
new research in this direction.
• A practical–knowledge (action-
knowledge) conflict arises when
the actual behavior of
professionals is different from
their advocated behavior. In this
case, research could seek to
determine the scope of the
conflict and to uncover the
reasons for its existence [Müller-
Bloch & Kranz, 2014].
Methodological Gap
• A methodological gap is the type
of gap that deals with the conflict
that occurs due to the influence
of methodology on research
results.
• This gap addresses the conflicts
with the research methods in the
prior studies and offers a new
line of research that is divergent
from those research methods.
Empirical Gap Theoretical Gap

• The theoretical gap is the type of

• An empirical gap is the type of
gap that deals with gaps in the
prior research.
• For example, if one phenomenon
• This conflict deals with the
research findings or propositions
need to be evaluated or
empirically verified.
gap that deals with the gaps in
theory with the prior research.
is being explained through
various theoretical models,
similar to a methodological gap
conflict, there might be a
theoretical conflict.
Population Gap

• A population gap is a common

gap recognized among
researchers.

• There are always underserved

populations that have been
under-researched.
 AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

• Based in Washington, D.C., the

American Psychological
Association (APA) is a scientific What is the A.P.A. Style?
and professional organization that
represents psychology in the
United States. With more than
• (APA) Style is a set of rules that authors use
154,000 members, APA is the
largest association of
when submitting papers for publications in
psychologists worldwide. APA journals.

• It was developed to assist reading

comprehension, for clarity of communication,
and to "move the idea forward with a minimum
of distraction and a maximum of precision.
BOOK: One Author
Format: Author Last, First Initial. (Ye
ar of Publication). Title. Publisher Lo
cation: Publisher.
Sample Citation:
Welch, K.E. (1999). Electric rhetoric:
Classical rhetoric, oralism, and a ne
w literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
BOOK: 2 or More Authors
• Format: Author Last, First Initial, & Author Last,
First Initial. (Year of Pub). Title. Location of
Publisher: Publisher.
• [Note: If an article has seven or fewer authors,
all names should be included in the reference
list. If there are more than seven authors, list
the first six in this format and complete the
author section of the citation with “et al.”]
• Sample Citation: Lunsford, A., & Ede, L.
(1990). Singular texts/plural authors:
Perspectives on collaborative writing.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
ELECTRONIC BOOK
Format: Author Last, First Initial. (Ye
ar). Title. Available from doi: or URL
[Note: The doi (digital object identifie
r) number should be used any and al
l cases where it is available.]
Sample Citation: Dickens, C. (1910
). A tale of two cities. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books?id=P
m0AAAAAYAAJ
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE: Print
Format: Author Last, First Initial. (Year, Month D
ay). Title of Article. Newspaper Name, p. page nu
mber.
[Note: When citing a newspaper article in APA st
yle, all page numbers should be included. If an ar
ticle is published over several pages, replace the
"p." above with "pp." and then include each additi
onal page separated by commas.]
Sample Citation: Lewin, T. (2005, May 15). SAT
essay scores are in, but will they be used? The N
ew York Times, p. A22.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE:
Online
Format: Author Last, First Initial. (Ye
ar, Date of Publication). Article Title.
Newspaper Name. Retrieved from U
RL
Sample Citation: Mapes, L.V. (2005
, May 25). Unearthing Tse-whit-zen.
Seattle Times. Retrieved from http://
seattletimes.nwsource.com
MULTI-PAGE INTERNET SITE
Format: Corporate Author Name or Last Name,
First Initials of Author. (Year, Month Day of Pub).
Title of Site. Retrieved from URL
[Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary when it
is likely that the information will change, as in a
Wikipedia entry.]
Sample Citation: Bird Studies Canada. (2005).
Avibase: The world bird database. Retrieved fro
m http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?p
g=
home&lang=EN
For the Assignment
1. Per group, you are going to submit a research proposal in any business discipline of
your choice.
2. Provide the rationale of the chosen topic which also includes research gaps based on
the literature review.

Template for Literature Review

Topic Findings of the Study Paraphrased Research Gaps Reference
QUESTIONS?