1.

Download a research article on the topic about new technology related to drug administration from
ScienceDirect. Submit a 200-300-word essay reflection.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517320302295
Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications
Patient to patient variability is one of the issues when administering medications to individuals with
different health conditions, pharmacokinetic, age, fitness, gender, and race. This requires introducing smart and
personalized drug delivery systems with controlled release profile manufactured using novel approaches. Additive
manufacturing (AM) provides opportunities such as full customization, design freedom, and on-site manufacturing,
and materials recycling. As a result, the academic and industrial demand for additive manufacturing for drug
delivery has been continuously increasing and showing impressive results for a wide range of products. This paper
provides an extensive overview of AM technologies and their applications for drug delivery. The review discusses
AM technologies including their working principles, processed materials, as well as current progress in drug
delivery to produce personalized dosages for every patient with controlled release profile. AM potentials, industrial
scale, and challenges are investigated with regards to practice and industrial applications. The paper covers novel
possibilities of AM technologies and their pharmaceuticals applications, which indicate a promising healthcare
future.
The rise of Industry 4.0, also known as digital technology, makes factories smarter, and helps
manufacturers to enhance quality, productivity, and profitability. Additive manufacturing (AM), an important pillar
of digital technology, is a manufacturing tool that has been progressing over the last three decades. The technology
was first invented by Charles Hull in 1986 using UV sensitive polymers and ultraviolet (UV) light to create 3D
objects. The technology was later known as Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA). Since then, scientists and
engineers have developed various novel AM techniques. Currently, there are many commercially available AM
equipment and many more innovative concepts are still under investigation. The increasing demand for AM is set
to continuously generate more investments and introduce many thousands of new jobs. A report by the World
Economic Forum in Davos demonstrated that most of today’s children would have jobs related to industry 4.0.
The technology has shown a great promise as a tool in both industry and research to fit with various
industrial demands.
Benefits of AM can be summarized as follows:
1. Shortened lead-time;
2. Mass customization with no additional processing;
3. Improved supply chain competence;
4. Printing assemblies and systems;
5. Manufacturing functional parts with complex geometries;
6. Lightweight manufacturing of cellular structures;
7. Materials recycling and sustainable manufacturing;
8. Scalable workflow;
9. On-demand manufacturing of parts;
10. Quality improvement of services.

1. List and comment on some Filipino cultures, values and practices related to drug administration.
Healing practices were first documented in the 16th century at the start of Spanish colonization, so it’s hard
to tell how early they began. The babaylans or shamans — who were women but also men who dressed as women
or changed genders — maintained culture, religion, and medicine for their tribes, and communicated with spirits
that were thought to be associated with natural phenomena.
According to Apostol, the traditional Filipino medical system was composed of various specialties:
midwifery, pulse diagnosis, bone setting, herbology, suction cupping, skin scraping, herbal steam and smoke,
energy medicine, and other forms of metaphysical healing.
 Each area and group of people had their own set of healers, who passed down their knowledge to children
at an early age.
Along with other cultural traditions, the healing arts began to fade in the 17th century, and continued with
the introduction of hospitals and Western medicine after the Americans arrived.
There are more traditional techniques still practiced in the Philippines, but these are the most known.
HILOT/ABLON
A recognized technique also practiced in other parts of Asia, Hilot or Ablon is often mischaracterized as a type of
massage and offered at spas to attract tourists. 
It involves the hands and is akin to osteopathy, acupressure, and chiropractic or physical therapy. The practitioner,
called a manghihilot or mangablon, detects areas of congestion and treats skeletal misalignments and energy imbalances
through a person’s urat (nerve or vein), pennet (tendons, ligaments, or sinewy structures), lasag  (flesh or muscle
structure through which urat and pennet flow), and tulang (bones). 
HERBALISM AND PLANT MEDICINE
An albularyo is a practitioner who uses a combination of modalities: herbalism, prayers, incantations, and
mysticism, similar to a shaman.
The Philippines is home to 10,000 to 14,000 plant species. While 1,500 of them contain potential medicinal
value, only 120 have been scientifically validated.
The Philippine Department of Health endorsed just 10 medicinal plants that can be used in herbal teas, tinctures,
fluid extracts, poultices (vegetable fat mixtures), tablets, supplements, powders, creams, and essential oils.
TUOB
The tuob (boiling) ritual involves the sick person wrapped in a blanket or cloth, sitting over a jar heated by
coal, or hovering above a steaming pot. The healer rubs essential oils over the heated patient and chants a healing
mantra.
Benefits of tuob include detoxification, cleansing the skin, muscle relaxation, increasing body metabolism,
boosting the immune system, keeping mucous membranes from drying, and relieving comfort from asthma,
allergies, and arthritis.
CUPPING THERAPY
Ventosa or suction cupping involves special heated cups that form a seal or vacuum to help ease sore muscles. It is
a common practice in other areas of Asia, such as China
FAITH or SPIRITUAL HEALING
As the spiritual element is of importance, practitioners may ask questions that are origin oriented, such as why the
patient believes they were injured, and counsel them on spiritual matters related to the event of origin. As part of her
practice, Pacificar senses energies, auras, and passed figures who may have been related to the patient.
Spiritual rituals that may be integrated with bodywork include bulong (whispered prayers) and orasyon (recited or
written prayers). Despite the introduction of Christianity in the 16th century, indigenous healing methods maintained an
integration with spirituality.
HOPE FOR REVIVAL
The Philippines remains the best place to experience these practices. An Institute for Traditional and
Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) established in 1997 promotes and advocates traditional and alternative health
care modalities, through scientific research and product development.
In 2001, there were approximately 250,000 traditional medicine practitioners in the Philippines, far more
than the 70,000 active Western medicine practitioners today.
The “healing huts” at the island province of Siquijor are one example of how tourism attracts patients.
Due to medical regulations that vary in each country, not all traditional Filipino modalities may be available
in your area. With research, you may find healers like Apostol, Pacificar, or Lorelie Luna in Australia.
Despite technological advancement, modern disease continues to plague us. Even if indigenous healing
methods aren’t readily available to me, I’ve still found enormous value in learning about how my ancestors took
care of themselves.
https://coldteacollective.com/indigenous-filipino-healing-practices/