Programa Calculo Disipadores HY8 Teoria

USER GUIDE
HY8Energy MODEL
FOR THE
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS

FOR CULVERTS AND CHANNELS
FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14
Prepared by
William J. Grenney
Civil and Environmental Engineering
8200 Old Main Hill
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84322-8200
May 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................................................ 3
INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE .......................................................... 4

CALCULATION PAGES ...................................................................................................................... 4
THE FILE MENU .................................................................................................................................. 5
THE VIEW MENU ................................................................................................................................ 6
THE OPTIONS MENU.......................................................................................................................... 6
THE HELP MENU ................................................................................................................................ 6
REFERENCE DEPTH ................................................................................................................................ 7

ACTUAL, HYDRAULIC AND EQUIVALENT DEPTHS .................................................................. 7
Actual Depth ................................................................................................................................... 7
Hydraulic Depth (Mean Depth) ....................................................................................................... 7
Equivalent Depth ............................................................................................................................. 7
FROUDE NUMBER .............................................................................................................................. 7
SCOUR ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 10
INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS............................................................................................. 11
Input Parameters............................................................................................................................ 11
Output Parameters ......................................................................................................................... 11
EXAMPLE – COHESIONLESS GRADED GRAVEL ....................................................................... 12
Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 12
Problem Solution ........................................................................................................................... 12
EXAMPLE – COHESIONLESS GRADED SAND ............................................................................ 13
EXAMPLE – COHESIVE SANDY-CLAY......................................................................................... 13
INTERNAL DISSIPATORS .................................................................................................................... 15

TUMBLING FLOW IN CIRCULAR CULVERTS ............................................................................. 15
Input and Output Parameters ......................................................................................................... 15
TUMBLING FLOW IN RECTANGULAR CULVERTS ................................................................... 17
INTERIOR ROUGHNESS IN CIRCULAR CULVERTS ................................................................... 19
INTERIOR ROUGHNESS IN RECTANGULAR CULVERTS ......................................................... 23
Algorithm ...................................................................................................................................... 25
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HY8Energy Model User’s Guide i William J. Grenney
May, 2000 Utah State University
EXTERNAL DISSIPATORS ................................................................................................................... 29
SCREENING EXTERNAL DISSIPATORS ....................................................................................... 29
ACTIVATING AN EXTERNAL DISSIPATOR CALCULATION PAGE ........................................ 29
DROP STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................................. 31

STRAIGHT DROP STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 31
BOX INLET DROP STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................... 33
SUPERCRITICAL EXPANSION INTO HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS ............................................ 37
STILLING BASINS .................................................................................................................................. 39

SAF AND USBR TYPES II, III AND IV BASINS ............................................................................. 39
AT STREAM LEVEL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................... 43

CSU RIGID BOUNDARY BASIN...................................................................................................... 43
Viewing Results for the CSU Rigid Boundary Basin.................................................................... 45
USBR TYPE VI ................................................................................................................................... 49
HOOK TYPE DISSIPATOR ............................................................................................................... 51
CONTRA COSTA DISSIPATOR ....................................................................................................... 57
RIPRAP BASINS ................................................................................................................................. 59
DATA MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................... 64
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 67
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HY8Energy Model User’s Guide ii William J. Grenney
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Demonstration of the effect of reference depth on Froude number ........................................ 9
Figure 2. Scour module structure......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3(a) Cohesionless graded gravel. ................................................................................................. 12
Figure 3(b) Cohesionless graded sandy-clay........................................................................................... 13
Figure 4. Cohesive sandy-clay ............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 5. Tumbling flow in circular culverts ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 6. Tumbling flow in rectangular culverts. ................................................................................ 20
Figure 7. Interior roughness in circular culverts. ................................................................................. 23
Figure 8. Diagram of the internal roughness algorithm ....................................................................... 27
Figure 9. Interior roughness in rectangular culverts. ........................................................................... 28
Figure 10. Example problem for the straight drop structure .................................................................. 33
Figure 11. Example problem for the drop box structure ........................................................................ 36
Figure 12. Example problem for a USBR Type III Basin ..................................................................... 42
Figure 13(a). CSU Basin design process .................................................................................................... 46
Figure 13(b). Flow chart for CSU Basin computer analysis ...................................................................... 47
Figure 13(c). Example problem for a CSU Basin ...................................................................................... 49
Figure 14. Example problem for the USBR Type VI Basin .................................................................. 51
Figure 15. Example problem for a hook basin with warped wingwalls................................................. 55
Figure 16. Example problem for the Contra Costa energy dissipator .................................................... 59
Figure 17. Example problem for the riprap dissipator ........................................................................... 63
Figure 18. Several calculation pages open at the same time .................................................................. 64
Figure 19. The “Collectables” window ................................................................................................. 65
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HY8Energy Model User’s Guide iii William J. Grenney
LIST OF SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS
Schematic 1. Tumbling flow in circular culverts ..................................................................................... 16
Schematic 2. Tumbling flow in box culverts and open chutes ................................................................. 18
Schematic 3. Interior roughness in circular culverts ................................................................................ 22
Schematic 4. Interior roughness in box culverts ...................................................................................... 24
Schematic 5. Flow geometry of a straight drop spillway ......................................................................... 31
Schematic 6. Straight drop spillway stilling basin ................................................................................... 32
Schematic 7. Box inlet drop structure ...................................................................................................... 34
Schematic 8. Supercritical flow expansion into hydraulic jump basins ................................................... 38
Schematic 9. USBR Type III Basin ......................................................................................................... 40
Schematic 10. The CSU Basin ................................................................................................................... 44
Schematic 11. USBR Type VI Baffle-wall energy dissipator .................................................................... 50
Schematic 12. Warped wingwall type hook basin ..................................................................................... 52
Schematic 13. Sample design for a warped wingwall type hook basin ...................................................... 53
Schematic 14. Straight trapezoidal type hook basin .................................................................................. 56
Schematic 15. Contra Costa energy dissipator ........................................................................................... 58
Schematic 16. Riprap Basin layout ............................................................................................................ 60
Schematic 17. Riprap Basin relative depth ................................................................................................ 61
Schematic 18. Ripap Basin discharge velocity .......................................................................................... 62
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HY8Energy Model User’s Guide iv William J. Grenney
INTRODUCTION
This manual has been prepared to accompany the “HY8Energy Model”. The model is intended to replace
the FHWA Culvert Analysis Module “HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR
CULVERTS” in HY8 Version 6.1. The examples in this manual are based on the example problems in
HEC-14 converted to metric units. For a copy of the report containing examples in English units contact:
William Grenney, 8200 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-8200.
HY8Energy incorporates a completely new Windows graphical user interface. It complies with current
industry standards of software implemented on Microsoft Windows 9x and NT platforms. In addition, the
numerical algorithms and procedures have been completely recoded to take advantage of state-of-the-art
technology.
The manual is divided into the following main sections.
INSTALLATION: A description of the equipment requirements and the installation process.
INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE: The graphical user interface has the
look and feel of a typical Windows application. Multiple windows containing different energy
dissipators may be displayed at the same time. This section describes the basic features needed to
effectively use the model including: “Import .inp file”, “Print current item”, “Messages”, and
“Units”.
REFERENCE DEPTH: A “reference depth” is a frequently used parameter for the design of energy
dissipators. The reference depth simplifies the design process by providing a single depth
parameter for different culvert shapes. Three reference depths are commonly used: actual depth,
hydraulic (mean) depth, and equivalent depth.
SCOUR GEOMETRY: This section describes the calculation of scour hole geometry using the
techniques in Chapter V of HEC-14.
INTERNAL DISSIPATORS: This section describes the calculation of design parameters for internal
dissipators using the techniques in Chapter VII of HEC-14. The “Tumbling Flow” and “Increased
Resistance” (Interior Roughness) are included.
EXTERNAL DISSIPATORS: This section describes the screening process used to estimate the
feasibility of each of the 11 external type dissipators for a specified condition.
DROP STRUCTURES: This section describes the calculation of design parameters for the “Box Inlet
Drop” and “Straight Drop” structures using the techniques in Chapter IX of HEC-14.
SUPERCRITICAL EXPANSION INTO HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS: Many energy dissipators

utilize blocks, sills, or other roughness elements to impose exaggerated resistance to flow in order
to force and stabilize a hydraulic jump. The design process requires the calculation of the
supercritical flow depth entering the basin. This section describes the method used to solve the
energy balance equation, Equation IV-B-7, in HEC-14.
STILLING BASINS: This section describes the calculation of design parameters for stilling basins using
the techniques in Chapter VII of HEC-14. The “St. Anthony Falls” (SAF), and USBR Types II
and III are included.
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HY8Energy Model User’s Guide 1 William J. Grenney
AT-STREAM-LEVEL STRUCTURES: This section describes the calculation of design parameters for
at-stream-level structures using the techniques in Chapters VII, VIII and XI in HEC-14. The
“CSU Rigid Boundary”, “USBR Type VI”, “Hook”, “Contra Costa”, and “Riprap” basins are
included.
DATA MANAGEMENT: A new system for managing alternative design scenarios called “Collectables”
has been implemented in the model. The Collectables feature will help the designer organize and
file related design alternatives.
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INSTALLATION
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Following are the minimum hardware and software requirements to run HY8Energy effectively.
 Intel Pentium 90 MHz (or compatible) microprocessor.

 16 MB of RAM.
 VGA graphics adapter and supporting monitor with 256 color capability at 640 X 480 resolution.
 Microsoft Windows 95 or NT 4.x.
 Microsoft or IBM PS/2 compatible mouse.
 Five Megabytes of available hard drive space.
SETUP
The model is provided in a self-extracting “Setup” file. From the MS Windows “Start” Menu select “Run”.
Select the appropriate source drive (the CD ROM drive or the floppy drive) and run Setup. The
“destination” directory for the model should be the same as the one where HY8.exe is located.
ALTERNATIVE INSTALLATION OF THE EXECUTABLE FILE
If you do not have the setup file and you have the HY8Energy.exe, you may install the executable file
directly. Simply copy the HY8Energy.exe file into the same directory with the HY8.exe model. Right
click on the HY8Energy.exe and select “Create Shortcut” from the drop down menu. Drag the shortcut
icon onto the desk top. Start the energy model by double clicking on the shortcut icon.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
CALCULATION PAGES
The start-up screen display for the HY8Energy Model is show below.
Each type of dissipator has a “Calculation Page” which will be referred to simply as “page”. The Scour
page is shown above. The dissipator pages are grouped into three major sections by the tabs at the top of
the display: Scour, Internal Dissipators and External Dissipators. The use of the pages associated with each
of these tabs will be described in detail in subsequent sections of this report. Each page contains three
types of elements: Input Data Fields, Output Data Fields, and Calculate Buttons.
Blue Data Fields: indicate fields where the user supplies input data values.
Yellow Data Fields: indicate fields where model output values are displayed. The user cannot change the
data values in yellow fields.
Calculate Buttons: are used to perform calculations. Calculate buttons located next to an input
(blue) field are used to calculate the value for that field from other input values on the same page.
The user has the option to override the calculated value and input a value directly.
The calculate button at the top of the page and to the right of center performs the calculation for
the page. That is, the values in the input (blue) fields are used to calculate values for the output
(yellow) fields on the page. This button is located in the same place on all pages.
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THE FILE MENU
The file menu has two items in addition to the customary “Close”.
Import .inp file: provides the user with the ability to import a
HY8 .inp data file. The associated HY8 .PC data file will also
be imported. If the .PC file is not in the same directory as the
.inp file, then the user will be asked to locate the directory
where the .PC file can be found.
Print Current Item: provides the user with the ability

to print the results from the active page to either a
printer of to a text file. If the user selects a text file
then he/she must assign a file name in the field
provided. The “Browse” button may be used to locate
a directory and file name.
Print Preview Window: provides the user with a view of how the file will look after it is printed or sent to
a text file. The buttons at the top of the page provide several features. Looking from left to right, the first
button (a door icon) closes the window; the two arrow buttons are used to display sequential pages in a
multi page printout (i.e. CSU Basin), the data field displays the magnification of the print in percent (shown
as 100% in the example); the two buttons with magnifying glass icons are to zoom in (+) or zoom out (-);
the printer icon is to execute the print command, the tools button is to display the printer set up menu, and
the last button on the left is to change the printer font.
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THE VIEW MENU
The View menu has two items: “Show Collectables (F11)” and “Messages (F12)”. The symbols in
parentheses (i.e. F11) are hot keys that may be used to bypass the menu.
The Show Collectables item will be explained in the Data

Management Section at the end of this report.
The Messages menu item may be used to display the

“Messages” Window. This window contains messages from
the model to the user when the page calculation button is
clicked. The messages contain information about the
performance of the calculation, and frequently will indicate
when design criteria are not met.
THE OPTIONS MENU
The Options menu contains the “Units” item. Clicking on

the Units menu item will give the user the option to perform
calculations in either English or metric (SI) units.
The Units option is extremely powerful because it allows the

user to change units at will. For example, the user may
import an .inp file that was prepared in English units and
then change the units to metric, and all of the English values
will automatically be converted to metric.
THE HELP MENU
The Help menu contains two items: “Documentation” and “About”.
The Documentation item simply informs the user that this report is provided as a MS Word 97 document
along with the HY8Energy Model.
The About Box simply provides the version number and informs the user that the HY8Energy Model was
programmed for FHWA by William Grenney at Utah State University.
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REFERENCE DEPTH
A “reference depth” is a frequently used parameter for the design of energy dissipators. The reference
depth simplifies the design process by providing a single depth parameter for different culvert shapes.
Three reference depths are commonly used: actual depth, hydraulic (mean) depth and equivalent depth.
ACTUAL, HYDRAULIC AND EQUIVALENT DEPTHS
Actual Depth
Obviously, the actual depth (Y) is the distance from the bottom of the section to the water surface.
Hydraulic Depth (Mean Depth)
The hydraulic depth, also called the mean depth, is defined as follows:
A
Ym 
T
where Ym is the hydraulic (mean) depth, A is the cross-sectional area of flow, and T is the surface width.
The hydraulic depth represents the average depth of the channel. It represents the depth of an equivalent
rectangular channel. For closed shapes, like a pipe arch for example, the mean depth approaches infinity as
the top width approaches zero at the top of the section.
Equivalent Depth
The equivalent depth is defined as follows:

A
Ye 
2
where Ye is the equivalent depth and A is the cross-sectional area of flow. The equivalent depth represents
the depth of a rectangular channel with the same cross-sectional area and the width twice the depth.
FROUDE NUMBER
The Froude number is an important parameter used in the design of energy dissipators. The Froude number
(Fr) is defined as follows:
V
Fr 
gYr
where V is the velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity, and Y r is the reference depth. The design
procedures for different basins require different reference depths. The effect of the different reference
depths on the Froude number is demonstrated in Figure 1 for a circular cross section with a diameter of 2 m
and a flow of 10 m3/s. The Froude number is plotted versus actual depth. The Froude number based on
mean depth diverges drastically at very low and very high depths.
The approach Froude number is used for the calculation of hydraulic jumps. The dotted lines on Figure 1
indicate thresholds that have been identified for hydraulic jumps (Fox et. al., 1992):
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1.0 – 1.7: standing wave, slight jump.
1.7 – 2.5: prejump, beginnings of a hydraulic jump.
2.5 – 4.5 transition, unstable hydraulic jump.
4.5 – 9 range of good jumps.
over 9: effective but rough jump.
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12.0
Circular Culvert
Diameter = 2 m
3
Flow = 10 m /s
10.0
Mean Depth
Equivalent Depth
8.0
Depth
Fr
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Depth
Figure 1. Demonstration of the effect of reference depth on Froude number.
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SCOUR
INTRODUCTION
The algorithms for the scour module are based on Chapter 5 of HEC-14. Figure 2 shows the computer
module structure. The scour module has options for circular, rectangular, and other non-circular shapes.
Bed material may be cohesive or cohesionless.
INPUT
Flow, Flow Velocity , Peak Duration

Shape, Dimension, Slope, Drop Height,
Bed Material, Ref erence Depth, Hy draulic Radius
Ty pe of
Bed Shape
Material
C
oh
ive
es
es
ion
h
Co
le
ss
Input or Input or
calculate critical calculate Other non-
Circular Rectangular
tractiv e shear standard circular
( c) dev iation ( )
Calculate
Depth, Width, Length, Volume,

Location of Maximum Scour
Figure 2. Scour module structure.
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A calculation for cohesionless beds requires a value for the material standard deviation, Sigma, and the
hydraulic radius. Sigma can be input directly or calculated from D 16 and D84. When input is loaded from
.inp and .pc files, the full barrel hydraulic radius is automatically loaded. Using the calc-button, hydraulic
radii may be calculated precisely for circular and rectangular sections. If the user wishes, Yhrb may be
approximated for other non-circular sections by:
Yhrb = (flow area)/(wetted perimeter) = (Qb/Vo)/(2.0*Ye+Span).
A calculation for cohesive beds requires a value for the critical tractive shear (c) and a reference
depth. The critical tractive shear may be entered directly or calculated from the Saturated Shear Strength
and the Plasticity Index. The reference depth is the diameter (D b) for a circular section and equivalent
depth (Yeb) for other sections. Using the calc-button, Yeb may be calculated precisely for circular and
rectangular sections. If the user wishes, Yeb may be approximated for other non-circular sections by:
Yeb = Sqrt(Qb/Vo), where Qb/Vo <= Span*Rise.
INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS
Input Parameters
Shape: Culvert Shape: Circular, rectangular, or other non-circular (ClvShp).
Flow: Barrel Flow (Qb) (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Flow Velocity: Velocity of flow at the culvert outlet (Vo) (m/s).
Barrel Dimensions: Diameter for circular; Span and Rise for box and other non-circular (m) (ft).
Yhr: Hydraulic Radius of flow in the barrel (m) (ft).
Reference Depth: Diameter for circular; Yeb for other shapes (m) (ft).
Peak Duration: Time of scour; 30 minutes recommended (minutes).
Drop Height: Distance from invert to channel bottom (m) (ft).
Sigma: Bed material standard deviation = Sqrt(d84/d16).
c: Critical tractive shear (kPa) (psi).
Output parameters
Length: Length of the scour (m) (ft).
Width: Width of the scour (m) (ft).
Volume: Volume of scour (m3) (ft3).
Maximum Depth: Maximum depth of scour (m) (ft).
Max Depth Location: Location downstream of the maximum depth of scour (m) (ft).
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EXAMPLE – COHESIONLESS GRADED GRAVEL
Problem Statement
This is the example problem on page V-7 of the manual. Determine the scour geometry – maximum depth,
width, length, and volume of scour – for a proposed circular 0.762 m CMP discharging an estimated 1.416
m3/s when flowing full. The downstream channel is composed of a graded material with  = 2.10. The
culvert barrel is horizontal (slope = 0) and adjacent to the bed (drop height = 0).
Problem Solution
Figure 3(a) shows the solution for the problem. First use the top panel titled “Culvert Details”, and enter
the shape, flow, flow velocity, peak duration, shape dimension (diameter), drop height, and slope. Click on
the calc-buttons to get the reference depth and hydraulic radius. Select the “Non-Cohesive Bed Material”
option and enter 2.10 directly into the Sigma field.
The entry of input parameters is complete, and the answers are calculated by clicking on the calculate
button. The results are shown in the panel titled “Scour Hole Geometry” in Figure 3(a).
Figure 3(a): Cohesionless graded gravel.
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Figure 3(b): Cohesionless graded sandy-clay.
EXAMPLE – COHESIONLESS GRADED SAND
Problem Statement
Determine the scour geometry – maximum depth, width, length, and volume of scour – for a proposed
circular 0.457 m CMP discharging an estimated 0.764 m3/s when flowing full. The downstream channel is
composed of a graded sand material with  = 1.87. The culvert barrel is 2% and the outlet is suspended
0.9144 feet above the bed because of channel degradation.
Problem Solution
Follow the same procedure as for the first example problem. The results are shown in the panel titled
“Scour Hole Geometry” in Figure 3(b). The results are slightly different from those in the manual, most
notably the scour depth. This is caused by differences in the rounding of values between the manual
calculations and in the computer calculations.
EXAMPLE – COHESIVE SANDY-CLAY
Problem Statement
This is the example problem on page V-10 of the manual. Determine the scour geometry – maximum
depth, width, length, and volume of scour – for a proposed circular 0.61 m CMP discharging an estimated
1.133 m3/s when flowing full. The downstream channel is composed of a sandy clay. The Plasticity Index
(PI) of the material is 12 and the Saturated Shear Strength (S v) is 23.94 kPa (23,940 N/m2). The culvert
barrel is horizontal and adjacent to the bed.
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Problem Solution
First use the top panel titled “Culvert Details”, and enter the input data or load it from previously generated
.inp and .pc files. Next use the “Cohesive Bed Material” panel and enter values for PI and S v. Click the
calculate button on this panel to calculate Critical Tractive Shear.
The entry of input parameters is complete, and the answers are calculated by clicking on the calculate
button. The results are shown in the panel titled “Scour Hole Geometry” in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Cohesive sandy-clay.
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INTERNAL DISSIPATORS
TUMBLING FLOW IN CIRCULAR CULVERTS
The design procedure for tumbling flow in a circular culvert simply involves checking the combination of
inside diameter (Di) and roughness element height (h) against a set of empirical flow-based criteria. This
module provides the ranges of acceptable design parameter values for a specified flow and slope. A
“Tumbling Flow Calculator” is also provided to calculate the parameters for a specific combination of
diameter and element height.
Input and Output Parameters
Input Parameters
Flow: Barrel flow (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Slope: Barrel slope.
Diameter: Barrel diameter (m) (ft).
Manning’s n: Manning’s roughness coefficient in the unroughened barrel.
Element height: Height of a roughness element input for the calculator (h), (m) (ft).
Output Parameters
Yn,Vn,Yc,Vc: Normal and critical depths and velocities in the unroughened barrel (m, m/s) (ft, ft/s).
Di,Yc,Vc,Ac: Inside diameter, critical depth, critical velocity, and cross-sectional area of flow at critical
depth in the roughened barrel (m, m/s, m2) (ft, ft/s, ft2).
hmin, h, hmax: Range of acceptable values for the height of a roughness element for the specified flow
and slope (m) (ft).
Lmin, L, Lmax: Range of acceptable lengths between roughness elements for the specified flow and slope
(m) (ft).
Problem Statement
This is the example problem in HEC-14 for Tumbling Flow. Given a 1.22 m diameter culvert, 60.96 m
long with a Mannings n of 0.012. The slope is 6%, the design flow is 2.264 m3/s. The normal velocity at
the outlet is 7.315 m/s. Determine the maximum and minimum design parameter values for this flow, and
provide size and spacing of the roughness elements.
Problem Solution
In the “Tumbling Flow Design Limits” panel, enter the flow and the slope. Only the flow is necessary to
calculate the permissible ranges of the design parameters. The slope is input only to check that it is in the
permissible range of 0.04 to 0.25 for this dissipator. Clicking on the calculate button will provide the
acceptable ranges of values for the culvert diameter (D 1), element height (h), and element spacing (L) for
the specified flow. Values for critical depth (Yc), outlet velocity represented by critical velocity (Vc), and
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Schematic 1. Tumbling flow in circular culverts.
interior diameter (Di) of the roughened barrel are also calculated for each row based on the flow, diameter
(D1), and element height (h). Results are shown in Figure 5.
Use the “Tumbling Flow Calculator” at the bottom of the page to analyze the details for a specific design.
For example, enter the specified flow (80) , slope (0.06), and Manning’s n (0.012) for a trial culvert. Using
the values from the “Design Limits” table as a guide, select values for Diameter (D1) and Element Height
(h) and click the calculate button. The first row of output presents normal and critical depth,` and velocity
(Yn, Vn, Yc, Vc) for an unroughened barrel of diameter (D1). The second row of output presents the
roughened barrel parameters including: interior diameter (Di), critical depth and velocity (Yc, Vc), and the
cross-sectional area of the flow at critical depth.
The third row presents the acceptable range of h and L parameters for the specified value of diameter (D1).
“h” and “L” are strictly functions of D1, and they will change with changes in D1 independently of all
other parameters. This row is included simply to show the user whether the arbitrary values of D1 and h
that he/she chose are consistent with the specifications relating “L” and “h” to D1.
If Vc (assumed to equal the barrel outlet velocity) exceeds the permissible channel velocity then the
dissipator is under designed. If the input value of h falls outside the range of acceptable values shown in
the third row, then the design violates criteria. Schematic 1 displays the results from Figure 5.
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Figure 5. Tumbling flow in circular culverts.
TUMBLING FLOW IN RECTANGULAR CULVERTS
The design procedure for tumbling flow in a rectangular channel is straightforward. Given the parameters
for the channel or culvert, the hydraulic properties are calculated. The design dimensions of the roughness
elements and the splash guard are based on these properties. It is recommended that five rows of elements
be used. If a large leading element is used, then a splash guard is not necessary.
Input Parameters.
Flow: Flow in the barrel (m) (ft).
Slope: Slope of the barrel.
Span, Rise: Span and Rise of the barrel (m) (ft).
Manning’s n: Manning’s roughness coefficient in the unroughened barrel.
Number of slots: The number of slots in the roughness elements to pass fine sediment and low flow.
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Schematic 2. Tumbling flow in box culverts and open chutes.
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Output Parameters for Roughness Elements
Height, Min. Spacing, Max. Spacing: Height and spacing between roughness elements (h, L) (m) (ft).
Leading Height: Height of an oversized leading element (hi) (m) (ft).
Leading Spacing: Spacing between the leading oversized element and the first normal element. (Li) (m).
Slot Width: Width of the slots between roughness elements (W2) (m) (ft).
Element Width: The width of one roughness element between slots (W1) (m) (ft).
Output Parameters for Culvert Hydraulics
Yc, Vc, Yn, Vn: Critical and normal depths and velocities in the unroughened barrel (m, m/s) (ft, ft/s).
Y2: Sequent depth (m) (ft).
Fr1: Froude number for normal depth and velocity.
Output Parameters for Splash Guard
Height: The height of the splash guard above the bottom of the channel or barrel (h3) (m) (ft).
Edge height: The height of the edge (h2) (m) (ft).
Length: The length of the splash guard (L2) (m) (ft).
Problem Statement
Design a tumbling flow energy dissipator for a concrete channel 0.610 m wide, with n= 0.015, flow = 0.566
m3/s, and slope = 10%.
Problem Solution
First enter the culvert geometry data into the input fields (blue). If you wish to design with a large leading
element, check the “Higher leading element” box. Clicking on the “Calculate Button” will provide the
solution shown in Figure 6. Notice that output is also provided for a culvert. When the minimum
calculated height (h3) is greater than the rise, the “height above bottom” value represents the minimum rise
that would be necessary for a culvert.
INTERIOR ROUGHNESS IN CIRCULAR CULVERTS
The design procedure for interior roughness is a trial and error process. For a given design flow and culvert
geometry, combinations of roughness element height (h) and spacing (L) are tried until satisfactory
hydraulic parameters, including exit velocity, are obtained. This module calculates hydraulic parameters
resulting from trial designs for the engineer to compare against his/her standards.
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Figure 6. Tumbling flow in box culverts and open chutes.
Input Parameters
Diameter: Barrel diameter (m) (ft).
Manning’s n Barrel roughness.
Length Barrel length (m) (ft).
Input Trial Design Parameters
Spacing (L): Distance between rows of roughness elements (m) (ft).
Height (h): Height of a roughness element (m) (ft).
Cd: Drag coefficient.
Lr/P: Ratio of the peripheral length of roughness elements to the wetted perimeter.
Output Culvert Properties
Yn,Vn,Yc,Vc: Normal and critical depth and velocity for the unroughened barrel (m, m/s) (ft, ft/s).
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Output Design Parameters
L/Di: Ratio of spacing to inside diameter.
h/Di: Ratio of element height to inside diameter.
Di: Inside diameter of roughened section (m) (ft).
nHT: Hyper-turbulent coefficient.
nIR Isolated Roughness coefficient.
Roughened full flow: Theoretical full flow in the roughened barrel (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Roughened outlet velocity for full flow: Outlet velocity associated with full flow (m/s) (ft/s).
Roughened outlet velocity for design flow: Outlet velocity associated with design flow (m/s) (ft/s).
Problem Statement
This is the example problem in HEC-14 for Interior Roughness in Circular Culverts. Given a 1.219 m
diameter culvert, 60.96 m long with a Mannings n of 0.012. The slope is 4% and the design flow is 2.83
m3/s. Find the size and spacing of roughness elements and the diameter of an enlarged end section (if
required) to reduce the outlet velocity to 4.572 m/s.
Problem Solution
First, enter the culvert geometry data into the input fields (blue) in the “Culvert Details” panel. Next, enter
the design parameters into the input fields in the “Design Parameters” panel. Typical values for the drag
coefficient (Cd) and ratio of peripheral length of roughness elements to wetted perimeter (L r/P) are 1.9 and
1.0 respectively. If gaps are left in the roughness rings, then L r/P will be less than 1.0. The “Max Exit
Velocity” field is provided for convenient reference; the value is not used in the calculations.
Next, enter values for L and h, and click on the “calculate button”. Results are displayed in the yellow
fields at the bottom of the display. Repeat entering trial and error values for L and h until a satisfactory
design is obtained as shown in Figure 7.
The “Culvert Properties - Outlet” panel shows hydraulic properties of the unroughened culvert. The
“Design Parameters - Output” panel shows certain calculated design parameters as well as hydraulic
properties of the roughened culvert. The h/Di ratio should be between 0.05 and 0.10 and the L/D i ratio
should be between 0.5 and 1.5. The n IR and nHT parameters are the calculated Isolated Roughness Flow and
Hyper-Turbulent Flow friction factors. The check box next to each of these parameters indicates which
type of flow regime controls.
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Schematic 3. Interior roughness in circular culverts.
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Figure 7: Interior roughness in circular culverts.
INTERIOR ROUGHNESS IN RECTANGULAR CULVERTS
The design procedure for interior roughness in a rectangular culvert simply involves entering trial and error
values for the roughness element height (h) until the desired barrel rise and outlet velocity are obtained.
The user must also be aware that the ratio of the element height (h) to hydraulic radius (Ri) should fall
between 0.1 and 0.4. As h is changed in order to change the outlet velocity, culvert geometry may have to
be changed from time to time in order to maintain the h/Ri ratio in the proper range.
Input Parameters
Design flow: Barrel flow for design (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Span: Barrel span (m) (ft).
Rise: Barrel rise (m) (ft).
Manning’s n: Unroughened barrel Manning’s n.
Design velocity: Maximum barrel outlet velocity (m/s) (ft/s).
Element height: Trial value for element height (m) (ft).
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Schematic 4. Interior roughness in box culverts
Output Parameters for the Unroughened Barrel
Yn: Normal depth (m) (ft).
Vn: Normal velocity (m/s) (ft/s).
Yc: Critical depth (m) (ft).
Vc: Critical velocity (m/s) (ft/s).
Max. Normal Flow: The maximum free-surface flow for this barrel (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Output Parameters for the Roughened Barrel
Yn: Normal depth of flow above the roughness element (m) (ft).
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Vn: Normal velocity of flow (m/s) (ft/s).
N: Number of rows of roughness elements.
Row Spacing: Distance between the roughness element rows (m) (ft).
Minimum Rise: The minimum rise if greater than the input rise of the barrel, based on Manning’s n from
the upper curves in Figure 7-C-8 of HEC-14 (m) (ft).
Manning’s n: The roughened Manning’s n based on the lower curves in Figure 7-C-8 of HEC-14. This
is the value used for calculating the normal depth and velocity.
Lr/P: The ratio of the wetted length of a roughness element (including slots) to the wetted
perimeter of the barrel.
h/Ri: The ratio of the element height to the hydraulic radius of the roughened barrel.
Algorithm
Consider a box culvert barrel with span (B), rise (D), slope (S), Mannings roughness (n), and a design flow
(Q). The objective is to select a roughness element height (h) and spacing between elements (L) that will
accomplish the following:
1) Reduce the unroughened normal velocity (Vo) to the target velocity (Vt).
2) Have a ratio of element height (h) to hydraulic radius (Ri) between 0.1 and 0.4.
3) Provide the minimum height of the barrel rise necessary to accommodate the design.
Option with variable roughness coefficient
The algorithm procedure is outlined in Figure 8.
1) Input values for Q, B, D, S, n, Vt, and h.
2) Calculate Yn and Vn based on the input values.
3) Calculate the bottom span inside the roughness elements (Bi) and the length of a roughness
element.
4) Perform an iterative numerical algorithm to calculate the value for Yi that provides a flow
approximately equal to the design flow.
a) Guess a value for Yi – the depth of flow above an element in the roughened barrel.
b) Calculate the wetted perimeter (Pi), area (Ai), and hydraulic radius (Ri) from Yi. Pi will not
include the span of the barrel top as long as Yi is less than D.
c) Calculate LrPi: the ratio of element length (Lr) to wetted perimeter (Pi). LrPi is equal to 1.0
when roughness length extends through the flow or when the culvert is flowing full with a
roughness length equal to the circumference.
d) Calculate hRi: the ratio of element height (h) to hydraulic radius (Ri).
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e) Calculate the Manning’s n for the roughened barrel using the lower curves in Figure VII-C-8
of HEC-14 (nLow) based on the values of LrPi, hRi, and n.
f) Calculate a trial value for flow (Qx) and compare to the design flow (Q). If they are not
within about 1% of each other, then try a new value for Yi that will tend to make Qx converge
towards Q. The hydraulic parameters resulting from this procedure are output.
5) Check the barrel rise (D) by recalculating Yi with the same procedure, but using a roughness
coefficient based on the upper curves in Figure VII-C-8. This resulting value for Yi is reported as
the minimum barrel rise.
Option with Constant Roughness Coefficients (Default)
This option conforms to the steps used for solving the example problem in HEC-14. The roughness
coefficients from Figure VII-C-8 (nLow and nHigh) are calculated based on full barrel flow and held
constant throughout the algorithm. Otherwise the procedure is the same as described above.
Problem Statement.
Given a box culvert 1.219 meters by 1.219 meters. The slope is 6%, Manning’s n is 0.013, the design flow
is 2.830 m3/s, and the allowable outlet velocity is 4.572 m/s. Determine the design dimensions for interior
roughness elements.
Problem Solution.
In the “Culvert Details” enter the values for design flow (Q), design velocity, Manning’s n, span (B), rise
(D), and slope (S). If Manning’s n is greater than 0.015 it is automatically set to 0.015. Next specify
whether the roughness elements are on the bottom and sides, or just on the bottom of the barrel.
Two options are available for performing the calculations. The default option fixes the value of the
roughness coefficient at the full flow value; the other allows it to vary with depth. The algorithms are
described in the preceding section.
Estimate a value for the roughness element height (h) and click on the calculate button. The hydraulic
characteristics for the unroughened barrel and the roughened barrel are displayed in their respective panels
in Figure 9. Continue to try different values for h and D until satisfactory hydraulic characteristics are
obtained for the roughened barrel.
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Input:
Q, B, D, S, n
Vt, h
Calculate Yn, Vn
F T
if BottomOnly
Bi = B - 2*h Bi = B
Lr = B + D Lr = B
Repeat
Guess Yi
Pi = Bi + 2 * Yi
Ai = Bi * Yi
Ri = Ai / Pi
LrPi = Lr / Pi
hRi = h / Ri
T
LrPi > 1.0
LrPi = 1.0
nLow = f( LrPi, hRi, n )

Qx = Ai * Ri2/3 * S1/2 / nLow
Until (Qx = Q)
Check barrel rise using nHigh
Figure 8. Diagram of the internal roughness algorithm.
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Figure 9. Interior roughness in rectangular culverts.
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EXTERNAL DISSIPATORS
SCREENING EXTERNAL DISSIPATORS
The main page for the “External” tab is shown below.
This page displays a table containing screening information for each of the 11 external type dissipators.
The first column shows the name of the type of dissipator. The second column shows the valid range for
the Froude number. The third column shows constraints regarding the tailwater depth. The fourth column
indicates whether the dissipator is “Feasible” (e.g. meets the Froude and tailwater conditions) or
“Questionable” (e.g. fails one or more of the conditions). The fifth column shows failed conditions.
ACTIVATING AN EXTERNAL DISSIPATOR CALCULATION PAGE
There are two ways to activate the calculation page for one of the external dissipators.
DOUBLE CLICK ON A ROW: the calculation page for a dissipator may be activated by double clicking
on the respective row.
MENU SELECTION: when the External tab is selected, an additional item, “External”, is added to the
main menu at the top of the form. Clicking on this main menu item will produce the following drop-down
box:
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Clicking on one of the items in the drop-down box will activate the
calculation page for the respective dissipator type.
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DROP STRUCTURES
STRAIGHT DROP STRUCTURE
The straight drop structure is effective if the drop does not exceed 4.5 m. The design is primarily based on
the properties of flow at the crest of the basin entrance. The design procedure simply involves trying
different drop heights until satisfactory design parameters are obtained.
Input Parameters for the Channel
Flow: Channel flow (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Width: Channel bottom width (m) (ft).
Side slope: The side slope of the trapezoidal channel (horizontal/vertical).
Manning’s n: Manning’s n for the channel bottom.
Slope: Slope of the channel (vertical/horizontal).
Vo: Approach velocity at the crest (m/s) (ft/s).
Yo: Approach depth at the crest (m) (ft).
TW: Tail water in the channel at the basin outlet (m) (ft).
Trial Parameter for the Basin
Basin height (H0): Height of the crest above the basin floor (m) (ft).
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter IX-A of HEC-14.
Schematic 5. Flow geometry of a straight drop spillway.
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Schematic 6. Straight drop spillway stilling basin.
Problem Statement
This is the example problem in HEC-14. Given a trapezoidal channel with 3H:1V side slopes. The bottom
of the channel is 3.048 m wide and has a Manning’s n of 0.03. The slope of the channel is 0.002.
Determine the velocity and depth at the crest of the basin entrance and the design parameters for the basin.
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Problem Solution
The design procedure for straight drop structures is a trial and error process. Different values are tried for
the basin height (H0) until design criteria are met.
In the “Input for the channel” panel, enter the channel characteristics. Clicking on the button in the
“Calculate new hydraulic characteristics” panel will provide values for Vo, Yo, and TW based on normal
flow in the channel. Input a trial height for H0 and click on the “calculate button”. The results are shown in
Figure 10. They vary slightly from the example in HEC-14 because the method for calculating the Froude
number is more precise in the model.
Figure 10. Example problem for the straight drop structure.
BOX INLET DROP STRUCTURE
The box inlet drop structure is a rectangular box open at the top and downstream end. The long crest of the
box inlet permits large flows to pass at relatively low heads. It is applicable for drops from about 0.t to 5
meters.
The design is primarily based on the properties of flow at the crest of the basin entrance. Two different
sections are effective in controlling the flow: the crest of the box inlet and the opening in the headwall. The
design procedure involves trying different combinations of inlet box width, length and height until
satisfactory design parameters are obtained.
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Schematic 7. Box inlet drop structure.
Input Parameters for the Approach
Flow: Channel flow (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Width (W1): Width of the approach channel (m) (ft).
Vo: Approach velocity (m/s) (ft/s).
Yo: Approach depth (m) (ft).

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Input Parameters for the Channel
Width: Channel bottom width (m).
Side slope: The side slope of the trapezoidal channel (horizontal / vertical).
Manning’s n: Manning’s roughness coefficient for the channel bottom.
Slope: Slope of the channel (vertical/horizontal).
TW: Tail water depth in the channel at the basin outlet (m) (ft).
Trial Parameters for the Basin
W2: Inlet box width (m) (ft).
L1: Inlet box length (m) (ft).
ho: Inlet box drop height (i.e. height of crest above basin floor) (m) (ft).
W3: Basin outlet width (m) (ft).
W4: Shoulder width from toe of dike (m) (ft).
z: Basin flare, longitudinal (z) to transverse (1).
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter IX-A of HEC-14.
Problem Statement
This is the example problem in HEC-14. Given a channel 3.048 m wide with a slope of 0.002. The flow is
7.079 m3/s .and the tail water is 0.853. The example problem gives channel side slopes of 2H:1V. In the
solution this value is used for the basin flare.
Problem Solution
The design procedure for box drop structures is a trial and error process. Different values are tried for the
basin height (H0), width (W2), length (L1), outlet width (W3), shoulder width from toe of dike (W4), and
flare (z) until design criteria are met. Values for W1 and W4 are needed only when the crest controls.
In the “Input for the approach” panel, enter the approach characteristics. Values for Vo and Yo are used
only to check to see if the approach Froude is less than 1.0 and they may be omitted. In the “Input for the
downstream channel” panel enter the channel characteristics. These values are used to check to see if the
slope is mild or steep and they may be omitted.
Click on the “calculate button” to get the results shown in Figure 11. In this case the opening in the
headwall controls.
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Figure 11. Example problem for the drop box structure.
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SUPERCRITICAL EXPANSION INTO HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS
The supercritical expansion into a basin is used to convert depth (potential energy) at the culvert outlet into
kinetic energy by allowing the flow to expand, drop, or both (Schematic 8). The result is that the depth
decreases, the velocity increases, and the Froude number increases. The higher the Froude number entering
the jump, the more efficient the jump and the shorter the basin. An energy balance is written between the
culvert outlet at section “o” and the basin at section “1” as follows (HEC-14 Equation IV-B-7):

Q  Y1WB 2gZO  Z1  YO  Y1   VO2 
0.5
(1)
Our objective is to solve for the depth entering the jump (Y 1). Equation 1 can be rearranged into the
following form:
Y13  pY12  r  0 (2)
where p and r are constants. The solution to Equation 2 has three roots that can be expressed in terms of
new constants, a and b, defined as follows (CRC 1971):
p2
a
3
2p3  27r
b
27
The values for WB, g, ZO, Z1, YO, and VO are real and so it follows that a and b are real, and three cases are
possible for the solution (CRC 1971):
b2 a3
Case 1:   0 , there will be one real root and two conjugate imaginary roots.
4 27
b2 a3
Case 2:   0 , there will be three real roots of which at least two are equal.
4 27
b2 a3
Case 3:   0 , there will be three real and unequal roots.
4 27
For the practical range of coefficient values in Equation 1:
Case 1 will produce no positive real roots, and no practical solution is possible.
Case 2 will produce two positive real roots which are equal.
Case 3 will produce two positive real roots which are unequal.
The computer algorithm first checks to determine the case of the solution. If it falls into case 1, then no
attempt is made to solve Equation 1. If it falls into case 2 then the solution can be calculated by:
Y1  3  4b
If the solution falls into case 3, then the real roots are determined to a precision of about ±1% by a
numerical algorithm .
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Schematic 8: Supercritical flow expansion into hydraulic jump basins.
PROCEDURE
Section IV-A in HEC 14 provides graphs for calculating depth (Y A) and velocity (VA) in the supercritical
flow expansion.
For slopes SO less than or equal to 10% Figures IV-A-2 and IV-A-4 can be used to calculate YA and VA for
rectangular culverts, and Figures IV-A-3 and IV-A-5 can be used for circular culverts.
For slopes greater than 10% Equation IV-B-7 can be used to calculate YA and VA as described above.
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STILLING BASINS
All of these stilling basins utilize blocks, sills, or other roughness elements to impose exaggerated
resistance to flow in order to force and stabilize a hydraulic jump. The basin width (W B), floor elevation
(Z1, Z2), total length (LB), incoming depth preceding the hydraulic jump (Y 1), Froude number (Fr1), and
sequent depth (Y2) are determined using the design procedure described in Section IV-B of HEC-14,
“Supercritical Expansion Into Hydraulic Jump Basins. The resulting hydraulic properties are used to
design the basin dimensions.
SAF AND USBR TYPES II, III, AND IV BASINS
The stilling basins in HEC-14 include the Saint Anthony Falls (SAF) and the US Bureau of Reclamation
(USBR) Types II, III, and IV. All four have similar data requirements and design procedures. A USBR
Type III basin is used to demonstrate the model.
The design procedure involves trying different basin widths until satisfactory design parameters are
obtained. For the SAF basin, the basin width is calculated automatically.
Input Parameters for the Culvert and Channel
Shape: The shape of the culvert: circular, rectangular or other.
Span: The span (diameter) of the barrel (m) (ft).
Vo: Velocity in the barrel at the outlet (m/s) (ft/s).
Yo: Depth in the barrel at the outlet (m) (ft).
Zo: Elevation to the invert of the culvert outlet (m) (ft).
Channel width: Width of the channel bottom (m) (ft).
Channel slope: Slope of the channel (vertical/horizontal).
Channel tail water: Depth of the channel tail water at the basin exit (m) (ft).
Trial Parameters for the Basin
Basin width: The width of the basin at the upstream entrance (m) (ft).
ST: The slope of the chute entering the basin.
SS: The slope of the basin exit.
Flare: The flare for a SAF basin; longitudinal z : 1 transverse.
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Schematic 9. USBR Type III Basin
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Output Parameters for SAF and USBR Types II, III, and IV Basins.
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter VII of HEC-14. Some of the output parameters are
not valid for some of the basins.
CBSWS: Chute block sidewall spacing (m) (ft)
Fr1: Froude number of incoming flow before jump = V1/Sqrt(g*Y1)
H1: Height of chute blocks (m) (ft)
H2 Height of dentated sills (m) (ft)
H3: Height of baffle block (m) (ft)
LB: Basin Total Length (m) (ft)
Len: Distance chute block to baffle block. (m) (ft)
LS: Horizontal Length of Chute (m) (ft)
LT: Horizontal length of basin exit slope (m) (ft)
NBB: Number of baffle blocks
NCB: Number of chute blocks
NSB: Number of dentated sill blocks
NSS: Number of dentated sill spaces
SWH: Side wall height (m) (ft)
V1: Velocity of incoming flow before jump (m/s) (ft/s)
W1: Width of chute blocks (m) (ft)
W2: Spacing between chute blocks (m) (ft)
W3, W4: Width & spacing of baffle blocks (m) (ft)
WB2: Basin width at baffles (m) (ft)
WB3: Basin width at sill (m) (ft)
Y1: Depth of incoming flow before jump (m) (ft)
Y2: Depth of flow after jump (m) (ft)
% Blocks: Percent of WB2 occupied by baffle blocks.
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Problem Statement
Given a 1.829 m wide box culvert with the invert elevation of 30.48 m at the outlet. The slope is 6.5% and
the flow is 11.801 m3/s. The downstream channel is a 3.1 m bottom trapezoidal channel with 2H:1V side
slopes and n = 0.03. Determine the design dimensions for a USBR Type III basin.
Problem Solution
The design procedure for the USBR basins is a trial and error process. Different values are tried for the
basin width until design criteria are met.
In the “Input culvert and channel details” panel enter the culvert and channel characteristics. In the “Basin
Input” panel enter a trial value for the basin width. Clicking on the calculate button will provide the results
shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Example problem for a USBR Type III Basin.
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AT STREAM LEVEL STRUCTURES
CSU RIGID BOUNDARY BASIN
The Colorado State University (CSU) Rigid Boundary Basin is a type of forced hydraulic jump basin
(Schematic 10). The design is based on Equations VII-A-2 and VII-A-3:
CpYO CBA f NVA2 Q2

 VOQ  wSin     VBQ (VII-A-2.a)
2 2 2VB2 WB
  WA 
 1 
 0.75LQ   WB  
 WO YO WO  YA WA     N r  1  
w WB
 3 (VII-A-2.b)
  VB    WO  2 
  
  
2
 Q 
0.25  2
2WOSO  YA   W A YA   Y  0.25VO (VII-A-3.a)
O
2g 2g
 4 
WA  WO   1 (VII-A-3.b)
 3Fr 
Equations VII-A-3.a and VII-A-3.b can be rearranged into Equation 3 below:
YA3  pYA2  r  0 (3)
where p and r are known constants. Equation 3 can be solved for Y A by using algorithms similar to the one
previously described in the section “Supercritical Expansion into Hydraulic Jump Basins”. Flow is
supercritical and therefore the appropriate value for YA is the smallest positive real root from Equation 3.
With YA known, Equations VII-A-2.a and VII-A-2.b can be rearranged into Equation 4 below:
VB3  pVB2  qVB  r  0 (4)
where p, q, and r are known constants. The roots for VB can be found by using algorithms similar to the
one previously described in the section “Supercritical Expansion into Hydraulic Jump Basins”.
Figure VII-A-5 in HEC-14 contains 94 discrete CSU basin configurations. . Figure 13a depicts the design
process outlined in HEC-14 Section VII-A. Figure 13b is the flow chart for the CSU Basin computer
analysis. YA and VA are calculated using the procedures described in the section “Supercritical Expansion
into Hydraulic Jump Basins”. With YA and VA known, the model loops through and solves Equations 3
and 4 for each of the basin configurations. When the coefficients are such that a solution contains no
positive real roots, then the configuration is skipped. The design parameters for all other configurations are
output in the table (Figure 13 c).
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Schematic 10. The CSU Basin
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Viewing Results for the CSU Rigid Boundary Basin
The size of the output for the CSU basin is too large to fit on a single preview screen.
Collectables: Only the first page of the output is displayed in the collectables data window. In order to
view the entire results, click on the printer icon located at the top of the data window. The following
dialog box will appear:
Clicking on will produce a screen display of the first page of the output. Paging is
accomplished by clicking on the arrow buttons at the top of the preview screen . The output can
then be printed from this screen. Only the pages previewed will be printed.
File Menu Print item: All pages of the output data may also be displayed by clicking on the “Print” item in
the File Menu. The dialog box shown above will appear. Clicking on will display the output
which may then be printed if desired. Only the pages previewed will be printed.
Input Parameters for the Culvert and the Channel
Culvert Shape: The shape of the culvert barrel: circular, rectangular or other.
Number of barrels: The number of barrels in this culvert.
Barrel flow: Barrel flow (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Barrel span: Barrel span (m) (ft).
Vo: Velocity in the barrel at the outlet (m/s) (ft/s).
Yo: Depth in the barrel at the outlet (m) (ft).
Channel slope(Ss): The slope of the channel.
Channel width (Ws): The width of the channel at the outlet of the basin (m) (ft).
Channel velocity (Vs): The water velocity in the channel at the outlet of the basin (m/s) (ft/s).
Channel depth (Ys) (TW) The water depth in the channel at the outlet of the basin. (m) (ft).
Channel Froude # (Fs): The Froude number in the channel at the outlet of the basin.
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Calculate properties at the culvert outlet: V O, YO, FO
Select a trial basin from Figure VII-A-5
Determine VA and YA at the approach to the roughness element field - two culvert widths downstream.
For 4<W B/WO <8 use Figures IV-A-2, 3, 4 and 5.
For W B/WO < 4 use Figures VII-A-1 or 2 for V A and Equation VII-A3 for Y A.
For slopes > 10% use Equation VII-A-3 for V A and YA.
Determine dissipator parameters from Figure VII-A-5: h, L, W B, W1, ue, CB, Af, LB
Determine CP from Figure VII-A-4.
If
basin width at
F outlet (W B) T
=
channel width
Approximate YB and VB with Yn and Vn.
Compute (CBAfN)1 from Eq. VII-A-1 or 2.
F If T Compute (CBAfN)2 from basin parameters.
WB < Channel Width
Compute VB from Eq. VII-A-1 or 2

and obtain two positive real roots. If
F (CBAfN)1 =< (CBAfN)2 T
Design not
recommended If
F channel is T
subcritical
Yn > Yc
Select the larger Select the smaller Reject this Acceptable
root for VB root for VB design design
Compute YB
F If T
TW <= YB
Acceptable
TW controls
design
` Figure 13a. CSU Basin design process.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Input parameters for the culvert and the receiving stream:
Q, VO, YO, WO, SS, WS, VS, YS, FS
Determine VA and YA at the approach to the roughness element field - two culvert widths downstream.
For 4<W B/WO <8 use Figures IV-A-2, 3, 4 and 5.
For W B/W O < 4 use Figures VII-A-1 or 2 for V A and Equation VII-A3 for Y A.
For slopes > 10% use Equation VII-A-3 for V A and YA.
Loop over
all combinations
in Figure VII-A-5
Determine dissipator parameters from Figure VII-A-5: h, L, W B, W1, ue, CB, Af, LB
Determine CP from Figure VII-A-4.
Compute VB from Eq. VII-A-1 or 2

and obtain roots.
If
F prositive real
roots exist
T
If
F channel is T
subcritical
Select the larger FS < 1 Select the smaller
root for VB root for VB
Compute YB
If
WS < WB
T Flag: "W"
If T
VS < VB Flag: "V"
If
YS > YB
T Flag: "T"
Record results
and continue
the loop
Figure 13b. Flow chart for CSU Basin computer analysis

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Channel depth (Ys): The channel depth at the tail water to the basin (m) (ft).
Channel Froude (Fs): The Froude number at the tail water to the basin.
Output Parameters
Distance to first row: The distance to the first row of roughness elements (m) (ft).
Culvert Froude (FO): The Froude number in the barrel at the outlet.
Number of basins: The number of basins listed in the output table.
Length (LB): The length of the basin (m) (ft).
Width (WB): The width of the basin (m) (ft).
# El: The number of roughness elements.
# Row: The number of rows of roughness elements.
El. W: The width of a roughness element (m) (ft).
El. h: The height of a roughness element (m) (ft).
LRow: The length (distance) between rows of elements (m) (ft).
YA: The depth at section A; two culvert spans downstream from the entrance (m) (ft).
VA: The velocity at section A (m/s) (ft/s).
VB: The basin velocity at the outlet (m/s) (ft/s). If the calculated basin depth is less than
the tail water depth then the value for VB is set equal to flow/(tail water depth * basin
width).
VS: The water velocity in the receiving stream at the basin outlet (m/sec) (ft/sec).
Ue: The divergence of the basin (longitudinal u : 1 transverse).
FB: The basin freeboard (m) (ft).
Chk: A flag indicating the status of the design:
W: The basin width exceeds the channel bottom width.

V: The basin exit velocity exceeds the channel tail water velocity.
T: The basin depth at outlet is less than the channel tail water depth.
OK: The basin width is less than the channel bottom, and the basin exit velocity is
less than the channel tail water velocity, and the basin depth is equal or greater
than the tail water depth.
Problem Statement
Given a box culvert with a 8 ft. span, a slope of 0.02, a flow of 1400 ft3/s, and normal velocity and depth of
29.1 ft/s and 6 ft respectively. The channel is 41 ft wide. The channel tail water is 3.3 ft deep and has a
velocity of 10.35 ft/s. The channel Froude number is 0.99.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem Solution
In the “Input” panel enter the culvert and channel characteristics. Clicking on the calculate button gives the
results shown in Figure 13c.
Figure 13c. Example problem for a CSU basin.
USBR TYPE VI
The US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Type VI basin is an impact-type energy dissipator contained in a
relatively small box-like structure which requires no tail water for successful performance.
The design is based on the hydraulic conditions at the entrance to the basin.
Input Parameters for the Culvert
Shape: The shape of the culvert; circular, rectangular or other.
Span: The barrel span (m) (ft).
Rise: The barrel rise (m) (ft).
Slope: The barrel slope.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 11. USBR Type VI Baffle-wall energy dissipator.
n: The Manning’s n for the barrel (ft).
Vo: The velocity in the barrel at the outlet (m/s) (ft/s).
Yo: The depth in the barrel at the outlet (m) (ft).
Ye: The equivalent depth at the barrel outlet (m) (ft).
Fr: The Froude number at the barrel outlet.
Ho: The energy head at the barrel outlet (m) (ft).
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter VIII-C of HEC-14.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem Statement
A concrete pipe culvert has a diameter 1.219 m, slope of 0.15, and a Manning’s n of 0.015. Calculate the
normal velocity and depth in the culvert, and values for Ye, Fr, and Ho at the entrance to the basin.
Determine the design dimensions for the basin.
Problem Solution
In the “Culvert Details” panel enter the culvert characteristics. If you wish to calculate the normal depth
and velocity, then click on the button in the “Calculate culvert normal” panel. If you wish to calculate He,
Fr, and Ho, then click on the button in the “Calculate Basin Inlet Conditions” panel. Clicking on the main
calculate button provides the results shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14. Example problem for the USBR Type VI basin.
HOOK TYPE DISSIPATOR
The Hook or Aero-type energy dissipator was developed primarily for large arch culverts with low tail
water, but can be used with box or circular conduits.
The design is based on the flow conditions entering the basin. The design procedure involves trying
different values for basin width at the exit until satisfactory design parameters are obtained.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 12. Warped wingwall type hook basin.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 13. Sample design for a warped wingwall type hook basin.
Shape: The shape of the culvert.
Q: The barrel flow (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Span: The barrel span (m) (ft).
Vo: The velocity in the barrel at the output (m/s) (ft/s).
Ch. Vn: The normal velocity in the channel tail water (m/s) (ft/s).
Ye: The equivalent depth at the basin entrance (m) (ft).
Fr: The Froude number at the basin entrance.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Input Parameters for the Basin
Flare Angle: Flare angle for the basin (degrees).
Width (W6) The width of the basin at the exit (m) (ft).
L1/LB Ratio: Ratio of L1/LB.
L2/LB Ratio: Ratio of L2/LB.
W2/W1 Ratio: Ratio of W2/W1.
W4/Wo Ratio: Ratio of W4/Wo.
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter VIII-B of HEC-14.
BSS: Basin Side Slope:
H1: Height of Center Point (m) (ft)
H2: Height to End of Hook (m) (ft)
H3: Height to Top of Arc (m) (ft)
H4: Height of End Sill (m) (ft)
H5: Height at Dissipator End (m) (ft)
H6: Height of Basin (m) (ft)
L1: Length to First Hooks (m) (ft)
L2: Length to Second Hook (m) (ft)
LB: Length of Basin (m) (ft)
R: Radius of Hook (m) (ft)
VB: Exit Velocity (m/s) (ft/s)
WO: Width of Culvert (m) (ft)
W1: Height of Center Point (m) (ft)
W2: Width Between First Hooks (m) (ft)
W3: Width Between First and Second Hooks (m) (ft)
W4: Thickness of Hooks (m) (ft)
W5: Slot Width at Dissipator End (m) (ft)
W6: Bottom Width of Trapezoidal Channel (m) (ft)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Problem Statement
Given a long concrete arch culvert which is 3.658 m wide. The flow is 76.455 m 3/s and the velocity in the
barrel at the outlet is 11.43 m/s. The normal depth in the 6.096 m wide channel is 4.907 m/s.
Problem Solution
The design procedure for a hook basin is a trial and error process. Different values are tried for the basin
width at the exit until design criteria are met.
In the “Culvert Details” panel enter the approach characteristics. If you wish to calculate the value for Ye,
then click on the button next to the symbol. If you wish to calculate the value for Fr, then click on the
button next to the symbol. Enter a trial value for the basin width (W6). Clicking on the main calculate
button produces the results shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15. Example problem for a hook basin with warped wingwalls.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 14. Straight trapezoidal type hook basin.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONTRA COSTA DISSIPATOR
The Contra Costa dissipator is best suited to small and medium size culverts of any cross section where the
depth of flow at the outlet is less than the culvert height. The design is based on the equivalent depth and
Froude number of the flow at the culvert outlet.
Shape: Shape of the culvert.
Span: The span or diameter of the barrel (m) (ft).
Vo: The velocity in the barrel at the outlet (m/s) (ft).
Reference depth: The equivalent depth based on Vo and Yo (m) (ft).
Fr: Froude number based on Vo and reference depth.
L2/H2: The ratio of the distance to the second baffle to the height of the second baffle.
Sill height factor: The ratio of the height of the end sill (h3) to the depth over baffle (Y2).
Basin Width: The width of the basin (m) (ft).
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter VIII-A of HEC-14.
Problem Statement
Given a circular culvert with a diameter of 1.219 m at a flow of 8.495 m3/s. The velocity and depth in the
barrel at the outlet are 12.192 m/s and 0.701 m respectively. Determine the design parameters for a Contra
Costa basin.
Problem Solution
The design procedure is by trial and error. Try different values for the basin width and the L2/H2
parameter until the design criteria are met.
In the “Culvert Details” panel enter the culvert characteristics. If you wish to calculate the Reference
depth, then click on that button. If you wish to calculate the Froude number, then click on that button.
Enter trial values for L2/H2, sill height factor, and basin width. Clicking on the main calculate button
provides the results shown in Figure 16.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 15. Contra costa energy dissipator.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 16. Example problem for the Contra Costa energy dissipator.
RIPRAP BASINS
The depth (hs), length (Ls), and width (Ws) of the scour hole are related to the characteristic size of riprap
(d50), discharge (Q), brink depth (Yo), and tailwater depth (TW).
Input Parameters for the Culvert and Channel
Shape: The shape of the barrel.
Flow: The flow in the barrel (m3/s) (ft3/s).
Span: The span or diameter of the barrel (m) (ft).
Vo: The velocity in the barrel at the outlet (m/s) (ft/s).
TW: The depth of the channel tailwater (m) (ft).
Reference depth: The reference depth used for the calculations (m) (ft).
Fr: The Froude number based on the reference depth.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 16. Riprap basin layout.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 17. Riprap basin relative depth.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Schematic 18. Riprap basin discharge velocity.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D50: The size of the classifying size of the riprap material (m) (ft).
Max Depth: Optional input for the maximum depth, ignored if zero (m).
Output Parameters
The output parameters are defined in detail in Chapter XI of HEC-14.
Problem Statement
Given a box culvert with a span of 2.438 m at a flow of 22.653 m3/s. The velocity and depth at the outlet
are 7.62 m/s and 1.218 m respectively. The tailwater in the channel is 0.914 m. D 50 for the available
material is 0.549 m. Determine the design dimensions for the basin.
Problem Solution
In the “Culvert Details” panel enter the culvert characteristics and the channel tailwater. If you wish to
calculate the reference depth, then click on that button. If you wish to calculate the Froude number, then
click on that button. In the “Input” panel enter the value for D 50. If you wish to specify a maximum depth,
then enter it in the “Max. Depth” field. The model ignores a zero value. Clicking on the main calculate
button provides the results shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17. Example problem for the riprap basin.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATA MANAGEMENT
Designers who wish to collect several design alternatives into a group may use the “Collectables” feature of
the model. Figure 18 shows a screen display with four calculation pages open: Contra Costa, CSU in
English units, CSU in metric units, and USBR Type 3.
Each of these designs has been added to a “Collectables” group as shown in Figure 19. A list of the titles
of the designs is shown in the top half of the window. The bottom half of the window displays the output
for the highlighted item on the list. The group may be saved to a file for later use.
In order to save time retyping input data into multiple calculation pages, the input data from a collectable
item may be transmitted to a new calculation page. Procedures for managing collectables are described
below.
Figure 18. Several calculation pages open at the same time
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 19. The “Collectables” window.
Procedures for Managing Collectables
The speed buttons at the top of the window provide a

convenient way to perform common tasks.
File Open and File Save: These buttons are used to save a collectables file to the disk for
later use and to open a previously saved file.
Print Button This button is used to print the highlighted item. The data are always shown in a
preview window before being sent to the printer or to a text file.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The size of the output for some basins, specifically the CSU basin, is too large to fit on a single preview
screen. The full output may be viewed prior to printing by means of the preview feature of the print dialog
box. The print dialog box can be reached from the collectables or from the Print item in the File menu.
Collectables: Only the first page of the output is displayed in the collectables data window. In order to
view the entire results, click on the printer icon located at the top of the data window. The following
dialog box will appear:
Clicking on will produce a screen display of the first page of the output. Paging is
accomplished by clicking on the arrow buttons at the top of the preview screen . The output can
then be printed from this screen. Only the pages previewed will be printed.
File Menu Print item: All pages of the output data may also be displayed by clicking on the “Print” item in
the File Menu. The dialog box shown above will appear. Clicking on will display the output
which may then be printed if desired. Only the pages previewed will be printed.
Clear Button: This button clears all of the collectables from the list.
Selection buttons: These buttons will step up or down through collectable items on the list.
The user may also click directly on an item to select it.
Add and Delete buttons: The add button will add the current calculation page to the list of
collectables. The Delete button will delete the selected item from the collectables list.
Transmit Data button: This button transmits the input data values from the highlighted collectable
item to the active calculation page.
Zoom In and Zoom Out buttons: These buttons allow the user to zoom in or zoom out from
the view.
Show Collectables Toggle Button: This button is located on the main form. It will toggle between
showing and hiding the colletables window.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
CRC. 1971. Standard Mathematical Tables, Nineteenth Edition. The Chemical Rubber Company, 18901
Cranwood Parkway, Cleveland, Ohio 44128.
Fox, Robert W., and Alan T. McDonald. 1992. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Fourth Edition. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
HEC-14. 1975. Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels. Hydraulic
Engineering Circular No. 14, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, DC.
King, Horace Williams, and Ernest F. Brater. 1963. Handbook of Hydraulics for the Solution of
Hydrostatic and Fluid-Flow Problems, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Programa Calculo Disipadores HY8 Teoria

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USER GUIDE

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS

FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 14

INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE .......................................................... 4

REFERENCE DEPTH ................................................................................................................................ 7

INTERNAL DISSIPATORS .................................................................................................................... 15

DROP STRUCTURES .............................................................................................................................. 31

SUPERCRITICAL EXPANSION INTO HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS ............................................ 37

STILLING BASINS .................................................................................................................................. 39

AT STREAM LEVEL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................... 43

Figure 1. Demonstration of the effect of reference depth on Froude number ........................................ 9

Figure 2. Scour module structure......................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3(a) Cohesionless graded gravel. ................................................................................................. 12

Figure 3(b) Cohesionless graded sandy-clay........................................................................................... 13

Figure 4. Cohesive sandy-clay ............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 5. Tumbling flow in circular culverts ....................................................................................... 17

Figure 6. Tumbling flow in rectangular culverts. ................................................................................ 20

Figure 7. Interior roughness in circular culverts. ................................................................................. 23

Figure 8. Diagram of the internal roughness algorithm ....................................................................... 27

Figure 9. Interior roughness in rectangular culverts. ........................................................................... 28

Figure 13(a). CSU Basin design process .................................................................................................... 46

Figure 13(c). Example problem for a CSU Basin ...................................................................................... 49

Figure 17. Example problem for the riprap dissipator ........................................................................... 63

Figure 19. The “Collectables” window ................................................................................................. 65

Schematic 1. Tumbling flow in circular culverts ..................................................................................... 16

Schematic 2. Tumbling flow in box culverts and open chutes ................................................................. 18

Schematic 3. Interior roughness in circular culverts ................................................................................ 22

Schematic 4. Interior roughness in box culverts ...................................................................................... 24

Schematic 5. Flow geometry of a straight drop spillway ......................................................................... 31

Schematic 6. Straight drop spillway stilling basin ................................................................................... 32

Schematic 7. Box inlet drop structure ...................................................................................................... 34

Schematic 8. Supercritical flow expansion into hydraulic jump basins ................................................... 38

Schematic 9. USBR Type III Basin ......................................................................................................... 40

Schematic 10. The CSU Basin ................................................................................................................... 44

Schematic 11. USBR Type VI Baffle-wall energy dissipator .................................................................... 50

Schematic 12. Warped wingwall type hook basin ..................................................................................... 52

Schematic 14. Straight trapezoidal type hook basin .................................................................................. 56

Schematic 15. Contra Costa energy dissipator ........................................................................................... 58

Schematic 16. Riprap Basin layout ............................................................................................................ 60

Schematic 17. Riprap Basin relative depth ................................................................................................ 61

Schematic 18. Ripap Basin discharge velocity .......................................................................................... 62

The manual is divided into the following main sections.

INSTALLATION: A description of the equipment requirements and the installation process.

SUPERCRITICAL EXPANSION INTO HYDRAULIC JUMP BASINS: Many energy dissipators

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Intel Pentium 90 MHz (or compatible) microprocessor.

ALTERNATIVE INSTALLATION OF THE EXECUTABLE FILE

Print Current Item: provides the user with the ability

The Show Collectables item will be explained in the Data

The Messages menu item may be used to display the

THE OPTIONS MENU

The Options menu contains the “Units” item. Clicking on

The Units option is extremely powerful because it allows the

THE HELP MENU

The Help menu contains two items: “Documentation” and “About”.

ACTUAL, HYDRAULIC AND EQUIVALENT DEPTHS

Hydraulic Depth (Mean Depth)

The equivalent depth is defined as follows:

Figure 1. Demonstration of the effect of reference depth on Froude number.

Flow, Flow Velocity , Peak Duration

Depth, Width, Length, Volume,

Figure 2. Scour module structure.

Yhrb = (flow area)/(wetted perimeter) = (Qb/Vo)/(2.0*Ye+Span).