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Senior High School

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Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 6
Geologic Time Scale and Geo-hazards

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What This Module is About

This module talks about how the history of Earth can be interpreted from the Geologic
Time Scale and common Geological Hazards. Earth is a fascinating planet inhabited by
thousands of organisms of different species. Its changes are interesting especially those that
are not witnessed by humans and remained unrecorded. By understanding the history of
Earth and the different processes it undergoes, we would be able to relate the changes that
happened from the past to modern days and pay attention to whatever hazards will come.
Geologists continue to conduct more studies to give answers and prove what happened to
Earth as many years went by.

This module contains two lessons:

1. Geologic Timescale
2. Geohazards

1
2

9 3

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale.
2. Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides.

What I Know

Pre-assessment

Directions: Read the items carefully.Mark if the statement is correct and x if it is

wrong.
1. Phanerozoic is divided into two eras.
2. Transformation of Earth happened during Precam brian Eon.
3. Geologists separate time periods by identifying the fossils that have been preserved.
4. Amphibians are the animals that dominated during Paleozoic Era.
5. Eons have duration hundreds of millions of years.
6. Geologists divided the history of Earth into intervals of time that are unequal in length.
7. Geologic Time Scale only describes the evolution of Earth.
8. RA 11121 is also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act.
9. Landslide may be triggered by an earthquake.
10. Seismographs can only detect earthquakes that are felt.
 Lesson Geologic Time Scale
1
What I Need to Know

Whenever we say the word a long time, it makes us think about the overlong length of
years. Even a million years are already an extraordinary length of time that seems to be very
unthinkable. Earth is a home of many living things. Its age is estimated to be 4.6 billion years.
Within those years, changes happened that seemed to be unnoticed. Some scientists
studied the past of Earth. To find answers to many questions, they kept on looking for shreds
of evidence. Their study paved the way for knowledge on the significant events of the Earth
and how long it took place. Can you imagine how volcanoes and mountains formed? How the
different gases are trapped in our atmosphere? How dinosaurs just disappear? These are
some of the questions we keep on asking ourselves.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale.
2. Identify the subdivisions of Geologic Time.

What’s New

Activity 1. THEN and NOW

 Objective: Illustrate and compare how the early Earth is different from today. Materials:
Bond Paper and Pencil.

Procedure:
1. In a short bond paper, draw a vertical line at the center from the top to bottom which
separates the right and left side of the paper.
2. Draw an illustration of early Earth on the left side of the paper and the Earth today on the right
side.
3. Add important events on the drawing.
4. See the difference.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference of Earth today from the early Earth?
2. How did the environment of Earth develop over a period of time?

What is It

Performing the first acti vity makes you imagine and look back at the history of the
Earth from the beginning to the present. As if you are watching a movie that shows pictures on
how Earth looked like billion years ago. Fast-forwarding, you see so many extraordinary
changes. In the beginning, there was no life on Earth. As many years went by, living things
existed, grew, flourished, and even contributed to more changes in our planet.
Geologic Time requires an understanding of the Laws of Nature. It means that how
things work today is the same as they were before. It never changed. The discovery of fossils
or rocks is very helpful to scientists because it can be used as an instrument to interpret the
past. The different clues helped the scientists understand that Earth has unique features. The
place where we live right now probably looked different before. And it is expected that it will
no longer be the same in the future to com e. There were a lot of attempts to form a Geologic
Time Scale that can be applied in any place on Earth. But the detailed studies of rocks and
fossils conducted by scientists resulted in the order of geologic periods we used today.
Scientists divided the history of Earth into a chain of time intervals. These time intervals are
unequal in terms of numbers of days or hours and vary in length. The division of Geologic
Time is based on the significant events on Earth. The layers on the surface of the Earth, from
the recent origin down to the most ancient, made possible to split Geological Time into Eons,
Eras and Periods. These are the periods that divide the history and evolution of Earth.
 The concept map below summarizes the geological time scale.

At present, the Geologic Time Scale is divided into big portions of time known as
EONS. Eons are further divided into ERAS. Eras are divided into PERIODS. The Precam
brian Eon is the point of time in which our planet started to form. During this time, there was
no formation of any organism . What are evident are the abiotic features of the earth. It
represents more than 80 percent of the total records of geologic time and supported with
pieces of evidence found in rocks. During the Phanerozoic Eon, living organisms like plants
and animals existed. It constitutes the time of multicellular life on Earth and the evolutionary
process happened. This eon is further divided into the Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era,
Cenozoic Era. Significant events of Earth are used to determine the boundaries of every Era.

Eon Era Period Biological Features

No evidence of life. Oldest fossils
PRECAMBRIAN known.
Origin of Earth
Age of invertebrates
CAMBRIAN Marine algae flourish.
Abundance of marine algae.
ORDOVICIAN Appearance of first
vertebrates.
PALEOZOIC Jawed Fishes appear.
SILURIAN Vascular plants invaded the lands.

First appearance of amphibians and

DEVONIAN insects. Age of fishes.

Animals are mostly amphibians,

CARBONIFEROUS seed
plants appear.
Reptiles, modern insects and
PERMIAN conifers
PHANEROZOIC
appear
First mammal exists.
TRIASSIC First Dinosaur appears
 Age of Dinosaurs. Aves appear.
Plants with seeds are dominant
JURASSIC above the
MESOZOIC lands.

Extinction of dinosaurs and other

animals.
CRETACEOUS Placental mammals exist.
Flowering plants
appear.

Humans appear. Herbaceous

TERTIARY plants spread and diversified

CENOZOIC
PHANEROZOIC
Age of Man Abundance of
herbaceous plants.
QUATERNARY

What’s More

Activity 2. MY OWN TIMELINE

Objective: Create a timeline of your life. Materials: Bond paper, Pen, Ruler Procedure:
1. Place the long bond paper at the top of your arm chair in a landscape orientation.
2. Write “BIRTH” on the left most upper part of paper and “NOW” on the right most upper part.
3. Divide the paper using ruler into a certain number of years. For example, 5, 10, 15, etc. It
depends on your age. Make a vertical line from top to bottom in every division.
4. Make a timeline of your life. Add up events that you think are unforgettable and meaningful.
5. Make sure to write the events in sequence.

Guide Questions
1. What did you feel upon making your timeline?
2. How did you make your own timeline?

What is It

4.6 billion years is a massive amount of time and irrational for people to understand how
many events happened during that time. Earth’s history in Geologic Time Scale was
described based on the layers on the surface of the Earth, procedures in determining the
fossils or rocks. Its division marks significant events like a change in environmental conditions,
life forms, atmosphere, and some geologic features of Earth.
Below is the linear arrangement of the Geologic Time Scale that shows relationships
between time periods and time frame.
 Years Eon Era Period Years
Ago Ago
Prese QUATERNARY 1.8 mil
nt CENOZ
65 mil OIC TERITARY 65 mil
CRETACEOUS 145 mil
MESOZ JURASSIC 200 mil
OIC
245 TRIASSIC 245 mil
mil
Phanerozo PERMIAN 290 mil
ic
CARBONIFER 360 mil
OUS
PALEO DEVONIAN 410 mil
ZOIC SILURIAN 440 mil
ORDOVICAN 505 mil
544 CAMBRIAN 544 mil
mil

Precambri
an
4.6
billion

What’s More
Activity 3. WHAT’S THE ERA PHOTO QUIZ
Objective: Identify to what ERA the following pictures belong.

1.

2.

_ 3.

4.
 5.
5.

6.

6.

What I Have Learned

Activity 4. Synthesizing your Learning. Materials: Paper and Pen

Procedure:
1. Make your own design of a graphic organizer (e.g. concept map or T – Chart).
2. Write the words associated with the topic Geologic Time Scale.
3. At the back of your paper, write and explain the words given.
What I Can Do

Activity 5. EARTH’S GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

Objective: Make a timeline of Earth’s Geologic Time Scale.
Materials: Cartolina, pictures/clip arts, coloring materials, pen, scissors, glue Procedure:
Create your own design on a timeline of Earth’s Geologic Time Scale. Add pictures of
animals and events that will make your output attractive.

Rubric for Designing Geological Time Scale

Criteria 5 4 3

Unique and Original, No originality,

Content original, conveys Subject is
appropriate to the message, weakly
topic, conveys attracts related,
strong message, attention lightly message is
catches attention not clear and
immediately it does not
catch
attention well.

Designs are Designs are There is no

Creativity advanced. satisfactory. effort done to
make the
output
creative.

Use of media
Use of media and and technology No media and
Media technology is is visible in technology
Technolog visible in making making the used in
y the output output. The making
excellent. outcom e is output.
satisfactory.
 LESSON 2L

esson Geo-hazards
2
What’s In

Early people believed that our planet is the center of the universe. They thought that
the entire surface of Earth is flat, and the gods are responsible for all natural phenomena.
Now, we are living in a com petitive world because of the advancem ent of technology.
Everything changed from sim ple to com plex. People polished their beliefs into knowledge
based on observations in the environment and scientific principles.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the meaning of Geologic Hazard.
2. Describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides.

What’s New

Activity 1. FIND ME.

Inside the box are the terms that you will encounter in the next lesson. Find them by
connecting the letters of the word with a straight line. Write the terms in the table below the
box in the first colum n and its definition in the second colum n.

G Q P Y R C L A S T I C Q T V
Z E T Y S W E D E G Z F A U O
D H O J F D R D A S H F A L L
L T S L D T U T Y G T H D K C
A S R A O Y P Y Y U G I F L A
N I F H G G T S E R O S I O N
D G Y A H P I G K Y P P G Y O
S O T R J O O C L I P Z K F X
L L F M K O N E F L I Q J C P
I O S N L K K W O L F D U M Y
D E A R T H Q U A K E T L B Z
E G K A N E M O N E H P P V E
R H U H A Z A R D D O G O O L
 Term Definition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12.
13
14.

What is It

Geological hazard is a geological and environmental process. It includes

earthquakes, landslides, floods, volcanic eruptions, etc. It is responsible for

the Commented [HL1]: used too
etc.
deaths of many people, damage to properties, and destruction to our environment. In
the past years, millions of people died because of this phenomenon.
According to RA 10121 also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act, hazard is a dangerous natural phenomenon, substance, human
activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or
environmental damage. Infrastructures, public or private facilities, households,
transportation, and humans are the elements exposed to these hazards.
 What’s More

Activity 2. GEO-HAZARDS CONCEPT MAP

Objective: Describe the effects of earthquake, volcanic eruptions and landslide. Materials:
Pictures/clipart of earthquake, volcanic eruption and landslide
Paper and Pen.
Procedure:
1. Based on the clip arts, describe the effects of earthquake, landslide and volcanic eruptions.
Present you answer in a concept map.

What is It

Philippines is a home of many active volcanoes because it is situated in a region called

the Pacific Ring of Fire. When a volcano shows signs of eruptions, geologic events like
earthquake and landslides follow. So, it is important for you to be aware on how it happens to
reduce the possible effects it may cause.
Volcanic eruptions can have an extrem e impact on the lives of organisms. Water, land,
or soil and air are affected. When people see that they are no longer safe in the area, they are
forced to leave their properties and belongings to be alive. The following are the volcano
hazards and its impact:
1. Pyroclastic Flow and Surges
A mixture of ash, rock fragments and gas materials that leave devastating effects on
the area in which they flow.
 2. Ballistic Projectiles
3. These are rocks from an erupting volcano blasted into the air.
4. Lahar
It is a mudflow from a mixture of volcanic water and rock fragments. It moves down the
slopes of the volcano into the surrounding area and destroying everything on its way.
5. Volcanic Gases
Gases present in toxic amount trapped in cavities in volcanic rocks dissolved in magma
or lava or through groundwater and is heated by volcanic activity.
6. Ash Falls
These are ashes produced during a volcanic eruption. It can destroy vegetation,
malfunctions engine, collapse roofs, and endanger health of people. Ashfall continues even
after the explosion and can affect the neighboring areas.
7. Tsunamis
These are substantial sea waves that occur when an underwater volcano erupts. Its
wave height could be higher than 5 meters. It can cause the death of humans, animals, and
destruction of infrastructures or properties when it hits offshore.

Earthquake is another form of geologic hazard. It is a shaking of the ground due to the
released energy that forms seismic waves. Seismograph detects earthquakes that are less
felt. Earthquake hazards include the following:
1. Unsecured things that are open.
2. Electronic devices and appliances.
3. Grounds Breaking
It can cause mild or severe damage to properties or structures. The effects depend on
the magnitude of an earthquake or its distance from the epicenter.
4. Liquefaction
The strength and hardness of the soil are reduced. It happens when the groundwater
mixed with ground soil that makes the soil less stable.
5. Ground subsidence
Grounds sink due to earthquake.

Landslide is a geological hazard that includes movement of any debris, masses of rock,
or soil down a slope. It can occur in the offshore and coastal environment but com posed of a
weak strength of soil resting on a steep slope. Landslides hazards are falling debris from a
steep slope, pieces of rocks fall, and mudflow. Human activities like mining, deforestation,
quarrying, digging, and conversion of land to residential or industrial areas contribute to this
natural phenomenon.

What’s More

Activity 3. Geo-Phenomena
Objective: Explain the occurrence of the different hazards produced by Geological Events.
Material:
Video Clip entitled Geo-Phenomena https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1EytLkl4jg
Laptop/Tv/Projector

Procedure:
1. Watch the video carefully and answer the following questions on a one whole sheet of paper.

Guide Question 1: What are the Geological Events you observed from the video clip?
Guide Question 2: What causes the said Geological events to happen?
Guide Question 3: How can you reduce the risk of the said Geological events?
What I Have Learned

Activity 4. identifying Hazards.

Objective: After performing activity 3, you should be able to identify the different hazards
presented in the pictures.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.
 What I Can Do

Activity 4. VIDEO PRESENTATION

Objective: Create an informative video presentation on the different hazards that our country
experienced every year. Include the important things do to become more aware and ready
when it happens.

Rubric for Video Presentation

Criteria 4 3 2
1. Information Video is played with excellent Video is played but Video is played but with
captures with minor major problems.
and details problems.
Satisfactory use of Lacks creativity and used
2. Creativity Excellent creativity using various creativity and use of minimal materials.
materials. various materials.

Unique and original, appropriate to Original, conveys No originality, Subject is

3. Content the topic, conveys strong message, attracts weakly related, message is
message, catches attention attention lightly not clear and it does not
immediately catch attention well.
Total Score

Summary:

Geologic Time Scale

➢ Cenozoic Era marks the rise and dominance of mammals and man.
➢ Eon is an unknown long period of time.
➢ Era is a long period of time of history with definite features.
➢ Evolution is a gradual development from simple form to com plex.
➢ Geologic Time Scale refers to the calendar of most important events that happened on Earth.
➢ Mesozoic Era marks the existence and extinction of many animals including dinosaurs.
➢ Paleozoic Era marks the ancient life. Abundant fossils were deposited and there was a
change of habitat.

Geo - hazards
➢ Earthquake is a shaking of the ground due to the released energy that forms seismic waves.
➢ Geological hazard is a geological and environmental process. It includes earthquakes,
Xlandslides, and volcanic eruptions.
➢ Landslide is a geological hazard that includes movement of any debris, masses of rock, or
soil down a slope
➢ Seismograph is an instrument use to detect an earthquake.
➢ Volcanic Eruption happens when hot molten materials are thrown out from the mouth of a
volcano.
 Post Test

A. Geologic Time Scale

1. How many eras does Phanerozoic eon have? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
2. Which of the following happened during the Precam brian Eon?
a. Rise of amphibians. b. Flowering plants dominate the land.
c. Formation of Earth. d. Marine animals flourish the seawater.
3. What animals dominated during Paleozoic Era?
a. Fish b. Dinosaur c. Birds d. Primates
4. Which among the following best describes the Cenozoic Era?
a. Age of Reptiles b. of Age Amphibians c. Age of Man d. Age of Fish
5. In what era is there mass extinction?
a. Paleozoic Era b. Mesozoic Era c. Cenozoic Era d. Protozoic Era
6. Approximately, what is the age of Earth according to the records?
a. 2 billion years old b. 3.6 billion years old
c. 4.6 billion years old d. 6 billion years old
7.What is the longest portion of the geologic time?
a. Eon b. Era c. Period d. Epoch
8. Which is not a period under the Paleozoic Era?
a. Devonian b. Carboniferous c. Permian d. Tertiary
9. Which is the most dominant organisms during the Mesozoic era?
a. Humans b. Dinosaur c. Birds d. Primates
10. In what period of the Paleozoic era did jawed fish first appeared?
a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Devonian d. Permian

B. Geo - hazards
11. What do you call a mudflow formed from a mixture of volcanic water and rock fragments?
a. Pyroclastic Material b. Lahar c. Lava d. Volcanic Bombs
12. What happens when groundwater is mixed with ground soil making the soil less stable?
a. Liquefaction b. Lava c. Ground subsidence d. Landslides
13. Which among these is a mixture of ash, rock fragments and gas that move fast and made up
of hot materials that leave devastating effects on the area in which they flow?
a. Ballistic projectile b. Pyroclastic Flow and surges
c. Volcanic bombs d. Lahar
14. Which among these are rocks from an erupting volcano blasted into the air?
a. Ashfall b. Lahar c. Pyroclastic Material d. Ballistic projectile
15. Which of the following is a potential hazard of landslide?
a. falling rocks b. mudflow c. ground breaking d. falling debris