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Plant Ecology and Phytogeography
Plant Ecology and Phytogeography
PRACTICALS:
Hydrophytes:
Hydrilla, Nymphaea
Aim:
To determine the frequency, abundance and density of the plant species in the
community by quadrant method.
Principle:
Requirements:
Procedure:
Lay down the quadrants of the size 1 x 1m in the study area. 5-10 quadrats are
randomly placed in the study area. Then, record the numbers of species present in
each quadrat and then count the number of individuals within each species. Record the
observation as shown in table.
This term refers to the degree of dispersion of individual species in an area and
usually expressed in terms of percentage occurrence. It was studied by sampling the
study area of several places at random and recorded the name of the species that
occurred in each sampling unit. It is calculated by the equation.
b) Density :
c) Abundance:
A 1-20%
B 21-40%
C 41-60%
D 61-80%
E 81-100%
Result / Inference:
A<B>C>D<E
‘A’ is lesser than ‘B’, ‘C’ is lesser than ‘B’, ‘C’ is greater than ‘D’, ‘D’ is turn in
lesser than ‘E’.
(Or) The result of this present study is resembled to some extend of Raunkiaer’s life-
form frequency class.
2.
3.
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7.
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10.
Ex. No. 2 Ecological sampling methods – Line Transect
Aim:
To determine the frequency, abundance and density of the plant species in the
community by Line Transect method.
Principle:
Requirements:
Procedure:
A transect line can be made using a nylon rope marked and numbered at 1m
intervals, all the along its length. Lay down quadrats of 1m size in a continuous line.
5-10 quadrats are randomly placed in the study area. The species touching the line
may be recorded along the whole length of the line (continuous sampling). Then,
record the numbers of species present in each quadrat and then count the number of
individuals within each species. Record the observation as shown in table.
a) Frequency (%)
This term refers to the degree of dispersion of individual species in an area and
usually expressed in terms of percentage occurrence. It was studied by sampling the
study area of several places at random and recorded the name of the species that
occurred in each sampling unit. It is calculated by the equation.
c) Density :
d) Abundance:
A 1-20%
B 21-40%
C 41-60%
D 61-80%
E 81-100%
Result / Inference:
A<B>C>D<E
‘A’ is lesser than ‘B’, ‘C’ is lesser than ‘B’, ‘C’ is greater than ‘D’, ‘D’ is turn in
lesser than ‘E’.
(Or) The result of this present study is resembled to some extend of Raunkiaer’s life-
form frequency class.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ANOTOMICAL ADAPTATION OF
Hydrophytes
Anatomical adaptations
CASUARINA-STEM