SOCIAL STUDIES WORK

ASSESSMENT SYLLABUS:
HISTORY:

1a: PERSIAN RULE UNDER THE ACHAMENID DYNASTY

GEOGRAPHY:
2a: THE UNIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EARTH
2b: FEATURES AND MOVEMENTS OF EARTH AND THEIR EFFECTS

MID TERM SYLLABUS

HISTORY:
3a: INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION AND THE ARYANS
GEOGRAPHY:
4c: LAYERS OF EARTH
HISTORY:
5a: SELEUCUS AND THE MAURYANS

GEOGRAPHY:
6a: WEATHERING AND EROSION
CHAPTER 1(A): PERSIAN RULE UNDER THE
ACHAEMENID DYNASTY
SLO a.1.1
Explain the pattern of government and life style of Darius rule
and trade and culture of Gandhara civilization.
GOVERNMENT AND LIFESTYLE OF DARIUS:
 Darius is known to be ruler who was strict but fair.
 He divided his empire into provinces called satrapies.
 He introduces many reforms.
 Constructing the Royal road was one of his great achievements.
 He was a religious man and popularized the teaching of Zoroaster.

TRADE AND CULTURE OF GANDHARA CIVILIZATION:

 The area known as Gandhara, become an important trading and cultural center under the Persians.
 It was on the major trade route between the ‘east’ and ‘west’.
 It flourished because of trade, learning and the exchange of ideas.
 Gandhara Civilization become melting pot for different cultures.

CONTENT REVIEW:
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Name the three main cities of Gandhara under Persian rule.
2. What made Gandhara an important state?
3. How did Persian rule on the subcontinent come to an end?

 FILL IN THE BLANKS TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES BELOW:

1. The Achaemenid Dynasty was founded by .
2. The Capital of Gandhara was .
3. Darius divided his empire into provinces called .
CLASS: VI HISTORY
CHAPTER: PERSIAN RULE UNDER THE ACHAEMENID
DYNASTY WORKSHEET: 1
1. What is a satrap?
a) A governor who ruled a province under Darius
b) A kind of trap used by the ancient Persians to catch people
c) A kind of artwork that came from Persia
d) A long road that was in Persia
2. What was the Royal Road?
a) A road that only a king could use
b) A road that stretched from Sothern India and helped connect all of Persia
c) A road that Darius paid for himself
d) The most beautiful road in all of Persia
3. The area which includes eastern Afghanistan, the valley of Peshawar and north west Pakistan is known as
a) Persepolis
b) Gandhara
c) Babylon
d) Mecedonia
4. It became an important centre for learning and was a ‘melting pot’ for eastern and western cultures was
a) Kashmir
b) Peshawar
c) Charsadda
d) Taxila
NASRA SCHOOL
CLASS:VI
HISTORY
CHAPTER: PERSIAN RULE UNDER THE ACHAEMENID DYNASTY

WORKSHEET: 2
1. Where is Gandhara located in Pakistan?

2. Why it is said that subcontinent became a melting pot for the different ideas from many civilizations?

3. How did Persian rule started to decline in subcontinent?

4. Who burnt the magnificent city of Persepolis?

 CHAPTER 2(A): THE UNIVERSE, THE SOLAR
SYSTEM AND THE EARTH
SLO a. 2.1
Define the solar system and its planets.
SOLAR SYSTEM:
The collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit round the sun, together
with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
PLANETS:
The solar system consist of eight planets Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

SLO a. 2.2
Discuss the gravity and centrifugal forces are useful on the Earth.
GRAVITY:
If we throw something up, it come down. This is because the Earth pulls everything
towards its center, just like a magnet. This force is called gravity.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES:
When we throw an object with force, it moves away from us in a straight line. This
is due to Centrifugal force.
HOW THESE FORCES USEFUL:
The force of gravity and the centrifugal force together strike a balance on Earth.
The Earth attempts to move in a straight line away from sun because of centrifugal
force.
Centrifugal force keeps the earth moving and gravity keeps it in its orbit.
If there was no gravity, the Earth would keep going in straight line until it lost
strength.
CONTENT
REVIEW
A: Answer the following questions:
1. When did Pluto cease to be called a planet and why?
2. How many kilometers does light travel in one year?
3. What is a galaxy?
 CHAPTER 2 (B): FEATURES AND MOVEMENT
OF THE EARTH AND THEIR EFFECTS
SLO b.2.3:
Explain the features/ agents shaping the Earth with the help of a diagram. (U)
FEATURES/AGENTS SHAPING THE EARTH:
Earth has some very unusual characteristics or features, its shape, tilt, and movements.
SHAPE:
 The Earth bulges out from the middle.
 Because of width of bulging region it receives direct sunlight, therefore it is the hottest region (the equator).
 The two poles receives little sunlight, and hence remain cold throughout the year.
TILT:
 The Earth is tilted on its axis.
 The North Pole and the South Pole do not face the Sun at the same time because of the Earth’s tilt.
 Each hemisphere will have the opposite seasons at a particular time.
MOVEMENTS:
The two main movements of the Earth are the rotation of the Earth and the revolution of the Earth.
 ROTATION: Rotation of the Earth is its turning on its axis. The Earth takes 24 hours to make one complete
rotation, this is how we get day and night.
 REVOLUTION: Revolution is the movement of the Earth around the Sun. The Earth takes a full year (365 days)
for one complete revolution. Earth's revolution is responsible for seasonal change and leap years.
SLO b.2.4:
Explain and understand how seasons are occurs through solstices and Equinoxes with the help
of diagram.
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES:
SOLSTICES:
A solstices is a period of unequal day and night.
 The longest day/ shortest night (On June 21/22 in summer)
 The shortest night longest day (On December 21/22 in winter)
EQUINOXES:
An equinoxes is a period of equal day and night; this is happens on:
 March 21/22 and
 September 22/23
 ENGLISH WORK
Unit 1: The Earth Worm and Spider
Difficult words
 Isolated
 Hazardous
 Wriggle
 Skeptical
 Insist
 Admire
 Labor
 Strand
 Discourage
 Sapphire
 Suspicious
 exquisite
SLO 2.1.3Q/A
Q1. Why was the grandfather afraid for his people?
A: the grandfather was afraid because the mountain and the river kept them isolated and one day fade away.
Q2. What prevented the villagers leaving from Koi?
A: the thinking of villagers they thought “what comes easily for earthworm and spider is not simple for human”.
Q3. What gave the grandfather the idea to build a bridge and a tunnel?
A: The earthworm and spider.
Q4. Why were some of the villagers afraid?
A: Some of the villagers were afraid of enemies coming through the bridge.
Q5. what was the meaning of the stranger’s gift?
A: To value to meet the people and make friends.
Q6. How did the narrator feel by the end of the story?
A: Narrator was excited and encouraged to depart the village and to share the fire flower.
Slo 4.1.1 Bridges and Tunnels
Bridges and tunnels are an integral part of many transportation system.
They increase the efficiency of transporting goods and people, thereby contributing the strength of
economics locally and internationally.
 Some of bridges and tunnels.
 George Washington and bridge: connects upper manhaltom and fort lee.
 Holland tunnel : connects tower Manhattan and tercy city.
 Lincoln Tunnel : connects midterm Manhattan and Weehawken.
 Bounce Bridge: connects state Island and Bayonne.
 Goethals Bridge : outer bridge crossing.
• Traffic and volume impetration.
Slo 4.1.2 Formal Letter
The Manager
Modern Restaurant,
Sector 23,
Vashi
7 July 2020
Dear Sir,
I am writing to complain about the meal we had in your restaurant yesterday. We have booked table
for “four” but when we arrived there were no free table and we had to wait for more than 45 minutes
to sit down from a menu of 12 dishes, only four dishes were available and their quality was poor.
The waiter was rude when we told him about this we have eaten in your restaurant several time in the
past but this is the first time we received such bad treatment, I’m not asking for a refund but I would
like you to improve the quality of your dishes and services.
Your faithfully,
Urooj Shabbir

Slo 5.1.1 Persuasive Letter

145 Mayview Are,
Pen vile ,24879,
24 July 2020
Mayview Are,
St WV 26794,
Dear Dad,
You know how much I love you and care about your safety. This is why in my letter to you
I want to express my feeling about your speeding whenever I am with you in the car, I feel scared that
we reach home and something bad will not happen to us or to you because of your high speed. And I
am sure you are aware of how many people lose their loved ones from car accident every year. There
are more that I am going to state to change your speeding habit in my next letter.
Your beloved daughter,
Urooj Shabbir
 Unit 2 Overcoming Earth Obstacles

Skills Slo’s date T.Sign

Reading 2.2.1 skim the text for

interpretation and spelling

Language 3.2.1 recall all the

indefinite/continuous tenses
in details.

writing 4.2.1 compose a short

paragraph when you did
achieve something(unit2
pg#17, wkbk)
WORDS PARTS OF MEANINGS
SPEECH

varied adjective Having many different kinds of things or

activities.
problematic adjective Causing a lot of problems or full of
problems.
overcome Verb To manage to control or defeat someone or
something.

obstacles Noun Something that makes it difficult for you to

go somewhere or do something.

situation Noun Things that are happening in a particular

place or at a particular time.

waterway noun A river in which boats and ships can travel.

beam noun A long piece of wood, metal, etc that is used

to support weight for example in the floor or
celling of a building.

spans noun The length of something from one end to the

other.

suspended verb Hanging from something.

link verb To make or suggest a connection between

two or more people or things.

Cable noun A very strong, thick rope or chain.

supports verb to carry the weight of someone or

something.
explosive noun A substance that can explode.
PARAGRAPH
Bridges and tunnels allow us to use many types of transportation to get from place to place. There are
advantages and disadvantages to each type. For instance, some kinds of transportation cost more than
others. It costs a lot of money to operate a train, but it costs very little to walk or ride a bike. Cars cost
a lot of money to run, too, because gas is so expensive. We also need to consider how many people
can be transported at the same time. Buses and trains can carry more people than motorcycles or cars,
so that makes them more efficient.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
Q1: What are three factors an engineer consider before building a bridge or tunnel?
A: Before they decide what type of bridge or tunnel to build, however they consider such factors as the
distance to be traversed, the composition of soil at the site, and what need to be transported.
Q2: An engineer wants to build a bridge for cars and train across a wide bay. Which type of bridge
should the engineer build?
A: Suspension bridge
Q3: Engineer wants to get traffic from one side of the river to other, but they are worried about
weather and the weight of vehicles. Should they build a bridge or tunnel?
A: They should build a tunnel.
LANGUAGE WORK
NOUN AND ITS KINDS
Definition:
A noun is a word that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea.
Example: Ali, Karachi, ball, kindness, girl, city,
KINDS OF NOUN:
There are five kinds of noun.
Common noun, Proper noun, Abstract noun, Concrete noun, Collective noun
1: COMMON NOUN:
A common noun names a general person, place, thing or idea. It does not refer to something specific.
E.g cat, house, shoe
2: PROPER NOUN:
A Proper noun names a specific person, place, thing or idea. It refers to a name of a noun. Feli, White
house, Nike
3: ABSTRACT NOUN:
Abstract nouns are nouns that you cannot see, hear, touch, smell or taste. They are ideas, qualities and
feelings that cannot be seen or touched.
e.g responsibility, fairness, justice, poverty
4: CONCRETE NOUN:
Concrete nouns are nouns that you can see, touch, hear, smell, or taste.
e.g gold, silver, hat,
5: COLLECTIVE NOUN:
A collective noun is a noun that represents a collection of people or things.
Example: a team (collection of players)
A fleet (collection of ships)
A class (collection of pupils)
SLO: 3.1.1 PRONOUN AND ITS KINDS
DEFINITION:
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun.
Example: Ali goes to school. He does his work daily.
In the sentence He is used in place of Ali.
He is a pronoun.
KINDS OF PRONOUN
1: Personal pronoun
2: Possessive pronoun
3: Demonstrative Pronoun
4: Indefinite pronoun
1: PERSONAL PRONOUN
A Personal pronoun is a pronoun that is related mainly to a particular person. Personal pronouns are
not limited to people and can also refer to animals and objects.

2: POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
A Possessive pronoun is a pronoun that is used to indicate possession or ownership.
Example: This pen is my pen; not your pen.
This pen is mine not yours
EXAMPLE: mine, yours , his hers, theirs
3: DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
Demonstrative pronouns are used to show or identify one or a number of nouns that may be far or near
in distance or time.
They are only four in number.
THIS, THAT, (SINGULAR)
THESE, THOSE (PLURAL)
1: This house is old but solid.
2: Is that greenhouse yours?
3: We bought these candles for our wedding anniversary.
4: Those children can speak French in their school.

4: INDEFINITE PRONOUN
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place or thing.
Example:
1: Does anyone know the story of Midas?
2: Anything is possible if you believe.
3: Everything is going as planned.
4: Nobody else offered to go out.
Everybody, Someone, Somebody, Nothing, Something are indefinite pronoun.
SINDHI WORK
 MATHS WORK
CHAPTER NO 3 : FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Slo No: 3.1.1

Distinguish between factors and multiples.

FACTORS:
• A fector is a number that leaves no remainder after it divides the specific number.
• Factors of a number are finite.
Example:
Factor of 15 = 1,3,5,15
MULTIPLES:
• Multiples is a number obtained by multiplying a given number of another.
• Multiples are infinite.
Example:

2×4=8

8 is a multiple of 2 & 4.

Now find the multiple of 2,5,9,10.

Now we find the factors of 2,5,9,10

2= {1,2} 2 factors
5= {1,5} 2 factors
9= {1,3,9} 3 factors
10= {1,2,5,10} 4 factors
HOME TASK

Q:Find factors and multiples of.

6,12,14
Slo No: 3.2.1

Factorize a number into its prime factors and recognize index notation and Express factors of a given number in Index notation.

Question no 1: write the factors of a given number in index notation?

HOME TASK :-

Question no1: find the prime factors of the following numbers?

a: 36

b: 64

c: 225

Question no2: write the following in index notation?

a:2×2×2×3×3×5

b:3×5×5×7×7

c:2×2×3×3×3×2×2×5x5

Slo No:3.2.2
HCF by prime factorization.
HCF Mean :
HCF mean highest common Factor.

Question: write HCF of the following by prime factorization?

HOME TASK

Question: find the HCF of these numbers by prime factorization and Express in index form ?

1. 24,60 & 84

2. 180,240 & 270

Slo:3.2.3
LCM by prime factorization:
LCM stand for lowest common multiple.
Question: find LCM of the following by prime factorization?,
SLO:3.1.1:- problem related by LCM

Question no 4: find the least number which when divided by 15,20 and 25 leaves respectively 14,19 and 24 as a reminders
. Question no 5: Three bells rings at an interval of 15 30 and 60 minutes respectively if they started ringing simultaneously. Find
when these will ring together again.

HOME TASK:-
Question no 1: what is the shortest length which can be divided into 4 cm,8 cm or 2 CM without
reminder?
Question no 2: find the least number of cake which can be divided among 48, 84 ,32 children?

Slo No:3.1.1
Word problem related to HCF.
Question no 1: find the largest whole number which is a factor of both 42 and 98?
Question no 2: Asad want to cover a floor measuring 90 cm by 120 cm with the tiles. Find the largest possible length of each
tile?

Question no 3: what is the largest number that divides both of 55 and 73 leaving remainder 7 and 9 respectively ?

• Question no 4: The ribbons of length 80cm, 192 cm and 120 CM respectively are to be cut into a number of equal
pieces. Find the greatest possible length of each piece ?
HOME TASK
 CHAPTER NO 8 : INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRA
• SLO: 8.2.1
Define and classify algebraic expression.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION: -

Algebraic expression is a mathematical phrase that can contain ordinary numbers, variables and operators like (×, ÷, -, +)
Example: -

2a + b – 3c

3y – 2

Question no 1:-Write the type of following polynomial?

1: 2abc. 4: 2ab + b – c + 1

2: -xy + 2z²

3: 6a/b – c² + 2bc

• SLO:8.2.2
• Classify algebraic expression according to
number of terms ,variable, degree
,Exponent.
Question#1: find the degree of the following expression:

• 1_ 8a+ 6

• 2_ 4x²- 3x + 2

• 3_ 4p²q²+ 3pq²+ 4q⁶

HOME TASK
Question no 1: write the degree of the following expression?

• 3a² + 6a - 3

• 9x²y - 5x³y² + x

• 4m⁴ + 3m + 2m

• -9a⁶y + 3a⁴y² + z²

SLO NO: 8.2.3 :Arrange in ascending and descending order.

Ascending Order:- Descending Order:-
Example:-

Write 7a²+5a³+4-3a first in Descending Order then in Ascending Order.

Solution: -

5a³+7a²-3a+4 ( Descending Order)

4-3a+7a²+5a³ ( Ascending Order)

Question: - arrange the term of the following expression first in descending order then in ascending order?

1- 3x²-4x³+3x⁵+7

2- 3a+7a²+2+6a³

3- Write 3xy²-6x²y+x³+y³ descending and ascending order with respect to x.

Solution:-

X³-6x²y+3xy²+y³ (Descending Order)

y³+3xy²-6x²y+x³ (Ascending Order)

1-Question:-arrange the falling first in descending order then in ascending order with respect to variable x.

1- y³+x³+3xy²+3x²y

2: -3x²y+2x⁵y⁶-8x³y⁴+5x²-5xy³

• HOME TASK
Question no 1:-arrange the terms of the falling explosion first in descending order then in ascending order?

1: m+m⁴-m²-5m³+9

2: a⁸-3a⁴+4a³+3a⁵-2a

Question no 2:-I didn’t fall in first in descending already then in a sending order with respect to variable x:-

1: x⁵y²-5x²y⁵-3xy+2x³y³

2: x⁶-y⁶-2x⁴y²+3x²y⁴

• Slo No: 8.3.1 : Additions of algebraic expression by horizontally method.

CHANGE ON NO:-

. +3 – 2 = 1

-4 + 2 = -2

-5 – 2 = -7

+2 + 2 = 4
 Add 3a And 4a. Add 2x + 4y And 6x + 5y

Solve:- Solve:-

= 3a + 4a. = (2x + 4y) + (6x + 5y)

= (3 + 4)a. = (2 + 6)x + (4 + 5)y

= 7a. = 8x + 9y

Q.1: add the following expression by horizontal method?

1: 3c + 5d And 4c – 6d

2: 8x + 9y + 9z² And 5x – 8y – 4z
HOME TASK

SCIENCE WORK
Biology

Chapter # 1: Living
organisms Chemistry
Chapter# 2: Elements, mixtures and compounds
Physics
Chapter# 3: Work and machine
Biology
Chapter 1: Living Organisms
SLO OBJECTIVE
1.1.1 Define cell is the basic unit of living organisms
1.1.2 Differentiate between unicellular & multi-cellular organisms
1.1.3 Describe the structure of cell and their function on the basis of cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm
1.2.1 Define cell organelles
1.2.2 Describe the location and function of cell organelles
1.3.1 Draw neat and labeled diagram of plant and animal cell
1.3.2 Differentiate between animal and plant cell
1.4.1 Define tissue and name the plant and animal tissue
1.5.1 Define organ and name some common organs in plants and animals
1.6.1 Define organ system
1.6.2 Identify the organ system in plants
1.6.3 Explain the root and shoot system in plants

SLOs
1.1.1 Define cell is the basic unit of living organisms.

Cell is the basic unit of life:

Cell are living things that feed, reproduce and respond or react to their surroundings. Some living
things are made up of one cell called (UNICELLULAR) but human body there are millions of cells
called (MULTICELLULAR).Cells are the building blocks of all living things.
1.1.2 Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms
Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms

1. Unicellular organisms are 1. Multicellular organisms are

organisms that have one cell. organisms with more than one cell.
2. It can be visible under the 2. It can be visible with naked eyes.
microscope only. For example:
 For example: Human being, plants, animals, birds,
Amoeba, paramecium, yeast. and insects.

1.1.3 Describe the structure of cell and their function on the basis of nucleus,
cytoplasm and cell membrane.
Structure of cell on basis of nucleus, cytoplasm & cell membrane:
All cells have the same basic structure. All cells have a round or oval shaped nucleus surrounding by the
cytoplasm and enclosed within a very thin layer called cell membrane.
1.2.1 Define cell
organelles Cell organelles:
Organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. They are often
enclosed by their own membrane.
1.2.2 Describe the location and function of cell organelles.
Location & function of cell organelles:
The cytoplasm of the cell contains tiny living structure called organelles which perform many
important functions. The cell organelles are:
Mitochondria which are elongated organelle helps in respiration.
Golgi bodies make special secretions
Chloroplasts in plants cells trap the sunlight needed for photosynthesis.
Vacuole is a space filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
1.3.1 Draw neat and labeled diagram of plant and animal cell
Structure of animal and plant cell:
1.3.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL & PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Animal cells do not have a cell wall Plant cells have a cell wall
or chloroplasts. or chloroplasts.
Animal cells are round and irregular in Plant cells are rectangular and have a
shape. fixed shape.
Animal cells have one or more small Plant cells have only one big vacuole.
vacuoles.

1.4.1 Define tissue and name the animal and plant tissue.
TISSUES
A group of similar cells which are specialized to perform a particular function is called tissue
Animals have four types of tissues:
i. Muscular tissues
ii. epithelial tissues
iii. connective tissues
iv. nervous tissues
Plants have three types of tissue:
I. Dermal tissues
II. Ground tissues
III. Vascular tissues.
1.5.1 Define organ and name some common organs in plants and animals.
Organ
An organ is a group of tissues in a living organism that has a specific form and function.
Plants have following organs:
Stem
Root
Leaves
Flower
Animal have following organs:
Brain
Lungs
Liver
 Heart
Kidneys
1.6.1 Define organ system.
ORGAN SYSTEM:
When different types of tissues work together to perform a unique function, they form an organ, organs
working together form organ systems.
1.6.2 Identify the organ system in plants.
ORGAN SYSTEM IN PLANTS:
Plants are made up of organs, including roots, leaves, the stem and reproductive
organs. Each organ has its own functions.
A plant has two organ systems:
1) The shoot system
2) The root system

Chemistry
Chapter: ELEMENTS, MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
OBJECTIVE

Describe atoms and subatomic particles

2.1.1 electron proton & neutron
2.2.1 Define atomic number and mass number

Explain the method of expressing atomic

2.2.2 number and mass number in atom
2.2.3 Explain distribution of electrons in an atom
2.3.1 Define element

2.3.2 Differentiate between metal and non-metal

2.4.1 Explain mixture and its type
2.5.1 Define solute, solvent and solution
Differentiate between soluble and insoluble
2.5.2 solution
SLOs
2.1.1 Describe atoms and subatomic particles electron proton & neutron.
ATOMS:
Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes
from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things
in the universe and could not be divided.
Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, also known as “subatomic particles”.
ELECTRONS: The electron is a negatively charged particle that spins
around the outside of the nucleus.
PROTONS: The proton is a positively charged particle that is located at the
center of the atom in the nucleus.
NEUTRONS: The neutron doesn't have any charge. The number of neutrons
affects the mass and the radioactivity of the atom.

2.2.1 Define atomic number and mass number.

ATOMIC NUMBER:
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its atomic number. For example:
An oxygen atom has eight protons so its atomic number is 8.
MASS NUMBER:
The sum of number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom is called its mass number.
For example:
CARBON has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus, giving it a mass number of 12.
2.2.2 Explain the method of expressing atomic number and mass number in atom.
This represents a carbon atom in which the atomic number is 6 and mass number is 12.

2.2.3
Explain the distribution of electrons in an atom.
Electrons in an atom revolves around the nucleus in definite paths called
ORBITS or SHELLS. Namely K, L, M, N.
The number of electron in k shell is 2, in L Shell 8, in M shell 18, and
soon….
For example:
Sodium has 11 electrons. The distribution of electron is: 2 electron in
K
8 electron in L
1electron in Outermost shell, M.

2.3.1 Define elements

ELEMENTS:
An element is a substance that is made up of atoms of the same kind. For example, carbon is an
element made up of carbon atoms, oxygen is made up of oxygen atoms.
Elements can be divided into two groups’ metals and non-metals.
2.3.2 Differentiate between metal and non-metal
 2.5.1 :
Define solution, solute
and solvent? Solution:
 A solution is a mixture in which a solid is dissolved in a liquid.

Solute:
 The solid is called the solute and the solute is in less quantity in solution.

Solvent:
The liquid is called the solvent and the solvent is in largest amount in solution.

2.5.2 Differentiate between soluble and insoluble solution.

Soluble solution Insoluble solution

A soluble solution is a liquid that is An insoluble solution is a liquid

able to dissolve another material, that is not able to dissolve
which is known as the solute. another material, which is
known as the solute.

Sugar and salt are examples Some examples include: sand,

of soluble substances. fats, wood, metals, and plastic.
When we put them in water
and try to mix them, they will
not dissolve.
Physics Chapter: Work and Machine
SLO OBJECTIVE
3.1.1 Define machine?
3.1.2 Describe the importance of simple machine?
Explain the occurrence of effort, work and
3.1.3 power?
3.2.1 Define simple machine?
3.2.2 Recognize the types of simple machines?
3.3.1 Describe lever and its components?
3.3.2 Compare the three classes of lever?
3.3.3 Explain the mechanism of inclined plane?
3.3.5 Describe the structure and function of a screw?
3.3.6 Explain the mechanism of axle and wheel?
3.3.7 Explain the working and structure of a pulley?

3.1.1 : Define machine?

Machine: A device which help us to do our work easily in short period of time, is said to be machine.
For Example:
• A car helps us to travel long distance in a short period of time.
• A computer makes our project easy in very short period of time.
3.1.2: Describe the importance of simple machine?
Importance of Machine:
 Machines are necessary in our life, because our society needs them.
 The main purpose of machine is to save our time.
 It cannot work on their own.
 They need some kind of energy to function.
 These are three kinds of energy used by machine.
 Chemical energy.
 Electrical energy.
 Mechanical energy.
 When the machine works, the parts inside it, heat up. Some energy is changed into heat and rest will
be used in doing work.
3.1.3 : Explain the occurrence of effort, work and power?
Occurrence of effort, work and power:
The amount of work that a machine can hold depends on:
 The amount of effort that is applied and
 The amount of work done by a machine during a certain period of time.
 It is the power of that machine.
For example:
 If a person pushes a car, he will be able to push it slowly and over a short
distance,
 But if two or more people push the same car, they will be able to push it
further and faster.
3.2.1 : Define simple machine?
SIMPLE MACHINE:
A simple machine is a mechanical device that helps to make work easier to prepare. It also
helps to work faster and more efficiently.
3.2.2 : Recognize the types of simple machines?
Types of Simple Machine:
These are the six types of simple machine.
1.LEVER:
A lever is a board or a bar that rests on a turning point the called the fulcrum.
The object that lever moves is called the load. 2.
INCLINED PLANE:
An inclined plane is a slopping surface which makes it easier to move a weight from a lower to a
higher elevation.
3. WEDGE:
A wedge is a simple machine which changes the direction of a force as well as increasing it.
4. SCREW:
A screw is a simple machine which is used to hold two things together. 5. WHEEL:
The wheel and axle is a machine consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts
rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other.
3.3.1 : Describe lever and its components?
• LEVER:
• A lever is a rigid object that is used an axis to either
multiply the mechanical force (effort) or resistance force
(load) applied to it.
Components of a lever:
Fulcrum: A lever is a board or a bar that rests on a turning point is called fulcrum.
Load: The object that the lever moves is called the load.
Effort: A force exerted by a machine or in a process is called
effort. 3.3.2: Compare the three classes of lever?
Classes of lever:
These are the three
classes of lever. First
Class:
Load – Fulcrum – Effort
A downward effort results in an upward
movement. For Example: Scissors, Spoon,
screw driver, see-saw Second Class:
Effort – Load – Fulcrum
It does not change the direction of the force, but it increases the
force. For Example:
Nut-crackers, wheel barrow, bottle opener.
Third Class:
Load – Effort – Fulcrum
It does not change the direction of force, but it always produces a gain in speed
and distance and a decrease in force.
Third Class:
Load – Effort – Fulcrum
It does not change the direction of force, but it always produces a gain in speed
and distance and a decrease in force.
3.3.3 : Explain the mechanism
of inclined plane? Inclined
Plane:
 An inclined plane is a slopping surface which makes
it easier to move a weight from a lower to a higher
direction.
 It has a flat surface that is higher at one end.
 An inclined plane makes it easier to move.
 Things less energy and force are needed to move the object.
 URDU COPY
WORK CLASS 6