pages 30 and 31

3.1 Settlement location factors

Villages, towns and cities are all settlements. The original site of a settlement was
chosen because of certain location factors. These could include relief, soil, water
supply and resources.

Q
1 Join each location factor to the correct picture. One has been done for you.

Shelter and aspect Food supplies

A site safe from flooding

and away from marshy
areas.

Stone, wood and clay

Bridging point were to be found nearby. Dry point

There was land for

rearing animals and
growing crops.
A place where the river
was shallow and narrow
enough to enable
a bridge to be built.
Wet point A good defensive site Building materials
would be within a river
bend or on a hill.

A place needed shelter

from the prevailing
south-westerly and cold
northerly winds.
A settlement needed to
be close to a reliable
Defence source of fresh water. A fuel supply

Fuel for heating and

cooking could be found.

Q
2 Complete the grid using words from the Wordbox.

Wordbox
L
O • dry point
• defence materials
building
C • wet point
A • shelter and aspect
• bridging point
T • food supplies
I • fuel supply
•
O
N

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 30 and 31

3.2 Site and situation

Early sites for settlements were chosen because of natural advantages such as good water
supply, dry land, defence, shelter, farmland and building materials.

Q
1 Cut out the dominoes below and study the key words written on them.

Q
2 Working in pairs, place all the dominoes in a straight line, matching the correct terms.

Q
3 In order to put a domino down, you will need to explain to your partner the link
between the words. There is only one correct order!

Good views from a

START hilltop give you Needed for fires for
warning if you are warmth and to cook
about to be attacked. on.

Protection. Building materials. Plenty of water.

Wood or stone Easier to build on, for

Site must not flood or needed. Useful to be growing crops and
be marshy. near a wood or rocky travelling to other
hillside. towns.

Flat land. Supply of wood. Rivers.

Needed for drinking,

cooking and washing.
Water might come
from a river, a spring
or a well.
Easy to cross either
on foot at a ford or
by a bridge.
A south-facing slope
will have more sun
and will be protected
from the cold north
wind.

Not too much water. Shelter. FINISH

Extra Stick the dominoes in your book or file in the correct order.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 30 and 31

3.3 Siting a settlement

You have to choose a site for settlement in the area of land shown in the drawing. Look
carefully at the places labelled A to E, and work out the advantages and disadvantages of
each site.
Edge of river terrace Outcrops of bare rock

Shallow crossing point D N

Moorland and
C rough grazing
Spring
Woodland

Marsh on
flat flood E
plain
Gap through hills
A
Areas of deeper and
more fertile soil
B Moorland and
Spring rough grazing
Areas of deeper and
more fertile soil
Gently sloping land
River

Solid bedrock

The table lists important factors to think about before choosing the best site.

Q
1 Complete the table for each possible site. Give a score of 0 to 4 for each factor for each site.
4 = excellent
3 = very good
2 = good but has faults
1 = poor and only just acceptable
0 = unsatisfactory

Factors Site A Site B Site C Site D Site E

Water
Crop land
Grazing land
Fuel
Building materials
Defence
Flat land that does not flood

Q
2 Which do you think is the best site? Give reasons for your choice.

1 Write a paragraph to describe the location of your chosen site.

Extras
2 What would be the main problems of living at this site?

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 32 and 33

3.4 Types of settlement

Isolated farms, hamlets, villages and small market towns are found in the countryside. They
are all rural settlements. Urban settlements are usually much larger and include towns,
cities and conurbations. A conurbation is a large built-up area where towns and cities have
joined together.

Q
1 Use the underlined words to complete this diagram. It has been started for you.

RURAL
(countryside) (towns)

Larger
industrial (and/or
capital city)

Small market
town

A settlement pattern is the shape of the settlement.

• AA dispersed settlement is spread out.

•grouped
nucleated settlement has houses
together.
• A linear settlement has houses in a line.
B 4040
A151

Q
2 Look at settlements A, B and C on the map.

___ is a dispersed settlement. B

___ is a nucleated settlement.
___ is a linear settlement. C

Q
3 Copy the map and label it. Write a definition for each kind of settlement. Use pages 32 and 33
of the pupils’ book.

London became a big city because its site had many natural advantages. Find out what
Extra
these advantages were.
The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 32 and 33

3.5 Settlement functions

Settlements are places that are useful to people. They provide jobs, shops, offices,
entertainments and other services. These are called the functions of a settlement.

Q
1 Choose words from the Wordbox to complete the grid.

MA I N F UN C T I ON S
U
N
C
T
Wordbox
I
O • resort • capital
N • industrial • university
• port •townresidential
S • market • religious

Q
2 Write in the table the main function of these four towns.

Town Main function

Ships come in here. Their cargoes are loaded
and unloaded.
There is a large open space in the centre.
People come here to buy and sell goods.
There are many factories where raw
materials are made into goods for sale.
This town is by the sea. There are many
hotels and places of entertainment near
the sea front.

Extras 1 Work out what the main functions are of the

settlement where you live.
On a large piece of paper, design a poster
describing these functions.
• Try to include a map, sketches and photos.
• Make the poster colourful and interesting.
• You might even use photos and
information from tourist brochures.
2 Think about where you live.
• What changes have you noticed in the
settlement where you live?
• Has anything that used to be there
disappeared?
• Has anything new arrived?
• Why has your settlement changed?

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 34 and 35

3.6 Hierarchies
Settlements found in any given area will vary in size and function. These settlements can be
arranged in order of importance to give a hierarchy. The range and number of services
provided by settlements can determine their order of importance in the hierarchy.

Q
1 Below is a list of services to do with settlement hierarchy. Enter the number for each
service in the best place on the Venn diagram below. Services that apply to more than
one type of settlement should be placed in the overlapping sections.

1 Post office 11 Cathedral 21 Bus station

2 Small junior school 12 Optician 22 Church
3 Museum 13 Large shopping complex 23 Shop for daily goods
4 Small football team 14 Jewellers 24 Supermarket
5 Large hospital/casualty 15 Doctor 25 Dentist
6 Public houses 16 Several shops 26 Bank
7 Large railway station 17 Churches 27 Small hospital
8 Large football team 18 Vet 28 Secondary school
9 Sub-post office 19 Village pub 29 Bus stop
10 Shopping centre 20 University 30 Banks and building societies
____________________ _____________________ __________________
____________________ _____________________

Settlement hierarchy
Village Large town

Capital city

Q
2 Add five more services to the list and to the Venn diagram.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 38 and 39

3.7 Urban land use models

Q
1 Cut out the dominoes below and study the key words written on them.

Q
2 Working in pairs, place all the dominoes in a straight line, matching the correct terms.

Q
3 In order to put a domino down, you will need to explain to your partner the link
between the words. There is only one correct order!

Houses built in the

1920s and 1930s. Factories. START

Residential. Open space. Commerce.

Shops, offices, banks Factories and terraced

and restaurants. housing. Flats and houses.

Modern houses and Industry. CBD.

council estates.

Shops and offices. Outer suburbs. Parks.

Inner city. FINISH Inner suburbs.

Extra Stick the dominoes in your book or file in the correct order.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 38 and 39

3.8 Land use in the city

Towns and cities provide people with shops and offices, industry, housing and open space.
The location of these functions is related to three main factors:

Age
Land values and space Accessibility Is the old, crowded
How expensive is the land? Who needs to get to us? area OK for us?
Can we afford to locate there? How easy will that be? Would we be better off
in the suburbs?

Q
1 The diagram shows a city with six zones. Label the diagram using the headings from the six
label boxes.

Railw

Caanal

Industrial estates Central business district (CBD) Outer suburbs

Modern factories and shopping centres Mainly shops and offices Modern private houses and
Located on main roads Accessible location council estates
Good accessibility and parking High land values Far from city centre
Usually crowded and busy Close to countryside
Old inner city
Old terraced housing Industry Inner suburbs
Larger Victorian homes Area of transition (change) Mainly 1930s housing
Inner city redevelopment New and old industries Council and private houses
Convenient for city centre On main routes into and out of town Semi- and detached homes with gardens

Q
2 Choose a colour for each of the six zones and shade the matching boxes and zones on
the diagram.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 40 and 41

3.9 The CBD and the old inner city

Q
1 Study the photo of an inner city in the early twentieth century on page 41 of the
pupils’ book.

Q
2 Complete the Venn diagram below by sorting the following statements into the most
likely characteristics of inner city change over time. Enter the number for each
statement in the best place on the diagram. Statements that apply to both should be
placed in the overlapping section.

1 Not much open space. 19 Narrow, unplanned streets.

2 Old railway line has been closed. 20 Lots of corner shops.
3 Smoky chimneys. 21 Houses cleared away and more grass
and trees.
4 Factory has stopped pumping waste
into the canal. 22 Fish in the canal.
5 Noisy and dirty with all the trains and 23 Workers walk to work.
the smoke from the factory.
24 Children share bedroom in small
6 Canal is much cleaner. houses.
7 Canal used for moving goods. 25 New dual carriageway.
8 Road congestion. 26 Few jobs outside of working in the mill.
9 Large factories powered by coal. 27 High-rise flats.
10 Rows of terraced houses. 28 Government grants for inner city
redevelopment.
11 Waste pumped straight from factory
into river. 29 Old narrow roads often congested.
12 Terraced houses knocked down. 30 Tourists using the canal.
13 Old railway and wasteland landscaped. 31 Children play in the streets.
14 Strong sense of ‘community spirit’. 32 Old buildings adapted to new machines
and new industrial processes.
15 Inner city houses improved with
bathrooms and kitchens. 33 Cheap houses for poorly paid workers.
16 Old houses have become student flats. 34 Railways helped movement of heavy
goods.
17 New workshops for small new
industries. 35 Derelict land.
18 Luxury apartments overlooking canal. 36 Houses old, run down and some
vandalised.

Inner city
Industry in the 1920s redevelopment: 2005

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 42 and 43

3.10 The rural–urban fringe

Urban and rural areas are often very different. There are also similarities between these two
areas, especially at the rural–urban fringe.

Q
1 The statements below are perceptions of urban and rural areas. They might apply to
urban areas, rural areas or the rural–urban fringe.

Q
2 Sort the statements into two groups according to which you think most likely to be
found in urban and rural areas. On the Venn diagram below, place the number of each
statement in the appropriate place.

Q
3 Some features are found in the area where the countryside and the town merge. This
is called the rural–urban fringe. These features should be placed in the overlapping
sector.

1 Open space – countryside and gardens. 13 Modern shops.

2 Cleaner air. 14 Interesting architecture and history.
3 Lots of jobs with higher pay. 15 Near to bus and railway routes.
4 Attractive scenery. 16 Close to by-passes and motorway
5 Not much traffic. interchanges.
6 Near to schools, hospitals and shops. 17 Quiet and peaceful.
7 Good transport between places. 18 No public transport.
8 Better community spirit. 19 Rents are quite cheap.
9 Lots of entertainment, pubs, cinemas and discos. 20 Dirty, e.g. litter.
10 Lots of space for car parking. 21 Very noisy.
11 Traffic congestion. 22 Dangerous.
12 Good public transport. 23 Nothing to do.

The rural–urban fringe

Urban areas Rural areas

Extra Add three more features to the list and Venn diagram.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 44 and 45

3.11a Residential environments

Q
1 Look carefully at the four sketches of different types of settlement on Worksheet 3.11b.

Q
2 In which sketch are you most likely to find the features listed in the table below? Enter
A, B, C or D opposite each feature.

Feature Sketch Feature Sketch

Very few houses. Large, modern private houses and
council estates.
A bus service into the city. Old terraced housing.
Home owners gardening at The oldest buildings, modern office blocks
weekends. and shops.
Noisy neighbours. Derelict buildings and disused warehouses.
Inner centre redevelopment. Houses with bay windows.
Schools with good examination Houses with garages and front and back
results. gardens.
A corner shop open late at night. Crowds and busy streets.
Small shopping parades. Houses built in the 1920s and 1930s.
A sub-post office and newsagent. A new supermarket opening soon.
New roofs on old houses. A small chain store.
High-rise flats. Tree-lined roads.
Restaurants, cafés, museums, Cul-de-sacs.
cinemas and entertainment.
Rows of terraced housing. Limited car parking.
Old people and families with A butcher.
young children.
Empty homes in need of A chemist.
renovation.
A good community feeling. A hairdresser.
Parking meters. A garden centre.
Semi- and detached homes with Areas of open space.
gardens.
Council and private houses. Vandalism, litter and crime.
Cars parked in garages. New shopping centres.
Double-glazing to reduce traffic New, modern industrial estates and
noise. business parks.
Pensioners who have lived in the Houses with burglar alarms and window
same house all their life. locks.
The most expensive land. Children playing outside in the street.
New neighbours to the area.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005
 pages 44 and 45

3.11b Residential environments

A Old inner city area B Inner city redevelopment

C Suburbia D Outer city council estate

Q
3 Choose two statements on Worksheet 3.11a that best characterise each zone. Add one
more description to each sketch to give a better picture of life in each zone.

Q
4 Think about your nearest town or city. Using your local newspaper, find adverts for
property and houses for sale in each of the following areas:

● central business district

● inner city (town)
● inner suburbs
● outer suburbs.

Cut out the adverts, then label and stick each one in your book or file.

Extra Choose one area and write a paragraph to describe it, using all the information
you have learned.

The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM, © Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005