WATERPROOFING

FOR ROOFS

​ S​UNSHINE JAYANT(18)
ADITI SINGH(25)
WATER PROOFING
Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or
water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the
ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet
environments or underwater to specified depth
There are many different waterproofing methods and materials available, including:

● Waterproofing perforated film

● Polymer membranes

● Hydrophilic rubber

● Surface waterproofing (acrylic, bitumen, silicone rubber, polyurethane mastic, etc.)

● Sprayed waterproofing materials (poly-urea, acrylic formulations, liquid rubber, etc.)

● Injected materials (polyurethane, silicate resins, cement, emulsions, etc.)

● Penetrating materials

BITUMINOUS LAYMENT IN LIQUID AND FELT FORM

WATERPROOFING FOR FLAT ROOF

1) Lime Concrete Terracing:

This system consists of laying, ramming & compaction of lime concrete to a
desired slope. Lime concrete used in this system is a mixture of hydrated
fat lime pozzolanic material (calcined clay pozzolana) and concrete
aggregate (broken burnt clay bricks or natural stone aggregate) having
maximum size 25mm. This system is suitable for new as well as old roofs.

2) Mud PhuskaTerracing:
​This method of terracing is equally suitable to hot as well as arid regions, and
is commonly used over R.C.C roofing. The work is carried out in the
following steps.
1. The R.C.C slab is cleared off dust and loose material. A layer of hot
bitumen is spread over it at the rate of 1.70 kg of bitumen per square
metre of roof surface.
2. A layer of coarse sand is immediately spread over the hot coat of
bitumen , at the rate of 0.6 m3 of sand per 100 m3 of roof surface.
3. Mud-phuska is prepared from puddle clay mixed with bhusa at the rate
of about 8 kg of bhusa per m3 of clay. A 10 cm thick layer of this
mud-phuska is applied over the sand- bitumen layer. Proper slope
(usually 1 in 40) is given in a mud-phuska layer. Alternatively , slope
may be given in the RCC slab itself.
4. The mud-phuska layer is consolidated properly. It is then plastered with
13 mm coat of mud-cow-dung ​mortar​ (3:1)
5. Tile ​bricks are laid flat on a plastered surface. The joints are grouted is
1:3 ​cement​ ​mortar

WATERPROOFING USING MUD PHUSKA

3) BRICK BAT COBA :
All existing treatment, coatings on roof slab top is to be removed and
surface cleaned by hard wire brush and washed with water. The surface
should be free from any oil, grease, dust etc. Remedial measures are
provided to all structural cracks. Expansion joints should be treated as per
standard practice.
All non-structural cracks more than 0.5 mm wide and construction joints
if any, should be cut in “V” shape, cleaned with wire brush and washed,
the cracks are then filled by polymer modified cement or mortar using
acrylic polymer, with addition cement slurry mix is spread upon cleaned
SSD roof surface. Over this 15 mm thick cement, sand mortar, 1:4
admixed, with waterproofer is laid.

BRICK BAT LAYING

On the above green mortar, a layer of brick bats, soaked overnight in

water, is laid, having an average thickness of about 110 mm, about 70
mm near rainwater pipe and 150 mm at ridge.The gaps between the
brick bats are generally kept between 15 and 20 mm. These gaps are
filled with cement sand mortar, 1:4, admixed with a waterproofer. In hot
and dry weather, the surface should be covered with wet gunny bags
immediately after finishing. Curing should start the next day and
continue for 7 days.
FINISHING LAYER

The top surface is then finished smooth with 20 mm thick cement sand
mortar, 1:4, admixed with a waterproofer. All liquid admixtures should
be mixed with the mixing water. The surface when green is marked
with 300 mm false squares. Curing is to be done by ponding.

BRICK BAT COBA

(4) Polymer modified cementitious slurry coating:

Polymer modified cementitious slurry coatings are applied over the base
Concrete. This system can be used over new as well as old roofs. This
technique of water proofing is the latest development in the field of
waterproofing. Polymer imparts significant improvement in
impermeability. Polymer modified cementitious slurry has a coefficient
of expansion very similar to concrete thereby it does not get cracked
due to thermal variation of concrete. Polymer modified cementitious
slurry coatings consist of a liquid blend and a dry blend. The liquid
blend consists of the polymer, liquid additives and clean water. Dry
blend consists of locally available Portland cement and aggregates.
These blends are mixed in a specified ratio generally 2:1 (cement:
polymer) by weight and applied by brush on a prepared clean surface.
Generally, two coats are provided. However, manufacturer's
recommendations should be followed in this regard. To impart more
flexibility, it is desirable to use some reinforcement like fiberglass cloth
sandwiched between two coats. This coating should be covered by
screed concrete to protect it against physical damage

.
(5) Waterproofing using Polymer modified Bituminous
Membrane:

Addition of polymer in bitumen improves its workability characteristics,

penetration and softening behaviour, tensile and fatigue properties and
capacity to bridge movement of cracks / joints in the substrate.
Non-woven fiberglass mat and non-woven polyester mat are generally
used as reinforcement to improve their characteristics like lap joint
strength, tensile strength and flexibility. Polymer modified bituminous
membranes are obtained by sandwiching non woven polyester fabrics
or fiberglass mat between layers of high quality polymer modified
bituminous membranes. These membranes have high softening point,
high tensile strength, high tear & puncture resistance, high joint
strength and low water vapour transmission. This system is suitable for
new as well as old roofs.
(6) Water Proofing Treatment with APP (Atactic
Polypropylene Polymeric) Membrane:

Water proofing treatment of roofs with APP modified polymeric

membrane shall be either five course, seven course as specified in the
item. In selecting the combinations of layers of APP membrane,
consideration shall be given to the type and construction of buildings,
climate and atmospheric conditions and the degree of permanence
required. Five course treatment is a normal treatment suitable to
moderate rainfall conditions (less than 50 cm.) and seven course
treatment is suitable for heavy rainfall (50 cm and above). Seven
course treatment with APP modified polymeric membrane 2.00 mm
thick and weight 3.00 kg./sqm. to suitable for very heavy conditions of
rainfall (more than 150 cm.).

ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE POLYMERIC MEMBRANES

(7) Five Layered Water Proofing Treatment with
Atactic Polypropylene Polymer Modified
Prefabricated Membrane:

Atactic Polypropylene Polymer modified prefabricated five layer

waterproofing membrane shall be of thickness as specified. In
selecting thickness of membrane due consideration shall be given to
the type and construction of building, climate and atmospheric
condition and permanence required. 25 of 46 layered treatment 2.00
mm thick with glass fibre is with a normal duly treatment suitable for
pitched roofs. Five layered 3.00 mm thick with glass fibre matt
treatment is suitable for moderate condition of rainfall (50 to 150 mm)
and fine layered 3.00 mm thick with non-woven polyester matt
treatment is suitable for heavy condition of rainfall.

(8) Integral Waterproofing Compound for Plaster &

Concrete (Cement Based): Concrete having proper mix

design, low water – cement ratio and sound aggregate will be

impervious and needs no additives. However, resistance of concrete to
penetration of moisture can be improved by adding chemically active
water repelling agents like soda and potash soap. These admixtures
prevent water penetration of dry concrete. So far, no established track
records are available to prove life of chemical water proofing. These
products have a tendency to become brittle and crack up due to stress
in buildings, especially the thermal stresses. These products are cement,
silica or polymer based and are specially formulated and designed to
control the capillary pores. These products not only make concrete
waterproof, but also help in resisting water penetration. Admixtures
used for reducing permeability of concrete are termed integral
waterproofing Admixtures, while admixtures imparting the property of
water repellency are termed as damp proofing admixtures. These
admixtures are manufactured and marketed by a large number of
firms.
WATERPROOFING FOR SLOPPY ROOF

Waterproofing using polyethylene film:

On sloped roof surfaces, polyethylene film can be laid. This system is

suitable for new as well as old construction. This treatment generally
consists of application of following courses:

i) A coat of bitumen primer applied to the prepared surface at the rate of

0.3 to 0.5 kg/m2 .

ii) Application of hot applied bitumen (straight run bitumen) at the rate of
0.70 kg/m2 minimum.

iii) Laying of polyethylene film with cold cutback adhesive in overlaps.

iv) Laying of 100 gm brown kraft paper laminated in situ over the film with a
semi hot layer of straight run bitumen.

v) Application of semi hot applied bitumen at the rate of 0.7 kg/m2 dusted
with fine sand.

vi) Laying of finishing layer of tiles or Indian Patent Stones i.e. 1:2:4
cement concrete with 10mm down aggregate or cement concrete.
Timber Roofs, Sloping :
1. The underlay or first layer of coated felt shall be secured by nails spaced
at 100 to 150 mm centres along overlaps and at 20 mm from the
exposed edges. In case of struck on treatment, the felt shall be bonded
with the timber roof in the same manner as in the case of masonry roof
but with nailing strips and back nailing.
2. Where required additional nailing may be provided midway between
overlaps at 150 mm centres.
3. The second and subsequent layers of felt shali are then applied with hot
bonding materials in the manner described for concrete and masonry
roofs.
4. In the case of a gabled roof, one single strip of felt shall cover from gutter
to gutter, over the ridge. If the treatment consists of one layer of felt only,
as in normal treatment, an additional layer of felt shall be provided at the
ridge which shall cover a length of slope of 250 mm on both sides of the
ridge.
5. Flashings If the parapet is of masonry construction, the flashing shall be
treated in the same way as in.
6. In case the roof butts against a vertical timber wall, the flashings shall be
continuously bonded down over the felt turn up and angle fillet. Joints in
the felt flashings shall be lapped 100 mm and sealed. The upper end of
the flashing shall be firmly secured to the timber wall by screwing down
with a timber batten.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERPROOFING