Beaconhouse School System

North Nazimabad A-Level Branch

O- Level Cambridge

Pakistan Studies - Worksheet No. I Date: _____________________

Topic- Agriculture – Major Crops

Name: ______________________
Class/sec: X

Crops Temperature and Rainfall / Type of Soil / HYV Seeds By-products and Major Areas
months irrigation land their uses
Sowing Rainfall Soil

Harvesting Irrigation Land

Sowing Rainfall Soil

Harvesting Irrigation Land

Rice
Crops Temperature and Rainfall / Type of Soil / HYV Seeds By-products and Major Areas
months irrigation land their uses

Sowing Rainfall Soil

Cotton

Harvesting Irrigation Land

Sowing Rainfall Soil

Sugarcane

Harvesting Irrigation Land

 Beaconhouse School System
North Nazimabad A-Level Branch
O- Level Cambridge

Pakistan Studies – Handouts

Topic- Agriculture – Major Crops

Crops Temperature and Rainfall / Type of Soil / HYV Seeds By-products and Major Areas
months irrigation land their uses
Sowing Rainfall Soil
Oct-Dec Moderate Stiff loamy and Maxi Pak Chaff Sialkot
10-20 ⁰C 500mm to clay Shah Khan Used as animal Gujrat
25-30⁰C for ripening 1000mm max 95 feed, fuel, roofing Gujranwala
during growing in villages Shiekhopura
season Faisalabad
Bahawalnagar
Harvesting Irrigation Land Bhawalpur
From March in South One month Flat Noshero
From April in Punjab after sowing Undulating Nawabshah
Continues till July One month
before
harvesting
Sowing Rainfall Soil
April-June Heavy up to Loamy Irri-Pak Husk Sialkot
20⁰C -30⁰C 1270mm. Clay Basmati Gujrat
Rice-Kharif Crop

(no cold season) 2000mm is super Gujranwala

ideal Irri-6 Rechna Shiekhopura
Larkana
Harvesting Irrigation Land Badin
Oct-Nov Done Flat/ Leveled Thatta
(warm dry period for frequently. (done on
harvesting) Field is drained terraces in the
before north)
harvesting
Crops Temperature and Rainfall / Type of Soil / HYV Seeds By-products and Major Areas
months irrigation land their uses

Sowing Rainfall Soil Nayyab 78 Cotton seeds Sahiwal

Apirl –May 1000mm with Medium loam B-557 Khanewal
25 - 35 sunny period Sarmast Vehari
between Qalandari Bahawalnagar
Bhawalpur
Cotton

Harvesting Irrigation Land Rahim yar khan

One month Level land Multan
after sowing Nawabshah
Second Sanghar
irrigation after
two months

Sowing Rainfall Soil JN88-1to 3 Charsadda

April- May Thatta 10 Bigasse Peshawar
Plenty upto Loam Faisalabad
1520mm Clay Sahiwal
Bahawalnagar
Sugarcane

Noshero Feroz
Harvesting Irrigation Land Molasses Nawabshah
Hyderabad
Oct – Nov Badin
Separate wheat from the chaff
Prov. to separate what is useful or valuable from what is worthless. 

separate the wheat from the chaff

to choose the things or people that are of high quality from a group of mixed quality

use as building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel.

This Chinese proverb is the same as the English proverb 'what's done is done' or 'Let bygones be bygones'. It means that things
are too late noe to do anything about them. In this situation, it is wise to forgive and be prepared to move forwards positivley as
it's too late to change anything now. (tha rice is cooked

to protect someone too much without allowing them to be independent enough-wrap in cotton wool

"One who carries a pot of honey doesn't

envy the sugarcane farmer."
 
SOWING PERIOD OF MAJOR CROPS
 
DISTRICT WISE SOWING PERIOD OF RICE CROP IN SINDH

Sr.# Name of District Sowing Period

1. Jacobabad 15th June - 15 July

2. Shikarpur 15th June - 15 July

3. Larkana 15th June - 15 July

4. Sukkur -

5. Ghotki -

6. Khairpur -

7. N.S. Feroze -

8. Nawabshah -

9. Sanghar -

10. Mirpurkhas -

11. Hyderabad 15 April - 15th May

12. Thar -

13. Badin 15 April - 15th May

14. Thatta 15 April - 15th May

15. Dadu 15th June - 15 July

16. Karachi -

DISTRICT WISE SOWING PERIOD OF COTTON CROP IN SINDH

Sr.# Name of District Sowing Period

1. Jacobabad -

2. Shikarpur -

3. Larkana -

4. Sukkur June

5. Ghotki 15th June - 1st Week July

 6. Khairpur June

7. N.S. Feroze 15th May - 15th June

8. Nawabshah 15th May - 15th June

9. Sanghar 15th May - 15th June

10. Mirpurkhas April

11. Hyderabad May

12. Thar -

13. Badin 15 March- 15th April

14. Thatta 15 March- 15th April

15. Dadu June

16. Karachi -

DISTRICT WISE SOWING PERIOD SUGARCANE CROP IN SINDH

Sr.# Name of District Sowing Period

    Spring Autumn

1. Jacobabad -- --

2. Shikarpur -- --

3. Larkana -- --

4. Sukkur Feb - March Aug - Oct

5. Ghotki Feb - March Aug - Oct

6. Khairpur Feb - March Aug - Oct

7. N.S. Feroze Feb - March Aug - Oct

8. Nawabshah Feb - March Aug - Septt

9. Sanghar February Aug - Septt

10. Mirpurkhas Jan - Feb Aug - Septt

11. Hyderabad Jan - Feb --

12. Thar -- --

13. Badin Feb - March Aug - Septt

14. Thatta Feb - March Aug - Septt

 15. Dadu March October

16. Karachi -- --

DISTRICT WISE SOWING PERIOD OF WHEAT CROP IN SINDH

Sr.# Name of District Sowing Period

1. Jacobabad 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

2. Shikarpur 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

3. Larkana 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

4. Sukkur 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

5. Ghotki 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

6. Khairpur 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

7. N.S. Feroze 7th Nov. - 30th Dec.

8. Nawabshah 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

9. Sanghar 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

10. Mirpurkhas 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

11. Hyderabad 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

12. Thar 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

13. Badin 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

14. Thatta 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

15. Dadu 1st Nov. - 20th Nov.

16. Karachi --

SOWING DATES

WHEAT

The best time of sowing for early planting varieties

is from 1st November to 20th November where as
South Sindh:
for late planting varieties is 21st November to 15th
December

North Sindh: For early planting varieties 10th November to 30th

November and for late planting variety 20th
 November.

Harvesting Date  

South Sindh Full month of March

North Sindh Full month of May

RICE

DR 82 is sown from 15th may to 30th June. IR from

20th April to 10th June, SADA HAYAT from 20th
April to 10th June and Lateefy from 15th may to
NURSERY SOWING
20th June. In North Sindh DR 82 from 2oth may to
30th June, IR 6 from 1st May to 10th June and
lateefy 15th May to 20th June.

Harvesting Date

South Sindh During September to October

North Sindh During November

COTTON

Harvesting Date  

Thatta, Tharparkar
September 15th October 31
Hyderabad

Sanghar, Nawabshah 
Dadu Khairpur October 15th December 15th
Jaccobabad 

SUGARCANE

Sugarcane is planted in two seasons Spring and

Autumn. Spring planting is done from 10th February
Sowing Date
to 30th March where, Autumn planting is done
during September and October.

Harvesting Date December to February

SUNFLOWER

Autumn crop is sown during whole month of august 

Sowing Date
The spring crop is sown whole month of February.

When back of head turns yellow, harvesting should

be done by cutting only heads with sickle. Threshing
Harvesting Date
can be done by beating heads with stick or running
tractor over the heads.

SOYBEAN

Sowing Date Two crop swing in Sindh. Soybean crop is raised

 during full month of February as spring crop and full
month of June as kharif crop in South. In north
Sindh the best period of sowing spring soybean is
during 15th February to 15th March and kharif crop
from last week of June to mid July

When all the pods of crop turn yellow in colour, that

is the best time of harvesting. Crop start shattering
Harvesting Date
with in few days of maturity. Hence timely
harvesting is very necessary.

BARLEY

Sowing Date  

South Sindh 15th October to 15th November

North Sindh whole month of November

Harvesting Date End of February and continue to till April.

GRAM

Sowing Date 15th October to 30th November

Harvesting Date 15th march to 15th April

Copyrights 2005, Agriculture Department, All Rights Reserved
Site Designed,Maintained by P.M.Cell
Agricultural Crops of Pakistan
Introduction

Agricultural activities in plain areas of Pakistan are performed in two seasons.Those crops which are cultivated before the beginning of winter season and
harvested in early summer are known as “Rabi Crops”.They include wheat ,barley ,grams,oil seeds,pulses e.t.c.But those crops which are grown in the beginning
in summer and their picking or harvesting takes place in early winter are called “Kharif Crops”.These may include Rice,Sugarcane,Millets,Maize etc.The following
are the main crops cultivated in Pakistan:

Sugar Cane (Cash Crop)

Introduction

Sugar cane is an important cash crop of Pakistan.All available evidences indicate that Sugar Cane originated in Indo-Pak sub-continent.The description of sugar
cane is found in the Indian mythological literature of 1000 B.C.
It is a type of long grass “perennial” in nature.The first crop is called “plant cane” and the succeeding crops are called “Ratoon Crops”.Although it is a plant of
tropical regions but it can also be cultivated in sub-tropical areas.

Uses of Sugar Cane

Sugar cane is used for sweetening purposes.It is the most important and cheapest source of refined sugar.Gur,Alcohol and Desi Shakkar are also prepared from
Sugar cane.The left out stalk fibers (bagasse) are used in the paper industries are as fuel and cattle food.

Favourable Conditions For Its Growth

1. Temperature

Sugarcane is a crop of wet tropical lands .From eight to twenty four months elapse between 65 degree F to 85degree F. Little or no growth takes place at a
temperature below 60 degree F.Frost is very dangerous to young cane and sever frost during the period of ripening causes inversion of the sucrose.The
sugarcane needs a minimum of 250 frost free days.

2. Water
Heavy precipitation is beneficial during the early and intermediate stage of crop growth,but a dry season is desirable before harvest.It grows well in areas having
rainfall of more than 40 degree annually.It is very sensitive to dought conditions.Stagnant water is very damaging.In our country Sugarcane is cultivated in canal
irrigated areas since the rainfall is below 20″ which is not sufficient.

3.Soils

Sugarcane can be grown on a variety of soils ranging from sandy loams the heavy clays but sill loams and clay loams are most suitable.It is grown primarily on
both alluvial and red soils.The soil should contain some elements of lime,potash and nitrogen.

4.Land

The best land for sugarcane is flat or undulating and fertile with topsoil that retains moisture and sub soils that permit drainage.Therefore the main Sugarcane area
in Pakistan is located in the canal colonies of the fertile Indus valley.

Sugarcane Cultivation

In Pakistan,Sugarcane is cultivated in the spring season in the month of February or March.It is harvested in November or December .Sugarcane is included in
both Rabi and Kharif Crops.It is a “perennial ” crop.The first crop is called “plant cane” and the succeeding crops are called “ratoon crops” .Generally good yields
from ratoon crops are obtained only in one or two years.

Sugarcane Growing Areas

In Pakistan,a sub tropical continental climate milltates against the growing of thick canals.All the areas of our country are not suited to the growth of Sugarcane.It is
mostly cultivated in canal irrigated areas of Punjab,N.W.F.P and Sindh provinces.

1. Punjab

Faisalabad,Sargodha,Multan,Bahawalpur,Lahore and Gujranwala division are famouse for Sugar cane production.

2. Sindh

Hyderabad division ranks first and Sukkur division second in the production of Sugar cane .
3. N.W.F.P

Mardan and Peshawar districts are at the top and some amount of Sugar cane is also produced in the districts of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan.

Average And Production

The following table shows areas,production and yield per hectare of sugarcane during the last three years:

Period Area …………… Production ……….. Yield Per Hectare

(000 Hectares)…………….(000 Tones)………..(Tones)
1989-90 854 ………………35494……………..41.56
1990-91 884……………….35889……………..40.71
1991-92 877……………….34210……………..39.00
(provisional)

Cotton (Cash Crop)

Introduction

Cotton is considered to be the most important cash crop of Pakistan.Pakistan,ranks fifth in world cotton production.It is outstanding among vegetable,animal and
synthetic fibers,accounting for approximately one half of the all materials that are made into cloth.Besides the preparation of a number of its products ,we also earn
a large amount of foreign exchange from its export to other countries .Its importance may be estimated from the fact that it contributes 15% to the G.N.P The entire
textile industry directly or indirectly depends upon it.It provides employment to 2/3rd of industrial labour force.

Biological And Historical Reference

Cotton is also known as the “Silver Fiber” .It is a wooly fibre surrounded around the seeds of the plant the longing to genus “Gossypium”.It is known to have been
produced in the Indus plain since 3000 B.C.

Favourable Conditions For Its Growth

1. Temperature
Humid tropical and sub-tropical savanna climates are both conductive to cotton growth .At the time of cultivation it requires temperature ranging between 80
degree F to 100 degree F but at the time of picking 50 degree F to 60 degree F temperature remains sufficient.Frost or severe cold is dangerous for its growth.As
produced commercially,cotton requires a growing season of atleast 180 to 200 frost-free days.

2. Water

A minimum precipitation amount of 20″ and a maximum of 40″ per year is considered to be the optimum requirement for cotton cultivation.The annual rainfall in
Pakistan is less than 20″ which is insufficient ,so without artificial irrigation,cotton cultivation is not possible.It is for this reason that canal and tube well irrigated
areas of Sindh and Punjab are devoted to cotton cultivation.The moisture should be comparatively even throughout much of the year but retarted during the
harvesting period.

3. Soil

Cotton grows best on soils which retain moisture at their upper levels and are well drained at lower depths.Its favours alluvial soil but can do quite well on tighter
soils if sufficient moisture is present to prevent excessive compaction around the plant roots.The use of natural or artificial manure is essential to maintain the
fertility of soil.

4. Land

Sea breeze is very helpful for the production of quality cotton.For this reason low lands near the sea (Sindh areas ) are considered to be ideal situations for its
cultivation.

Cotton Cultivation

Cotton is a Kharif crop in Pakistan and is cultivated in the summer season.Sowing is mainly broadcast and begins in April in Sindh and in May or June in Punjab.In
Sindh,picking starts from August.Whereas in Punjab it begins in September or October.Cotton mostly grows in rows and the minimum distance between row to row
is kept about 11/2 feet .Similarly the minimum distance between plant to plant remain about 6″.

Cotton Growing Areas

In Pakistan cotton is grown in canal irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh and also in some parts of Baluchistan and N.W.F.P.

1. Punjab
The province of Punjab has a network of canals leading out from the mighty river Indus and draining the are. (0 % of the crop depends Bahawalpur,Dera Ghazi
Khan,Faisalabad,Sargodha,Lahore and Gujranwala constitute the cotton belt .In these areas the well-known variety of medium staple cotton is grown.A small
quantity of Desi quality cotton is allowed to be grown for domestic use.Punjab produces a surplus quantity of cotton and after meeting the local requirements the
rest of it is exported.

2. Sindh

The province of Sindh also produces a considerable amount of cotton.The canal irrigated areas of Sindh,constituting Hyderabad and Sukkur division are the main
cotton centres.Here both the American medium staple and Desi qualities of cotton are grown.Sindh also produces surplus quantity of cotton which is more than the
local requirements.

Average And Production

The following table shows area,production and yield per hectare of cotton during the last three years:

Period ………….. Area …………… Production ……………….. Yield Per Hectare

……………….(000 Hectares)……..(000 Tonnes)…………………(kg)
1989-90………….2599………………8560………………………..561
1990-91………….2662………………9628………………………..616
1991-92………….2896………………12500……………………….734
(provisional)

Exports:(min.Rs.)

1989-90 – 9550
1990-91 – 9553
1991-92 – 5916
(July to March)

Rice (Food Crop)

Importance of Rice in Pakistan

Rice holds an important position among the cash crops of Pakistan.It fulfills the food requirements of our country but we also earn a lot of foreign exchange from its
export.Besides it is an important raw material for manufacturing starch,paper ,sandals,hats,mattresses etc.grain as well as its husk is also used as fodder for
cattle.

Biological and Historical References

Rice belongs to the genus “Oxygen”,two species of which are cultavated,”Oryza Glaberrima” and “Oryza Sativa”.The former is found only in tropical west African
while the latter is found all over the rice growing areas..The exact origin of rice is not known but most of the research workers give this credit to South East
Asi.After 1468 it was introduced in Italy from where it spread to european and many other contries of the world.

Favourable Coditions For Its growth

1. Temperature

Rice is a tropical plant.it requires high temperature during the growing season of 4 to 6 months.The temperature should be more than 80 degree F and in no way
less than 70 degree F even for the quick maturing varieties.In Pakistan rice is cutivated only one a year i.e.early summer.Its cultivation is not possible in areas of
severe cold or where the temperature goes below freezing point.

2. Water

Rice is known as a plant of water.Its cultivation requires large amount of moisture.The annual rainfall should not be in any way leas than 40 “.The root of the rice
plant should remain submerged in water for a long time.For 75 days the rice fields should have 6 ” of slow moving water.When the rice crops mature ,less water is
required and during ripening season,the field should be almost dry so that it can be harvested easily.

The rice growing areas of Pakistan have an average annual rainfall of less than 20 ” .So the deficiency of rainfall has been met by the artificial arrangements of
irrigation water through canals and tube wells etc.

3. Soil

With the exemption of sandy soils which are very permeable ,rice can be grown successfully on soils ranging from silt loam to clays .Alluvial soil is the most
suitable soil for the rich growth of rice.Heavy clayey sub soil with water retaining capacity gives best results.

4. Land
The flooding of rice fields requires level land and therefore river valleys,deltas and coasted plains are suitable areas,otherwise terracing is required.

System of Cultivation

There are two methods of rice cultivation:

1.Broad Cast Sowing

This involves direct plantation of rice plants in the fields.

2.Transplantation

In this case sowing is first done in nursery beds.When the plants attain a height of 4 ” to 6 “,they are transplanted into big fields.This method is also called the
Japanese method.It is the most scientific and beneficial method.By its practice, the per acre production increases considerably.

Rice is mostly cultivated in rows and the distance from row to row is kept about 6 ” and from plant to plant remains 3 “.

Rice Growing Areas

Cultivation of rice is mainly confined to the low lying parts of the Punjab plain and the flooded rivers and canal areas of Sindh.To a small extent it is also grown in
the submountain districts in the North and the canal irrigated areas.Rice cultivation in N.W.F.P .Baluchistan and Azad Kashmir areas is not more than 1 % to 2 %
of their total areas.

1. Punjab

In Punjab,the division of Lahore and Gujranwala rank at the top.Best equalities like Basmati,Parmal,Sukhdari,Irri-six etc. are grown in this part of Punjab.Besides
somu rice is also cultivated in Shakhupura,Sargodha,Faisalabad,Multan and Bahawalpur divisions.

2. Sindh

In the province of Sindh,the districts of Sukkur division are most famouse for good quality rice cultivation .Larkana district ranks at cultivated in
Khairpur,Nawabshah and Hyderabad districts.The main qualities of rice which are common in the province of Sindh are Kangni,Beghi,Irri-8 etc.
Average And Production

The following table shows areas,production and yield per hectare of rice during the last three years:

Period ………… Area ……….. Production ……………. Yield Per Hectare

…………….(000 Hec)……..(000 Ton)……………….(kg)
1989-90……….2107………….3220………………….1528
1990-91……….2113………….3261………………….1543
1991-92……….2007………….3198………………….1593
(Provisional)

Exports

1989-90 – Rs. 5144 million

1990-91 – Rs. 7846 million
1991-92 – Rs. 7083 million
(July-March)

WHEAT (Food Crop)

Introduction

Wheat is the most popular food crop of Pakistan.Wheat being the staple diet of most of the people of Pakistan it dominates all crops in acreage and
production .We use wheat and its products in a number of ways.It accounts for over 70 % of the gross cereals and over 36 % of the country’s acreage is devoted
to wheat cultivation.

Wheat is being cultivated in our country from ancient times.According to some experts wheat was first cultivated in the Indus Valley.Pakistan is the 4th largest
producer of wheat in Asia and stands 11th in world production.

Favourable Conditions For Its Growth

1. Temperature
Wheat is essentially a temperate crop requiring moderate heat and moisture.In Pakistan it is a rain (winter) crop.It is cultivated in the month of October and
November.The temperature then is between 50 degree and 60 degree F which is most suitable for wheat growth while it is harvested at the end of April or early in
May when the temperature is between 80 degree F and 100 degree F.This high temperature helps in the ripening of the crop.

2. Water

For wheat cultivation,rain must come during the period of growth and sunny conditions should prevail at the time of ripening.Minimum rainfall required during the
growing season is 20 “.Rainfall is no way should exceed 40 “.In Pakistan the average annual rainfall is less than 20 ” which is insufficient.Thus wheat is mostly
grown by means of irrigation.Due to lack of irrigational facilities Baluchistan and Potwar plateau depend exclusively on rainfall.However the yield per acre of the
rain fed fields is about half that of irrigated fields.

3. Soil

Wheat is known to grow on a varioty of soils but it does best in the well-drained clayey loams having plenty of humus. Hence the dark coloured chernozems of the
temperate grasslands like that of Pakistan are the most suitable soils.

Kinds of Wheat

There are two main types of wheat:

1.Vulgare or Sharbati

It is widely cultivated and is prized for common bread.

2.Durum

It has local importance and is mostly used for making of Suji (Semolina) and Sewian (Vermicelli).

Wheat Producing Centres of Pakistan

Wheat is cultivated in all the four provinces of Pakistan. Punjab and Sindh provinces however rank at the top. The plain areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces have
alluvial soil brought by River Indus and its tributaries. These rivers further increase the fertility of the soil by adding a number of organic and in-organic matters
brought by them from various areas of our country. The plain areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces have insufficient rainfall. This deficiency has been made up by
providing canals and other irrigational facilities. The temperate climate aids wheat production in Sindh and Punjab.

1. Punjab

The province of Punjab ranks at the top in the production of wheat. The upper indus plain accounts for 70 % of the total wheat of our country. Canal fed fields
produce 2/3 and the rest comes from the rain fed fields. The main wheat growing divisions are :

Sargodha,Faisalabad,Multan,Dera Ghazi Khan,Bahawalpur,Lahore,Sahiwal,Shaikhupura and Sialkot.

2. Sindh

The province of Sindh ranks second in wheat production. Kabul, Kurram and Gomal rivers have a substantial share in wheat acreage. Most of the lands devoted to
wheat cultivation in the lower Indus Plains are located in the irrigated districts of  Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Tharparkar and Khairpur.

3. N.W.F.P

The North west Frontier province does not contribute much towards wheat production. In the canal irrigated areas of N.W.F.P  Mardan, Peshawar and Bannu are
famous for wheat cultivation.

4. Baluchistan

Some wheat is also grown in the plateau areas and the valleys of the hilly regions of Baluchistan. On the Potwar Plateau there are large areas under wheat which
depend entirely on rainfall.

Average And Production

The following table shows area,production and yield per hectare of wheat during the last three years:

Period ………………… Area ……………… Production ………………. Yield per Hectare

…………………….(000 Hec)……………..(000 Ton)…………………….(kg)
1989-90…………………7845…………………14316……………………….1825
1990-91…………………7911…………………14565……………………….1841
1991-92…………………7795…………………14657……………………….1880
(provisional)

Imports

Period ………………. Quantity ………………. Unit Value
……………………….(000 ml?)……………….Rs/ml?)
1989-90………………….2047……………………4197
1990-91………………….972…………………….3208
1991-92………………….1000……………………4057
(July-March)(ml metric tonnes)

By Fahim Patel
Fahim Patel is the Content Manager of guesspapers.net. A graduate from Karachi University, he has intensive experience in content production.
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July 8, 2010 Fahim PatelXII Commercial GeographyNo Comment

«Irrigation
Forest Resources and Their Exploitation»
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