a ae Bea or oe oi: aleor'4 a0netatas| ov —aninnal cheircoal +. Ftrate -wlarless “i youn s\ solv } ee eds \ coloured), 8 | ett ee t 4° dir —> sco. ge! — > 0 adsorb | Desorpfion , Yemoving adsorbed sub: From a sor face /adsorbeny Sorption (oy Me Bain) Occlusion (7 Graham) adsorphon % absor pron — sinulaneovsly sorption of qoses on metal . Diff blo ab & ad — RTs 440 rear 4 ADS “ — surface phenomen MG sss: role U gradually a aa > accomiahon ot surface _ en ae 7 NH2 Im charcoal —> Nera In H20 —> NH2OHzig k Types OF Adsorphon Pq 126 Prysisorph chermsorprHoo — Ghermcal bond or Activated ads (on — wea von der Woaal's Forces i= aia He on Ni - Physi] \aler a4 Aissoaa\e} torn Anat to form Hol by chemi atlacly to Ni on jongsten on mice Physicorption ex! \ ND al sid nerrfisor pho” \ Fred achve centresisorpfion (Fast Xan der Waal's force~ & NOt specie Reason—.adsorbent ro preference to porttevlar gas evonder ccacls F — universal * yoversible Reason -. st Gis + A Pt Vy. more G ads + ° PY - desorpron * ads - exo occurs at low emp % NATURE OF GAS easily Niquerable qos easily acs *DodsH — low (20-40 2 fmol) Reasons — . athacton blo gas G solid — due to wear vander aul force. % Favorable — low emp 4 with *T 4 nO Eo required suRFACE AREA Fads T Fe. metals. & porous sob lege gorface ayeo ~ 70 e© trans 4 ppultimolecular layers at high P He Nature of adsorbate « easil{ iquefrable gas - hgh cihical Veenp cherfisorplion (1°! *chemical bond formato? + highly Speciic Reason - »passitiky oF chem bond blo ad--bale & ad-zent ork: Oxygen —> metal (oxide fornaton) Ha —> transition H (hydrde ) * DOl reversible REASON 6 Chervical comp forrmakon e ads —exo bot slow al low emp o # P — chemisor occurs occurs al high temp % WATURE OF GAG high yeac ve as easily ads + BadsH high (80-210 us Immo!) Reason — “involves chemical bond. + favorable -high Aemp Fs wth *T + high Fa required 4 SURFACE AREA ® ads *» « + © ‘transier & unimolecular layer vardorwadis Force strong«st \ine - valid +1 vaiee (0:1 - 0:5) «for Uimnited *P’( Gisacly) ‘Ads From gol- “phase + solids ads sowie Fron sol- i) 5 . = o3(00H + H20 <28 charcoal —ads cH3CooH -Laad ] a . spbar — consk P » \iimes sol: +char coal —> colourless eagen’ —r Hy(or)2 (bes) 3) M4 Salk +magneson 1 (so) oa => ads ¥ T fet) ads depends \ +> ods * sh*t yy) Ne AP reac Teh Pt [sowie] nature of bent & hale Cenaily iquela YX CX) Haina, 02 bot Y 60a nl waa teesOl sinca /Al gels — ads reoistore 2 coloured mater — animal charcoal YeTove loor i & cunng Disease - drugs adsorbed on germs 6 Heterogenovs: catalysis Ex: Haber process —Fe ansoctn, 8 annals Hydrogerahon of ail- Ni T Ther} Gras 5 er atio — dite in ads &- Erol Floatahon — 4: Ads Indicators eosin Age -ads => enh pnt -cloor YF lvores@in \0- chrornateqraphy SoFleriing oF hard ewaler — Noafle S14 O12 +Cacle —> canlasiy 012+ 2 Porrat adsorbs Catt /Hq** Nad ro I 12> Refining see al 4 > poller's Earth silica Pe Modarants « Pyes Hodarants to fx dye on cloth 1 — ads on coconut charcoal at diff emp. loow qrade § ore —conc: +0 remove catebY catalyst cichyily Ss achve cen! sreac- & catalyst — same phase ek i 28pa + Oo Nol), 2503 sopor donde > 4nonde, Onda499 Pb chomber (pes cnscooets + tag He acco + CHapH fret acetate hydrolysis Ww o , Hoste!) 3° CiH220n + H20 CoH Ob + (oHirOe iydrdysie O8 ar ey OO bi b) Heterogenous > reac & catalyst — aieh phase ex! e 2 924 203 CRIDATION | 2 Not 3H2 F49) ona HABER'S PROCESS @ @) 3 Anita oe PHS), pNO-+6H20 csThOALD PROCESS (01/0! oie ) oi vege oil + H2 Nigh vege qhee WY PROWENATION aw) g)direct reac — spratic P formation when many P's possible co+ Ha 2> HcHo (tate HE ats0H ~ Gatalysis — reac. specific CO Bt Bey chy + 120 Zeolites — Shape Selechve Catalysis (reac: Selechuity + depends ~ pore str] of catalyst 5 \ shape sel: catalyst —size of R & P large Size can’ = zeolwe —honey comb ot] . sransiton stake | MMICFOPOr OLS 3) : secu Bee ID alumina silicates -0-Si lumina silicates | Al-O — Si} ane crete On zeolite depends on — size .shapeor R ap can’) AFTOSe —pore of zeolite selectivl ’ yd Y © zeo\we — ratural & a\so syn) — cahalys petrochem indus — cracking He & isomersaHon EX! ZSH—-5 ) —— fete! industry alcohols —rqasoline (peo!) HC dchydration © Pore size 260-440 pmNalyst. sur fac jn condack — Jemporary bond Rrratenisetes eclbi— reach — 7 fort — decorphonys + ADV — calalyst not consemect explained DIS ADU- calalyle promoter poisons AB pre vac (inte ) y calayk Ac+B > PBC e— Free valencias - seal for chem ai\ractve F cohen gus comescomp) © living J Y fone: (far 08)n + nwo D> Horton starch = reoltace one oes gees Yollose —> glucose NH2CONH2 +120 areas 2) a prea—> aromonia + (02 & proteins _pepanr popndes — Ay(storact) Pees onan ae San ) Yeast — Haltase zyunmase + eto baal rl a my ereyre we 2) Malt — prastose- 3) Soyabean — brecse- CharackersHcs. OF enzyme catalysis is Highly eraent — J miele tums tenon el Da Highly speahe Sa For speatic reac Ex: uvedse — hydcclys vied min 3° Achye at oplmem semp— 295 0 30K ‘ ~ Ty body tere — oft tenn sax reac rake se tales at define AEONP bated fe al opnenuen ey ee A A rchue of iment / sour teac YOIS ; ;ysis —v4 5 —-achvat ed cormplex ; ackve shes . 5 ) E binds with pS =} (Fs ay D achvatel comp ~ decompose — P enzyne ~ } substrate comp Industrial catalyhe Process Process Catalyst | Haber's Proce sé Cavalys! ~ Fine we | prorna\er— Mo No-+ BH —22NH3 cond 200 bar (P) 93-473 R (7) Now) e203 €, Ra0) + AMON used 2-ostwaid “roces® cayayst — pavinised asbestos Ane +502 —> yno +620 Peeeeooi> 2 80> sige (1 LiNo2 + 2H20+O2% 4HNOS arcomiact Process catalyst — plas - ashestos |v208 "2602 r02 —> 2503 203 + 12804, —r 428207 (oleure') (613-723R)7 t+ 420 —> 242. S045 —penoormors gor face rea unl mos: colloydol qarveles (1 =1000 no dio) ‘lassification stale oF asqered Phase |mediom — TP PY 156 Atcosol — dspere ~~ medium alcoho) Benzoso\ — Benzene pydroso! / “ es) aquasel ~ r Re eyi36 I Nature oF Tnteracton blow DP & DM = Lyophilic \ oprobic. xe Aig, loving | hig, baking ae mining ger egeratire « starch ett DH +p & DP seperate — Por — sol brought back 4 DH & DP are seperated Ag them aM, M2S + 9H (spi condite brought ack by mir \ a QvERsIBLE \RREVERSIBLE SOL % adding electrolyte — ppt Forty | for stabil = stabilising agent | should be adlder| aesiable non — Coagvlable |IE Type of -parhcles oF DP ; . pssoaared eal Moullimnolecvlar Macrormiecular AF on Asscvhon = ators ve mmacrorrol + solv —»collids BY stoce3 col Gig a gate 0 Form colloids: (\-ooonm PIA) electrolye {\- 00 nr DIA) | higher cone = foro fs - t ye - colo ree notoral (starch - el miceiles fetiee qacicct™ + ye X ‘proteins enzyre] gyicelle foTmavon Man-mode (goyetnere” | fey Lee poe lb he rubber [eRe Poiana ‘ ystyrene) | port temp cone esa rrelecolar rnass high mole: "9 ae #veversibie wet: soaps Bel a OMe = 104 ay rol /L eaxcar vanderwaal'’s fore a strong vonderuscalls. force |y strong rn OR * 1 too yrolecules # high mole: poass Mech: oF tricile Formation sadiym |porasswen soll oF hig ney Farhy aad — RCOO7 NOT «Soaps — ek: CHa(cria)ig coo~ Nat (Sodture stearate) i} \ 2 Rcoo- Not 12° ye Nat > \: aj Peg R coo ~ s\n r20 at ) slong He ‘ail + head Yow conc > + pydrophobs ¢ Fi bydrophillic Sn H20 at CHC « non - polar + polar Tonic HIceELLe wDelorgents — sodium laungsulfhal © (racers) Sou” Not) y ar cleansing Adi-oF Soaps » 6 aes" Non - polar pee Pag ts bistie vel R towards oil Grease Storate 101) ox Lye coom 820 oy & COO Wreract caith H20 —pols R-remov dirk sorrond. grease i -ve sheath Preheat Form SOaPS. Helps Yn ervlsi K@HON €, cash accay Oil ANd Ags PF $0 eponees HM — later H Tee bath eral ‘| (for condense) -parficles oF colloidal size T- Pephzalon era colloidal 1: by snaking with DM “In “presence of elecrolye Gres) sat ee i" + yp adsorbs electrolyte “ion (any one) on it —> ppt becomes = /+ Gahirmotty test y MI —> PbT+2KNO3 loi da paar we Tere re Cords Purification ye to vequired mtn ereduang, arnt of \nperihes Jo\ecttol J- DIALYSIS sup from co\tidal sol’ by c\iffosion Ahroogh silahle srernoving dissolv membrane (anirnal men [-parchroest Jee\\o pare = dyalysing ern 20 sarysraliod conriniovs 120 Flow removes rons by AifFesion — only Pre caloidal sol, Jerr SOV Yao crystallol d DIALyseR tO + clectrolyle Slow process = IV. Electro Didys's * © appied ‘sume OS dalys's| 4 only iF ClecHayies present “aANone rmurule Opp charge clectrodeJE ULTRA FILTRATION — @ soluble SovIes & solv 3 paler = allow all “parlicles exept colloidal part - ‘ + Filer paper — allows colladal qart- — size of pore big J s0, we use — Mpregnohing — 4/- Sol: oF nitto cellulose + Ale. + Ether “in collottton sol” —— stops Flow of colloidal “poriicles hard by HoO) dry 4 shew process — 4 speed Pressure /sucHon + colleidal port-n Dita hiter + Fresh DH ——>pore colloid Trop of (olloidls stable Eta Colligo ve PROP: + colloidal par! ig — D0 of part In sole < twe sol- park Do . colligaWve ‘prop — stnall order valve (compared fo tue wl) X. Tyndall Effect + calloidal Sol viewed, + Scatter atummates path of team OF \ignt +» cordiOns a? ight < dia of dispersed part > Nyp =Npu —vave large (iff ble) Viecusd wanen \ght passes — clear ak same direc yah fo direc — opaque (butsh lignt) of Mgnt by coitrdal park'U = [Hans went by Avanseei thee) \ghk Tyndall ZF rect by at araday & Tyndall microscope As" Aree iyndat\ cot\oidal so\ a Corigni hg core) 4o focus Tight a pnt — fe Uibramicroscopeves ‘ight Fines! Av sole red —> prple —> Dee od, WH Brownian Hovernent + caloidal, parhides are “in Sate of continous Zig~2Aq polon Urecedt by ollvomicr ~ ») + depends — park size aererder oars of collod 5 viscosity of Sol’ serial (ze test uiscosity — Fasr = Reason — unbalanced {ombardment of particles oF pM = accounls to stability caleolate Avegadr number WT charge on colloidal ‘particles r + colloidal part — erry eco » equa & similar charges —ro aggregate - repulsion - prevent coalescing * Reason & 2© capture by Sol — dee elecitodispers 10? + Preferential cds -OF jons —deuble layer Formalon when 2 or Tere “ions 1n BHEX p, pare ter —> Agzie ence =ve sol- Agzla~ diluted ods» 3 10NS es -angnos (eve sol’) — Moe ods of Ag tons gx] Ag* eh, Fe203° 1H20 y ) e203: an20 Fest (ave) Fetl3 “120 Reon ave) au aos a 7. aFler athachng +/— fon — vt ablracks counter 10 — combination of 2 layers oF opp charges around collei - part \ y HELMHOLTZ ELEC DOUBLE LAYER Foy Z ahen moxe electrolytes added - aiffused aa, ' tayer & » zeta potental + fixed y Coiock 18 sensitive 10 OPP eharged “on rely VY srrosed : ? hel Joyer rrotile xed layer & aiffosed layer OF Opp charges — Zeta Porential or {+-—_———_ -polential Airy blue FF dlectro RINeHC oe ‘potential ST Electrophoresis & proves charge oF conordal “port le wr". Anode . fi i Re movement oF colloidal is ~ aprlecaaa | mt ole | BS elec: ‘porental ~ € ectroph \$ tL -ve spar hele y 4 eclroosirosis — prevent dec: Ph— L colloidal \ sol ns DHL moves in &Gaguiaon ] Preapitation % charge of part: removed — park come teether — a aggregate — settle dow) + settling oF colloidal port « a F +84 : Wlectrophoresis — park move opp electrode » discharge — ppt Form b) toning 2 0 charged sol: — “In equal prop: —reviralise charge ~ PPF Ehecostavan + Ar Sei = PPh fone owwall eoaqulalian ave), (-ve) ©) Boiling — ads layer aevorbal —* collisions ¢F pH — 4 charge — ppl form —s0\- vastable — pp eprersisient Dialysis — traces oF electrolyte removed 9 Bectrolyte addition ~ = park “4 excess electroly!e ae opp. dwouge nevbrarisaHen oF charye oF part ~ coaguiatng ion, 00, cousin, rectal — power to cause ppk o grecter valence OF Floccu lal sion — greater electrolyte HARDY — ScHULZE LAL AB y Bat 7 Not [reank] 7 7 ron? Y 50n7 > C1 x0 cavse ppt of sol yn 2h- coaguiating / an rnenol /L a value, rein: conc: oF elec ea gquiahhg Power more + Jess quantity needed wiavon oF Lyophilic Sols + charge solvalon factors A — gol coaguiare clatolyte eddihon —solvenr additon — Alc (sok dent # remove. [acetone dehydrate PM. Protechon oF colloids + \yornihe collids — covered by sheath of tig (DH) + Iyopmithe rns layer cxcord lypsphobic —rure stable — high solvaton, + & -\ypphiic “prorects |yophobic Frorn “rypori hes x Such lyophillic protective colldad = (ve) chorge a by electrolyte - + shew all prop - of cellordal Torl cles AdenhFicaton oF Hypse OF emulsion Dye TE: 5 » & ne Loe ag, emukion = M0 cour ernvléion +44 ¢ \ only emvlsion - colour i) VIScosITY oily erevl6ions -high iu) CONDUCTIVITY ons - bigh aq eww)si ») eprenpinas TEST oily ern ls iors easy 09 only SprFace Deemulsi Fico 406 1 Heat (bigh temp) 9. Olraaome 20NE a-centrifuga! ae hy detyseorrg agen’ 5 6 Sea acon 4. pishtlalhor a blectrly!e 4. Cherot cals -“eolloidal Sub: ‘ a Fetla - dt blood +b coaqulaton hums {protechive coltod’) ads reastre & nutrients Bela = au ere ‘ yer 3 = eu sl Pars) coage\are cle post (electro) Appiicaltons + Ele. preapilaton ‘of Smore & 20 porification wl (301000 V) op eae Dirty H20 Atow)s POH, Clean H20 Clean qos ee charge opp © smoRE eS OS # Medicine reap ated ash in colloidal store — loge 5A ~ easily mk ossimilay © As “posh ce a “A eapitator |EY' old ~ nvrorewscolar 1§ eT , avgyrol ~ silver sol) — eye \o Hon fade (406) “in anni (- ve) ects oaherai as Ruloozar (or) i | Wat of magnesia ~ stomach chsorder Maun CoaguiaHay * Thotograpne plates % ARO \e Soaps clears Ua | goes | covlord Aims cca) ith AgBr geld is Fpdustrial pd — mR» plasic ek 9 4 Robber dusty — ceogui ake fatex erelson (liga sensitive) colloid oF \be OR