Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENT TENSES
Form
Use (Kullanım)
●Time tables for future use (Gelecekle iligili çizelgeli olaylardan bahsederken)
Hurry up! The bus leaves in 10 minutes.
Use
- Actions happening at the time speaking. (konuşma anında gerçekleşen olaylarda)
We are learning English now.
- Actions happening around now. /Temporary actions / thesedays- nowadays ( Şimdilerde olmakta olan,
geçici olaylarda)
I am reading a fantastic book these days.
- For future plans and arrangements. (gelecekle ilgili önceden planlanmış veya ayarlanmış olaylarda)
Ahmet is flying to Paris next week.
- When we use present continuous with ‘always’, we state complaints and annoyance. ( always ile birlikte
kullanılarak şikayet veya yakınma ifade ettiğimiz durumlarda)
You are always leaving your books on the floor!
- Mental Verbs → undertsand / think / suppose / guess / know / realise / notice /recognise
- Sense verbs → see / smell / taste / hear/ feel / look (seem/appear)
- Likes /dislikes → love / like/ hate/ enjoy
- Possession → have / posses / own / belong to
- Others → want / need / fit / cost
Use
- To express the present result of a past action1 whose time is not stated2. (Geçmişte zamanı belirtilmeden
olmuş bir olayın şuan görülen sonucunu vurgulamak için)
I have washed my car. → arabamı şuandan önce yıkadım ve şuan arabam temiz
A stranger has walked into the building. → (Şuan içeride bir yabancı var)
- To Express the life experience we have had so far. ( Şuana kadar sahip olduğumuz yaşam
deneyimlerimizden bahsederken)
I have been abroad three times so far. ( Şuan toplam 3 kez yurtdışında bulunmuşluğum var)
- To Express the actions (for state verbs) beginning in the past and still carrying on now. (Durum fiilinin
kullanıldığı geçmişte başalayıp hala devam eden olaylarda)
I have known Tolga for 10 years. He is my best friend.
I have been knowing Tolga for 10 years. He is my best friend.
Attention!! Since – başlama noktası & For – o zamandan şuna kadar geçen süre
Use
- To express the actions beginning in the past and still carrying on now. (Geçmişte başlayıp hala devam eden
olaylarda)
I have been painting my room.
I have been learning English for years.
- To express the present effect of an action which finished in the past but continued for some time.
(Geçmişte başlayıp bir süre devam edip bitmiş ancak şuan o olayın bir süre devam ettiğiyle ilgili ortada
bir etkinin görüldüğü olaylarda)
His hands are in dirt and oil (present effect) because he has been repairing his car all afternoon.
The little boy looks so tired (present effect) because he has been playing in the garden since early
morning.
Time Expressions for Present perfect and Present perfect Continuous)
- For vs. Since / ever since ( ..dan beri / …dan şuana kadar)
Not : Since başlama noktasını for başlama noktasından şuana kadar geçen süreyle birlikte kullanılır.
Since’den sonra başlama noktasındaki geçmiş bir zamanla birlikte geçmiş bir olayı da ifade edebiliriz. Başka
bir deyişle since yan cümle olarak da kullanılabilir ve zamanı her zaman simple past tense ile çekimlenir.
I have been teaching English for 14 years.
I have been teaching English since 2006. → (Edat olarak)
I have been teaching English (ever) since I graduated from the university. → ( Yan cümle olarak)
(Ever) Since I graduated from the university, I have been teaching English. → ( Yan cümle olarak)
- How long ? → Present Perfect Continuous /present perfect
How long have you been learning English?
PAST TENSES
1. Simple Past ( yaptım)
Form
S + V2+ O + P + T
I went to cinema last weekend.
I was at home last night.
Use
- Actions happenning at a specific time in the past. ( Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olup bitmiş olaylarda)
Not: İllaki geçmiş zamanın kullanıldığı cümlelerde geçmişle ilgili kesin bir zamanın belirtilmesine gerek
yoktur. Bağlamdan olayın geçmişte olduğunun işaret edilmesi yeterlidir.
I went to Spain for summer holiday. I had a great time there.
- Actions happening repeatedly in the past which is not going on now. (yapardım) = used to ≥ would1
(Geçmişte tekrar eden ancak artık devam etmeyen olaylarda)
I studied / used to study / would study a lot when I was at high school.
Not: would1 sadece action verblerle kullanılır.
I used to be shy / was / would be shy when I was a child.
I used to run /ran/ would run long distances when I was young.
Not: + used to
- didn’t use to + V1 (do)
? did + subject + use to
Form
S + was/were Ving + O + P + T
I was sleeping.
My friends were talking.
Use
While/As /When2 I was studying English last night, my best friend called (short action) me.
My best friend called (short action) me while/as /when2 I was studying English last night.
EXERCISE 1. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1 The professor ________ (talk) to his companion when he ________ (see) a snake on the path.
2 One day I ________ (lie) in my hammock when a plane ________ (fly) overhead.
3 Sanchez ________ (not go) into the forest because he ________ (be) afraid of the monkeys.
4 She ________ (have) an argument with her husband when they ________ (hear) an enormous explosion.
5 Thieves ________ (steal) my luggage while I ________ (wait) at the airport.
6 The flight attendant ________ (lose) his cool when a passenger ________ (stand up) and ________ (start) to
scream.
1.was talking/saw 2.was lying/flew 3.didn’t go/was 4.was having/heard
5.stole/was waiting 6.lost/stood up/started
EXERCISE 2. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1 We________ (talk) to our friends when a plane ______ (fly) noisily overhead.
2 One day I ______ (lie) in my hammock when suddenly a snake ______ (bite) me.
3 De Palma ______ (start) his journey in Russia and ______ (finish) it two years later in China.
4 ______ (you, go) out last night or ______ (you, stay) at home?
5 A man suddenly______ (come) running down the mountain while I ______ (climb) up.
6 What were the natives ______ (do) when he ______ (arrive) at the village?
1.were talking/flew 2.was lying/bit 3.started/finished 4.Did you go/did you stay 5.came/was
climbed 6.doing/arrived
Use
I felt so tired during the day last Saturday, because I hadn’t slept well the night before.
NOT: Zaman Bağlaçlarıyla geçmişte iki olayı kıyaslarken daha önceki (ilk olay) Past perfect son olay ise past simple
olur. Ancak zaman bağlacı zaten olayların sıralamasını verdiği için ilk olayın illaki past perfect olmasına gerek yoktur.
Simple Past ile de çekimlenebilir.
By the time→son olay, ana cümle → ilk olay
By the time my dad arrived (son olay) at home, I had left (ilk olay)last night. (I had left (ilk olay) last night by the
time my dad arrived (son olay) at home.)
By the time my dad arrived (son olay) at home, I left (ilk olay)last night.
Before →son olay, ana cümle → ilk olay
Before I started taking English lessons, I hadn’t known how to study for the exam.
Before I started taking English lessons, I didn’t know how to study for the exam.
After → ilk olay, ana cümle →son olay
After I had finished (ilk olay) studying yesterday, I went out (son olay) with my friends.
After I finished (ilk olay) studying yesterday, I went out (son olay) with my friends.
When = Once
When my dad came (son olay) home, I had left (ilk olay) last night. ( I didn’t see my dad.)
When my dad came /had come (ilk olay) home, I left (son olay) home last night. ( I saw my dad.)
Until = till → PP /AC
- Until the guests had arrived (ilk olay), I didn’t finish(son olay) cooking.
- Until Wednesday, I didn’t finish the exercises which my teacher assigned.
- By the time the guests arrived (son olay), I had finished(ilk olay) cooking.
- Geçmişte belli bir zaman veya belli bir olaydan daha önce/ daha geride gerçekleşen ancak bir süre devam
edip biten olayı past perfect continuous ile ifade ederiz. Bu yüzden özellikle olayların önceliğini veya
sonralığını bildiren zaman bağlaçlarıyla yaygın olarak kullanılırlar.
By (PP): …olmadan past time + ana cümle
By the time (AC): …….olmadan past event + ana cümle
By the end of last year(past time), my dad had been working in the company for 25 years.
By the time my dad arrived at home, I had been studying English for 3 hours.
Not: Present perfect ve Present perfect continuous’da kullanılan zaman ifadelerinin (for / since /
already/never..) bir çoğu past perfect ve past perfect continuous da kullanılabilir. Ayırt etmek için şuana
kadar mı veya şuan için mi ya da geçmişte bir zamana kadar mı yoksa geçmiş için mi diye sorarız.
Şuana kadar/şuan için → Present perfect / Present perfect Continuous
Geçmişte bir zamana kadar / Geçmiş için → Past perfect / Past perfect Continuous
Lisa örneği:
On Monday when her husband came home, they fed the children.
On Tuesday, when her husband came home, Lisa was feeding the children.
On Wednesday, when her husband came home, Lisa had already fed the children.
On Thursday, when her husband came home, Lisa had been feeding the children for 2 hours.
On Friday,…
EXERCISE 7.Choose the correct options.
1 She explained that she ______ from the monster.
a escaped
b had escaped
c escaping
2 I’m tired because I ______ to bed after midnight.
a had gone
b was going
c went
3 They were hungry because they ______ anything all day.
a had eaten
b hadn’t eaten
c are eating
4 What ______ at ten o’clock yesterday morning?
a have you done
b had you done
c were you doing
5 ______ a nice time at the party last night?
a Did she have
b She was having
c She had had
6 We got to the concert after the music ______ .
a started
b had started
c was starting
7 We ______ when the doorbell rang.
a were sleeping
b sleep
c had slept
8 I looked for the cat for ages, but she ______ .
a disappearing
b had disappeared
c was disappearing
9 There was a troll that ______ under the bridge.
a has lived
b lived
c is living
10 He cleaned his teeth, brushed his hair and then ______ the house.
a left
b was leaving
c had left
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.A
EXERCISE 8.Choose the correct options.
1 He cried out that he ______ the monster.
a killed
b had killed
c killing
2 I’m tired because I ______ to bed last night.
a had gone
b didn’t go
c went
3 She was jealous because he ______ to another woman all evening.
a had talked
b hadn’t talked
c has talked
4 What ______ at five o’clock yesterday morning?
a did she
b she had done
c was she doing
5 ______ a nice time at the concert?
a Did you have
b Were you have
c You hadn’t
6 We got to the stadium after the football match ______ .
a started
b had started
c was starting
7 Were you ______ when the doorbell rang?
a sleeping
b slept
c sleep
8 The police searched for the villain, but he ______ .
a had disappeared
b disappearing
c was disappearing
9 I was terrified when I ______ the wolf in the moonlight.
a was seeing
b had seen
c saw
10 Which novel was he ______ when he died so suddenly?
a writing
b wrote
c written
1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.A
Past Forms
EXERCISE 9. Underline the correct tense.
2) Keri was angry. She had been waiting/ was waiting for Sarah for two hours.
3) Andy was relieved to hear that he was passing /had passed the exam.
8) Jason had been thinking /had thought about his new car all day.
9) I bought the dress because I wanted/had wanted something special to wear to the party.
10) The little boy was crying because he had lost/was losing his mother.
11)Graham had been working/was working for the company for twenty years before he retired.
14) It had been raining/ was raining all day and the roads were very wet.
15) Sue was smiling / had smiled as she was reading Mary's letter.
1.was running 2.had been waiting 3.had passed 4.was walking 5.learnt 6.hadn’t visited
7.was watching 8.had been thinking 9.wanted 10.had lost 11.had been working
12.opened
EXERCISE 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense.
4. It ................................................ (snow) for three days when suddenly the sun came out.
5. Sam ........................................... (work) here for six years before he left to go to university.
6. Liz .............................................. (go) to the Bahamas for her holidays last year.
8. They .......................................... (already/see) the film twice at the cinema when she rented it on video.
1.were walking 2.paid 3.had already eaten 4.had been snowing 5.had been working
6.went 7.were watching 8.had already seen 9.taught 10.was sitting
EXERCISE 11. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
3. It was the first time she had visited the National Gallery.
4. Jessica didn't start cooking until after the children had fallen asleep.
7. The president waited until all the reporters had arrived before he made his statement.
making The president didn't ........................................ statement until all the reporters had arrived.
9. She waited until Tom had left before she began packing.
1.time Jack travelled 2.since Monica got 3.had never visited 4.had fallen asleep before she
5.have not been to 6.has not called 7.start making his 8.since we played 9.until after Tom
had
Future Tenses
ARA NOT: Zaman Bağlaçlarıyla gelecekte olacak 2 olayı bağlarken zaman bağlacının olduğu yan cümlede future
tenseler kullanılmaz. Yerine Present simple veya present perfect kullanılır.
After I finish / have finished will finish studying (yan cümle), I will go out with friends.
Before I go out/ have gone out will go out with friends, I will finish studying.
EXERCISE 12. Fill in the gaps with the correct from of will or be going to and the verb in brackets.
1.am going to make 2.are you going to buy 3.will ask 4.will get 5.am going to spend 6.will
probably stay 7.will do 8.is going to climb 9.is going to become 10.will cut
EXERCISE 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the future simple.
B: Well, while you ......... (be) there, I .............. (do) the shopping.
B: Yes, of course.
B: Certainly, sir
4. A: I'm exhausted.
B: No, by the time he ................. (get) home it ......................... (be) very late.
9. A: If you ............................... (pay) for dinner, I .................... (pay) for the theatre.
1.are/will do 2.will you call/ get 3.comes 4.will come 5.am going to visit/do 6.will you/get
7.gets/will be 8.finish-have finished 9.pay/will pay 10.will see
EXERCISE 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple, the present simple or the present continuous.
1. A: Helen …....................... (have) a party the day after tomorrow. ….................. (you/go)?
1. A: The new exhibition …..................... (open) on April 3rd and …............... (finish) on May 31st.
8. A: Michael Jackson …................. (give) a concert at the Olympic Stadium next week.
1.am seeing 2.are you doing 3.am going / does the film start 4.is having/are you going
5.opens/finishes/am going 6.is coming 7.does the train leave 8.is giving 9.will get 10.will enjoy
EXERCISE 15. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future tense.
B: Oh, yes! This time next week I ................... (lie) on the beach.
B: Of course.
1.will be lying 2.will make 3.will give 4.am going to make 5.will read 6.am going to stay
7.will meet 8.will you help 9.will be sitting 10.will turn up
2. Future Continuous ( yapıyor olacağım)
Form
S + will be Ving + O + P + T
I will be sleeping.
My friends will be talking.
Use
Use
By the end of next year (future time), my dad will have retired.
By the time my dad arrives / has arrived at home, I wil have left tonight.
- Gelecekte belli bir zaman veya belli bir olaydan daha önce/ daha geride gerçekleşen ancak bir süre devam
edip biten olayı future perfect continuous ile ifade ederiz. Bu yüzden özellikle olayların önceliğini veya
sonralığını bildiren zaman bağlaçlarıyla yaygın olarak kullanılırlar.
By (PP): …olmadan future time + ana cümle
By the time (AC): …….olmadan future event + ana cümle
By the end of next year(future time), my dad will have been working in the same company for 25 years.
By the time my dad arrives/has arrived at home tonight, I will have been studying English for 3 hours.
EXERCISE 16. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect or the future perfect continuous.
2. By the end of the next month, Sam ........................................ (finish) the project.
4. By the time she arrives in Paris, she ............................. (travel) for four hours.
5. I hope I .................................. (buy) my own house by the time I'm thirty five.
7. Hopefully, they ............................... (learn) everything by the time they sit the exam.
11. Hopefully, the builders .............................. (finish) building the house by next month.
1.will have been studying 2.will have finished 3.won’t have started 4.will have been travelling
5.will have bought 6.will have been dieting 7.will have learnt 8.will have been sitting
9.will have been working 10.will have moved 11.will have finished 12.will have been sailing
13.will have been sleeping
EXERCISE 17. Choose the correct answer.
b) will be sunbathing
a) will be finishing
a) will be living
c) have lived
a) will be seeing
a) will be studying
c) will be seeing
b) will be sitting
c) has sat
Yes. By the time I finish this one. I ............... twenty-three reports today.
c) will be typing
c) will be dancing
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.A
EXERCISE 18. Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous or the future perfect.
B: That's a pity.
1.will be working 2.will be sleeping 3.will you have finished 4.will have finished 5.will you be
going 6.will have left
PAST OF FUTURE
- was/were going to / would2 → (….yapacaktım)
I was going to tell / would tell the correct answer but the teacher didn’t let me do it.
WOULD
1. would1 ≤ used to → … yapardım (PAST)
I would study hard when I was at high school.
- Geçiş bağlacı (Transitions) → İki bağımsız cümlenin ortasında kullanılan ve iki cümle arsında geçişi sağlayan
bağlaçlardır.
Arda is so sleepy. Therefore, he has difficulty in following the lesson.
→ I had no sooner left home yesterday (ana cümle) than the phone rang (yan cümle).
→ No sooner had I left home yesterday than the phone rang.
→ I had hardly left home yesterday (ana cümle) when the phone rang (yan cümle).
→ Hardly had I left home yesterday when the phone rang.
→3. It was not until the guests had arrived that I finished cooking.
- Whenever / every time … Her ne zaman … olsa
- Since / ever since …dan beri
3. Transitions of time
- First/Firstly/ To begin with /first of all (ilk olarak/öncelikle)
- Second /Secondly (İkinci olarak)
- Then / Later /Next / After that /Afterward(s) (Daha sonra/ Bundan(Ondan) sonra/ sonrasında)
- Finally / In the end / Eventually (En sonunda/ sonunda)
- Meanwhile / In the mean time ( Bu süre zarfında)
- Soon ( Kısa zaman sonra)
Not: Zaman bağlaçlarında bilinmesi gereken iki önemli kuralı daima hatırlayınız.
1- Zaman veren yan cümlede asla future tense kullanılmaz. Future anlamını Present simple veya Present Perfect
Tense ile veririz.
When I will finish / finish √ / have finished √ school, I will go abroad.
2- Zaman bağlaçlarında mutlaka zaman uyumu aranır. Yani, Yan cümle ile ana cümlenin zamanları aynı grup
içinden olur.
EXERCISE 19. Put the verbs in brackest into the correct future tense.
6. Jenny .......................... (see) Paul at work, so she can give him letter.
7. The film .......................... (start) by the time they get to the cinema.
10. I hope I ......................... (buy) my own car by the time I'm thirty.
11. By next week, they ............................... (live) in this town for two years.
14. Mother.............................. (go) to the supermarket tonight. She has already made her shopping list.
1.will be 2.will fail 3.will be lying 4.will have left 5.will have been driving 6.will be seeing 7.will
have started 8.will get 9.will have been typing 10.will have bought 11.will have been living
12.will help 13.will have done 14.is going 15.starts
2. James will have completed/will have been completing his studies by the end of the year.
3. By the time I get home. I will have been walking/ will walk for three hours.
4. Kim will be performing/ will have been performing in the school concert next week.
5. We're too late to catch the bus. It will go/ will have gone by now.
6. 'We've run out of milk' Really? I will buy/ will have been buying some more this afternoon.
7. This time tomorrow, I will have been leaving/will be leaving for the airport.
8. Sam will work/will have been working here for two years on Monday.
9. I will collect/ will have collected you from Peter's house on my way home.
10. Julia will have found/ will be finding the note I left for her by now.
1.will climb 2.will have completed 3.will have been walking 4.will be performing 5.will have
gone 6.will buy 7.will be leaving 8.will have been working 9.will collect 10.will
have found
EXERCISE 21. Put the verbs into the correct future tense.
1.Laura and George ................. (go) on holiday next week. They've already bought tickets.
3. The baby keeps closing his eyes. He ..................... (fall) asleep soon.
6. The football match ............................. (begin) in a few minutes. We'd better hurry up.
7. Jane will have to get up early when she ............................. (start) her new job.
1.are going 2.will be 3.is going to fail 4.aren’t going 5.will have returned 6.begins 7.starts
8.am meeting
4. Where is Christine?
5. What's wrong?
When Jake (1).................. the door, he knew someone (2)................. in the house. Things were different. Earlier that
morning, he (3) ...................... a man standing outside, and now he wondered if this man (4) ..................... for him to leave
the house. Jake went into the kitchen. The window was open. He was sure he (5) ................. it earlier. Next, he went into
the garden Jake knew something very strange (6) .................... on. He went back into the house. He had just go to the top
of the stairs (7) .................. he heard a noise coming from the bedroom. Slowly, he opened the door and there, lying in the
middle of the bed, was his sister! She (8) ..................! Jake was very relieved.
2. Donna started looking for a new job after she will pass/ had passed the exam.
3. I always will wake up /wake up when the alarm clock goes off.
4. When we go/went to the party, we took a gift with us.
6. I will paint/ painted the walls after I had covered all the furniture with old sheets.
7. The children are going to park. They will have some ice cream while they will be/are there.
8. No sooner had she left the building than the fire broke/breaks out.
9. By the time Sam finishes/ will finish work, it will be dark outside.
10. Joan stayed at the office until she has done/ had done all her work.
1.go 2.had passed 3.wake up 4.went 5.will watch 6.painted 7.are 8.broke
9.finishes 10.had done 11.read
1. Sam got married last year. His brother had got married two years ago/before.
2. The storm broke as/during the climbers were running for shelter.
6. You are welcome to stay in my flat as long as/ as soon as you like.
10. The thieves had escaped by the time/ by the police arrived.
1.before 2.as 3.by 4.until 5.after 6.as long as 7.the moment 8.when 9.while
10.by the time 11.before 12.whenever 13.as soon as
B: They won't announce it until they .................................... (set) a date for their wedding.
1.have finished 2.will call/arrive 3.will was/get 4.fell/was going 5.will do/comes
EXERCISE 27.Fill in the gaps with since, until, while, before, hardly..... when, as soon as, when or as long as.
2. Sharon waited in the car ......................... Sam was filling the petrol tank.
6. Jack has been friends with Sally ................................ they were at school together.
1.when 2.while 3.hardly…when 4.before 5.as long as 6.since 7.as soon as 8.until
EXERCISE 28. Complete each sentences with two to five words, including the word in bold.
2. Jessica opened the door. The bird flew out of the cage.
hardly Jessica had ......................................... the bird flew out of the cage.
3. They returned home. They realised that their house had been burgled.
sooner They had no ....................................... they realised that their house had been burgled.
4. As soon as he saw the police, he started running.
6. Helen had no sooner set the table than the guests arrived.
8. They will come home at seven o'clock. Mary will have cooked dinner by then.
1.until the rain has 2.hardly opened the door when 3.sooner returned home than 4.the moment he saw
5.after she had collected 6.hardly set the table when 7.while he was watching 8.the time they come
EXERCISE 29. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to sentence, using the word given. Do not
change the word given.
2. The last time I went to the dentist was eight months ago.
ever. It is .......................................................................................................
yet. He can't......................................................................................................
30. The last time I went to the theatre was last November.
35. She took some medicine, and then she felt much better.
1.never swum in the sea 2.haven’t been to the dentist for 3.the most interesting film I have ever seen
4.has been learning English 5.is it since your sister 6.did you 7.still hasn’t got
8.use the computer properly yet 9.time I rode a horse was in 1984 10.ago did you
11.first time I have 12.been raining since morning 13.have been working 14.the first time Anna has
15.is still reading/still hasn’t finished reading 16.am visiting 17.the most intelligent boy I have ever
18.time she has ever taken 19.time I took an exam was 20.started playing 21.been teaching for
22.Jenny had already 23.will have been married for 24.you ever ridden 25.are you doing
26.house belong to 27.last time I went abroad 28.I have been to 29.haven’t seen each other
30.haven’t been to the theatre since 31.I haven’t read such a 32.haven’t seen him since
33.have never touched 34.last time she took an 35.she took/had taken some medicine
36.ages since I went on 37.last time I went to