Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338

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Journal of Building Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jobe

A review of the research about gypsum mortars with waste aggregates

Mercedes del Río-Merino a, Alejandra Vidales-Barriguete b, *, Carolina Piña-Ramírez a,
Verónica Vitiello c, Jaime Santa Cruz-Astorqui b, Roberto Castelluccio c
a
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas y su Control, Spain
b
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Spain
c
Universita Federico II di Nápoli, Italy

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: With the growing environmental awareness occurring worldwide, many industries, such as the construction
Gypsum sector, are setting their own measures to reduce their environmental impact. In addition, governments are forced
Construction and demolition waste to reduce emission and waste. For this reason, in the building sector, many efforts are being made to reduce the
Aggregates
consumption of natural resources and energy in buildings and the materials manufacturers are introducing
Gypsum plaster
sustainable initiatives to achieve these objectives. In this sense, the current trend of the construction sector
towards environmental impact reduction and protection involves the design and the manufacture of more sus­
tainable and regenerative construction materials.
In this context, many research works have been carried out on the mechanical characterization of new
composites, specifically gypsum, aiming to improve the environmental performance of traditional materials used
in building construction. Accordingly, it is essential to review previous works to understand the mechanical
performance of these new gypsums so that they can be applied in building construction.
This paper gives an overview of the mechanical characterization of gypsums containing waste and explores the
effect of adding different waste categories in different percentages. Previous experimental studies on the me­
chanical characterization of recycled gypsum composites are presented as well as further suggestions for future
works.

1. Introduction
With the growing environmental awareness occurring worldwide,
many industries, such as the construction sector, are setting their own
measures to reduce the environmental impact caused by their activities.
In particular, although the construction sector evolves very slowly
compared to other industrial sectors, an important awareness has
developed about the serious environmental impact it generates, in terms
of consumption of resources such as energy or raw materials, as well as
the large amount of emissions and waste it produces [1]. In the specific
case of construction and demolition waste (CDW), it is necessary to
consider that this activity has generated a lot of waste in Europe, only
50% of wich is recycled [2], far from the requirements of the European
Community by 2020 [3].
Because of this, EU countries are proposing strategies to reduce the
use of resources and the negative impact of CDW on the environment,
starting from the Plan to implement the Circular Economy (CE) in
Europe [4] and the leadership of projects such as Level (s) [5] and
BAMB, Buildings as Material Banks [6]. Since then, many researchers
have been working to find a way to introduce CE in constructions, some
of them are: Benachio et al. [7], Hossain et al. [8], Munaro el al [9] or
Adams et al. [10].
One of the CE strategies is to use the wastes in the composition of
new construction materials. Numerous studies about the use of aggre­
gates from CDW in constructions have been found [11–13]. The studies
concluded that the replacement of aggregates from CDW recycling
presents positive effects on the environment, among which it is worth
highlighting the extension of the useful life of the dumping spaces, the
savings in the consumption of raw materials and in the energy con­
sumption associated with the manufacture of these materials, as well as
the preservation of natural spaces due to a lesser need for the exploi­
tation of mineral resources.
In Spain, the situation has improved in the last decade, but the
recycling rates set for 2020 have not been achieved either [14,15]. A

* Corresponding author. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Juan de Herrera, 6, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
E-mail address: alejandra.vidales@upm.es (A. Vidales-Barriguete).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103338
Received 16 June 2021; Received in revised form 8 September 2021; Accepted 15 September 2021
Available online 21 September 2021
2352-7102/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. del Río-Merino et al.
Royal Decree 105/2008 regulates this waste [16] and contributes to the
sustainable development of the building sector trying to focus on the
reuse and recycling of inert waste, achieving great savings in the con­
sumption of natural resources or energies.
Gypsum is a material that has been used in constructions since ever
for its excellent properties and its good behavior against changes in
humidity and for its ability to be shaped and to harden quickly, etc.
However, gypsum has also some drawbacks of application in building
construction, such as its lack of toughness or its fragility and it has also a
poor performance against water and degrades very quickly. For this
reason, over the last few years, many researchers have studied this
material to improve some of its properties [17]. The earliest applications
of gypsum were dated by archaeologists around 7000 BC. But the sci­
entific knowledge of gypsum begins in the 18th century, with the
developing of the industrialization process, whereby the manufacturing
process started to be controlled and the products have been standard­
ized, already incorporating some additives, mainly set retarding addi­
tives [18]. Only at the end of the 20th century the modifications
produced in the characteristics of gypsum using additives and the use of
gypsum from phosphogypsum or from the desulfurization of combustion
gases, began to be studied in a depth way. Also, the manufacture of other
plaster products (lightened, projection, insulators, etc.) began to be
studied after the Second World War [19].
In recent years, even though gypsum materials requires less energy
for its manufacture compared to other construction materials, such as
cement or ceramics, researchers have focused on studying new ways to
improve its sustainability, reducing its environmental impact, funda­
mentally by replacing a part of the raw material with construction waste
or waste from other industrial sectors. However, these studies, such as
the studies that analyze the feasibility of substituting natural aggregates
with aggregates from CDW in concrete and cement mortars or as the
research that analyze concrete and mortars with aggregates from CDW,
have not been disseminated in scientific journals [20,21].
In the specific context of Spain, it is worth highlighting how the
“Manual of waste useable in construction”, a document prepared by the
Center for Studies and Experimentation of Public Works, Cedex [22],
describes the use of CDW as aggregates for manufacturing various ma­
terials but it does not include strategies for the reuse of these wastes in
gypsum composites and does not consider the possibility of including
gypsum as a material that can be recycled back into the gypsum life
cycle.
Regarding the current standards to regulate the use of CDW in con­
struction materials, each European country establishes limits on the
percentage of recycled aggregates permitted only for the manufacture of
the recycled concrete. In Spain, the Scientific technical Association of
the structural concrete (ACHE) has drawn up the Spanish guide for
recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW), a
series of recommendations for the use of recycled aggregates in the
manufacture of non-structural concrete. But the only mandatory rule is
the Structural Concrete Instruction 2008 (EHE-08) [23]. This standard
establishes a series of requirements that recycled aggregates must meet
to be used in the manufacture of concrete, considering that the
compositional requirements represents the limiting factor for most
recycled aggregates. However, no standards have been found to estab­
lish limits on the percentage of recycled aggregates permitted in the
manufacturer of gypsum compounds.
Thus, the objective of this study is to review and analyze the lines of
research that are currently being carried out about gypsum-based
composite materials, considering two fundamental aspects: the incor­
poration of aggregates from CDW in gypsum mortars and the influence
of these aggregates in its physical and mechanical behaviour; the
viability to recycle gypsum or prefabricated gypsum elements to value
the new products generated with circular economy strategies.
2
Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338
2. Materials and methods
To achieve the objectives of the study, an in-depth bibliographic and
documentary search was carried out about the articles published in the
last decade on:
- Studies about gypsum composites with addition of CDW and its
application in construction.
- Studies about gypsum composites with addition of gypsum waste and
gypsum recycling.
The search was carried out in impact journals included on the Web of
Science (WOS) platform, mainly in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR),
specifically in journals about construction and engineering materials
such as: Advances in material science and engineering, Journal of ma­
terial science, Journal of building engineering, Construction and
building materials, Journal of materials in civil engineering, Materiales,
Informes de la construcción, etc. Also, on construction and environment
Journal, such as: Journal of cleaner production, Waste management,
Energy and Buildings, Bioresources, etc; and finally in Journals
specialized in wood, such as, Journal of wood science, or in fire issues
such as Fire technology Journal.
A search has also been carried out in Open Access journals that
develop materials and construction engineering topics such as: Materials
or The Open civil engineering Journal.
In addition, a search has been carried out in the database of the
Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, Teseo, where infor­
mation on the doctoral theses developed in Spain since 1976 can be
found.
The referenced articles have been produced mainly during the last
decade, although there are some previously published articles. The
keywords used to search for included: Building materials, Building
waste, Building recycled, Waste, Residues, Construction and Demolition
Waste, CDW, Gypsum, Plaster, Plasterboard, Building products, Me­
chanical characterization, Mechanical behavior.
3. Results
Some of the studies found in the different lines of research are
summarized below.
3.1. Studies about gypsum composites with addition of CDW
Many studies about the use of CDW to replace a part of the gypsum or
the other aggregates such as sand, in gypsum mortars, have been found.
In general, these wastes come from concrete, ceramic elements, window
glass, woodwork, thermal insulators, etc. Some studies analyze the
feasibility of adding all the existing types of CDW to gypsum mortars and
that all the studies highlighted that these new gypsums and CDW com­
pounds are composite materials that generate less environmental
impact.
In this article, studies that analyze the influence of the incorporation
of CDW on some of the physical or mechanical properties of plasters
have been highlighted as well as those papers that study some final
application of these new materials.
In general, the physical properties analyzed in these studies are
density, water behavior, surface hardness or thermal insulation. The
mechanical properties: flexural and compressive strength.
3.1.1. Gypsum composites with low density CDW addition to reduce
gypsum density
Reducing the density in gypsum allows to improve some of its
physical properties, for example thermal insulation, and allows to pro­
duce lighter precast elements. Moreover, these lower density plasters
(lighten plasters) facilitate the laying of the plaster boards avoiding
chips and breakages. The improvement in the thermal behavior of
M. del Río-Merino et al. Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338

gypsum manages to save large amounts of energy and thus positively The surveys carried out by del Río et al. [29], Oliveira et al. [30], San
influence the climate change [24]. The reduction of the density in the Antonio González et al. [31] and Laoubi et al. [32], through the incor­
gypsum influences the improvement of the acoustic behavior, limiting poration of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste, reach density reductions
the risk of noise-related diseases. However, the reduction in density is of up to 50% with addition percentages up to 2–4% (over the gypsum
usually related to the reduction in surface hardness and mechanical mass). However, gypsum compounds and these residues reduce the
resistance too [25]. mechanical strength of the material, in the case of flexural strength the
After analyzing the literature, it is concluded that, in general, the reduction is close to 40%–60% and of 60–80% for the reduction in
reduction of the gypsum density is achieved with additives such as strength compression. In these studies, the incidence of EPS particle size
aerators or by including cellular solids such as perlite, vermiculite, etc., in relation to the properties obtained is mentioned. Thus, as the particle
[26,27]. size increases, the mechanical strength and density decreases. Also, the
But in the last decade, several studies have been found that analyze studies by González Madariaga [33] about the addition of EPS in a
the addition in a gypsum matrix of low-density aggregates from CDW, gypsum and plaster matrix for construction, concluded in a similar way
achieving, in this way, the replacement of raw material (gypsum) with than del Río [26,27], showed the advantages of this gypsum plaster:
waste and, therefore, reducing the consumption of natural resources in lightness, improved thermal conductivity properties and lower water
the construction materials acting as digesters of their own waste and of absorption capacity. But they also highlighted significant reductions in
the waste from other industries [28]. With the addition in a gypsum mechanical strengths due to the increased porosity and/or the increase
plaster of low-density aggregates from CDW, lightened gypsum com­ in certain discontinuities between the plaster and the EPS waste (they
pounds are achieved, depending on the density of the added aggregates; can be observed in the SEM images of some of studies mentioned in
it may reach improvements that are like the addition of aggregates from previous paragraphs).
natural raw materials such as perlite or vermiculite (Table 1). Other research on gypsum plaster with extruded polystyrene (XPS)
waste [34,35] concluded that the properties of compounds with XPS
Table 1 depend on their particle size but, in general, adding XPS aggregates
Summary of the studies about gypsum composites with addition of CDW. reduces the density of the plaster up to 20% with a maximum percentage
of addition of 4%, obtaining compounds that reduce the absorption of
Studies about gypsum composites with addition of CDW
water by capillarity approximately 30% and having a better thermal
CDW added Authors Properties studied References
behavior.
Expanded del Río et al. Mechanical behavior [29] Researchers who studied the possibility of incorporate waste rubber
polystyrene Oliveira et al. Sound absorption [30] [36–38] concluded that the addition of rubber particles in the plaster
(EPS) waste San Antonio Mechanical behavior [31]
González et al.
reduces the density of the plaster and the fragility of the material,
Laoubi et al. physicomechanical properties [32] improving its elasticity, and increase the thermal insulation behavior of
González physicomechanical properties [33] the plaster, but decreases its mechanical resistance and surface hardness
Madariaga up to 50%.
Extruded San Antonio Physicomechanical properties [34,35] Research carried out incorporating plastic cable waste into plaster
polysteyrene González et al. and thermal behavior matrices [39] highlighted notable improvements in terms of modulus of
(XPS) waste elasticity and impact resistance, a decrease in the coefficient of thermal
Waste rubber Jimenez et al. Physicomechanical properties [36] conductivity, a lower water absorption capacity, similar values in terms
Abu-Lebdeh Thermal conductivity [37] of Shore C hardness and a significant decrease in their mechanical
et al.
resistance (within normative).
Urzulin et al. Physicomechanical properties [38]
López- Effects of water absorption [49] Moreover, studies about the addition of wood waste in gypsum
Zaldívar et al. mortars in different formats (sawdust, shavings, fibers, etc.) have been
Plastic cable Vidales et al. Physicomechanical properties [39,46]
found [40–42]. The conclusions of the studies demonstrate that gypsum
waste and water behaviour and wood composites get good results in thermal and acoustic insulation
[43,44] and in durability and hygrothermal behavior [45] but these
Wood waste Dalmay et al. Set Properties [40]
Morales- Physical and mechanical [41] compounds have an important reduction in their mechanical behavior.
Conde et al. properties
Haselein et al. Physical and mechanical [42] 3.1.2. Gypsum composites with CDW to improve water behaviour in
properties
gypsum
Pedreño-Rojas Acoustic and thermal [43]
et al. properties
As already mentioned, gypsum is a good construction material due to
Ramezani Physical, mechanical, and [44] its properties such as its good hygrothermal behavior, mainly conferred
et al. acoustical properties by its porosity, but this porosity gives to the gypsum a bad behavior in
Pedreño-Rojas Impact of wetting-drying [45,83] presence of water and therefore makes it not suitable for use outdoors.
et al. cycles on the mechanical
The water absorption rate of gypsum products without additions is
properties and microstructure
generally 50% and the softening coefficient is 0.2–0.3, so the products
Polymeric Alameda et al. Characterization of gypsum [47,50,
are easily deformed after being moistened, becoming rotten in extremely
residues plasterboard 51]
Flores Medina Mechanical and physical [48] humid conditions [18].
et al. properties Thus, there are several investigations that aim at a relevant
Ceramic wastes Santos et al. Mechanical and physical [52]
improvement in the properties of gypsum compounds against water. For
properties example, the studies by Vidales et al. [46] confirm that gypsum with
Del Río et al. Superficial hardness [53] plastic cable waste has a lower porosity index, that translates into a
Mineral wool Romaniega Mechanical and physical [63] lower capacity to fill with water, while the studies about the gypsum
residues et al. properties compounds with the addition of polymeric residues or rubber achieve
Villoria et al. Mechanical Characterization [70] the lowest values of water absorption capacity [47–51].
Mamiński Mechanical Characterization [71] On the other hand, researchers such Jimenez et al. [52] or del Río
et al.
[53] confirmed that the addition of ceramic wastes in gypsum mortars
Glass waste Villoria et al. Mechanical and physical [67] reduces the porosity of the gypsum and therefore water absorption ca­
powder properties
pacity by capillarity in a maximum of 30–35%. This reduction in

3
M. del Río-Merino et al.
porosity also makes possible to improve surface hardness by up to
20–25% on plaster without additions.
3.1.3. Incorporation of CDW to improve the mechanical properties of
gypsum
The main disadvantages associated with gypsum are its fragility and
low mechanical resistance, therefore it is interesting to reinforce it
improving its mechanical properties [18]. In general, there are four
procedures to improve the performance of plaster gypsum [54]:
1. Adding fibers.
2. Increase in intracrystalline cohesion, reducing the W/G ratio.
3. Increasing the density.
4. The combination of the previous strategies.
Reducing the water/plaster ratio of mortars, to increase the inter­
crystalline cohesion, is not always feasible as it reduces the workability
of the mortar and additives such as fluidizers would have to be added, so
this option is discarded, and the search studies is reduced to the other
solutions.
3.1.3.1. Adding fibers from CDW. There are many studies about the
incorporation of fibrous materials as reinforcement of a plaster matrix.
These fibers are short cellulose, sisal and esparto fibres [55,56].
In addition, many references on the gypsum reinforcement with
synthetic and mineral fibres, mainly glass fibres [57,58] and polymer
fibers [24,59–62] have been found. The results obtained in these works
concluded that depending on the length and amount of fibers added,
gypsum improve its flexural strength and reduce its fragility but the
addition of fibers decrease the compressive strength of the compound
compared with gypsum because fibers increase the porosity of the
gypsum.
However, in the last years, few studies have been published about the
reinforcement of gypsum using fibers from CDW, for example the studies
of Romaniega et al. [63] on adding mineral wool residues to gypsum
matrices (rock wool and glass wool fiber). Their results show an increase
in density (6%), Shore C surface hardness (10%) and flexural strength
(25–35%) and, however, a decrease in compressive strength (12–35%),
although with values within the limits indicated in the regulations.
As mentioned in the previous section, the reduction in mechanical
resistance is greater in lightened plasters and, for this reason, it is
common in research on lightened plasters to look for strategies to
improve mechanical resistance. Examples are the works of San Antonio
et al. [64] and Alameda et al. [65,66] in which some additives are added
such as latex, binding additives or plasticizers.
3.1.3.2. Increasing the density with high density CDW. Increased density
can be achieved with the addition of higher density aggregates to gyp­
sum. In this sense, some studies have been found about the incorporation
of aggregates from CDW such as glass, ceramics or concrete aggregates,
reaching significant improvements both in the mechanical resistance of
plaster mortars and in surface hardness.
With the incorporation of up to 50% glass waste powder from the
disassembly of carpentry, an increase in the density of the compounds is
obtained (aprox. 40%) with respect to the reference without addition, an
increase in the surface hardness Shore C (aprox. 40%) and the me­
chanical resistance of bending (aprox. 25%) and compression (aprox.
60%) and a decrease in the coefficient of thermal conductivity (aprox.
20%) [67].
Studies that demonstrate the viability of substituting ceramic resi­
dues for natural aggregates in cement mortars [68] and in lime mortars
[69] have been found, however, only one study, carried out by Santos
et al. [52] shows the effects of the incorporation of ceramic residues in
gypsum. Santos concluded that it is feasible to incorporate up to 50% of
ceramic waste in a gypsum matrix improving the superficial hardness
4
Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338
and reducing the water absorption by capillarity.
The most significant results obtained in the analyzed studies are
shown in graphs 1-2-3-4. In order to compare the results a selection has
been applied about plaster compounds with a water/gypsum ratio close
to 0.8 without additions, gypsum compounds with perlite and vermic­
ulite additions (because they are commonly used to lighten the plaster),
and gypsum compounds with the incorporation of various residues. For
all the articles about less pure plasters, lower results have been recorded.
The graphs also show, in percentage, the variation of the results ob­
tained between each compound and its reference.
In graphs 1-2 it can be seen that, in most cases, the incorporation of
aggregates decreases the flexural and compressive strength with respect
to their references; but despite this, all the flexural and compressive
strength values, regardless of the residue incorporated, are above the
minimum value required by the UNE-EN 13279-2 standard. In the
flexural strength compounds with residues of fibers mineral wood stand
out while, in the compressive strength, the compounds with residues of
cellular glass.
Graph 3 shows a non-significant difference in Shore C surface
hardness between gypsum without additives and compounds with waste
aggregates. The compounds with the highest surface hardness are those
which incorporate residues of mineral wool fibers. In this case, the in­
crease or decrease in surface hardness with respect to their references
has to do with the aggregate incorporated in the mixture.
Graph 4 shows the reduction of the thermal conductivity coefficient
of all compounds with residues compared to the non-added material.
Compounds with a lower thermal conductivity coefficient, and therefore
more energy efficient, are those that incorporate XPS waste. With
respect to its reference, it is the polycarbonate compound that present a
more significant decrease in their coefficient of thermal conductivity; on
the contrary, compounds with ceramic + EPS increase their coefficient
of thermal conductivity, resulting in compounds with less energy
efficiency.
3.1.4. Applications of gypsum compounds with CDW
Research works that study some applications of this new materials
made with gypsum and CDW such as blocks, panels, boards, or coatings
have been found (Table 2).
To design these products the researchers usually combine various
strategies such as reducing density by adding light CDW and using fibers
to increase their mechanical strength. Among the works found, the
following stand out:
Villoria et al. analyzed the viability of using CDW as expanded
polystyrene, ceramic and concrete waste in gypsum to use for coatings or
boards [70] and concluded that it is possible to produce a gypsum
mortar for these applications because these mortars improve gypsum
properties, like thermal behaviour when EPS is added, or superficial
hardness when ceramic and concrete waste are added.
Mamiński used mineral wool to reinforce a gypsum matrix to apply
in boards and concluded that these fibers decreased the modulus of
rupture and improve the fire behaviour [71].
Lastly, Shain investigated a building material, a block done with
gypsum added with expanded polystyrene (EPS) and pumice aggregate.
Shain concluded that these blocks have an adequate mechanical
behavior for buildings and also an excellent thermal behavior [72].
3.2. Studies about gypsum waste, and gypsum recycling
Although pure gypsum can be recycled infinitely, impure waste
gypsum is often disposed of dispersed in the CDW stream [73,74]. But
gypsum waste is nowadays receiving increasing attention as confirmed
by the development of research projects and initiatives aimed at
enhancing gypsum recycling as: Gypsum to Gypsum Project (GtoG)
From production to recycling: a circular economy for the European
gypsum Industry with the demolition and recycling Industry [75]. This
European project seeks to promote the recycling of plaster, along the
M. del Río-Merino et al. Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338

Graph 1. Density and flexural strength results of gypsum compounds with residues.

Graph 2. Density and compressive strength results of gypsum compounds with residues.

Graph 3. Results of density and surface hardness Shore C of gypsum with residues.

entire value chain, delimiting the scope of all the agents involved. The
results of this project have been published in different articles [75–77].
One of the most important applications of the gypsum is as retarder
in portland cement, thus studies that analyze the influence of waste
gypsum in replacing natural gypsum in the production of ordinary
Portland cement have been found [78,79] (Table 3).
The research also analyze the physical and mechanical behavior of
plasters made with recycled gypsum [80–83] and recycled plasterboards
[84–88]. In these studies, in general, the recycled plaster is grounded
and burnt at different temperatures in order to lose its non-evaporated
water and to make possible its reuse as binder. The results showed
that recycled plaster had a good performance as binder very similar to
commercial plaster.
It is important to consider the studies on durability such as those

5
M. del Río-Merino et al. Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338

Graph 4. Results of density and thermal conductivity coefficient of gypsum compounds with residues.

90–92] also analyzed these gypsums recycling properties, verifying the

Table 2
similarity of the characteristics of the mechanical resistance with respect
Studies about gypsum added with CDW building products.
to commercial gypsum and the loss of workability of the mixtures after
Studies about gypsum added with CDW building products successive recycling cycles.
Authors Building products References Lastly, a new line of research about the life cycle of gypsum has been
Abu-Lebdeh Rubberized gypsum board [37] opened (Table 4). Some of the researchs to take into account are the ones
et al. by Buchert et al. [93], about life cycle assessment of gypsum plaster­
Haselein et al. Gypsum-bonded-particleboard with recycled paper [42] board recycling, and the ones by Pedreño-Rojas et al. [94], about life
and pine wood particle cycle assessment of natural and recycled gypsum production in the
Pedreño-Rojas False ceiling plates made from plaster and wood [43]
et al. waste.
Spanish context that concluded that it is possible to design new light­
Ramezani et al. Wood-fiber-filled gypsum composites panel [44] weight eco-efficient plasters, completely recycled, with enhanced flex­
Alameda et al. Gypsum plasterboard with polyurethane foam [66] ural strength (by up to 14.8%), compressive strength (by up to 26.8%)
waste reinforced with polypropylene fibers, and thermal conductivity (up to 42.8% less) related to a gypsum
Villoria Saez A Gypsum with Inert and Insulation Materials, from [70]
reference.
et al. Construction and Demolition Waste, Block
Mamiński et al. Mineral wool gypsum boards [71]
Şahin et al. Expanded Polystyrene-Pumice-Gypsum Blocks [72] 4. Conclusions

Currently, and trying to respond to the requirements of governments,

Table 3 architects and engineers are trying to introduce recycled materials in
Studies about gypsum waste. their projects or materials that reduce the consumption of natural re­
Studies about gypsum waste sources and energy.
For this reason, as confirmed in this study, it is increasingly common
CDW added Authors Properties studied References
to find researchers working on the analysis of materials made from
Gypsum waste Chandara et al. Set property in cement [78] construction and demolition waste. Moreover, the number of works
Antunes et al. Set property in cement [79]
found shows the growing interest of researchers in the analysis and
Bardella and Physical and Mechanical [80]
Camarini Properties updating of gypsum as a construction material.
Rossetto et al. Analysis of calcination time [81] In the last decade, a lot of studies proved that the waste materials,
Pedreño-Rojas Workability of plasters [82] after being processed, are suitable aggregates to replace natural aggre­
et al.
gates commonly used in the manufacture of building materials.
Plasterboard’s Erbs et al. Physical and mechanical [84,92] Nowadays advances in recycling technologies have made possible to
waste properties separate waste into cleaner categories for reuse as aggregate so that
Geraldo et al. Physical and mechanical [85]
gypsum waste can be used, after a simple preparation, as aggregates for
properties
Weimann et al. Physical and mechanical [86] cement mortars or even plaster, as has been confirmed through the
properties
Orejón et al. Physical and mechanical [87]
Table 4
properties
Studies about gypsum recycling.
Jiménez-Rivero Characterization of quality [88]
and García recycled gypsum Studies about gypsum recycling

Authors Properties studied References

carried out by Pinheiro [89] subjecting these plasters to several recy­ Pinheiro et al. Characteristics of gypsum recycling in different [89]
cling cycles, concluding that the physical and chemical properties of cycles
Erbs et al. Life cycle assessment [90,91]
these resulting compounds did not differ from the compounds of com­
Buchert et al. Life cycle assessment [93]
mercial gypsum, even when it came to waste from multiple recycling Pedreño-Rojas Life cycle assessment [94]
cycles. And the studies by Moraes Rosseto et al. [81] or Erbs et al. [85, et al.

6
M. del Río-Merino et al.
bibliographic study, replacing natural aggregates, reducing the con­
sumption of natural resources and the serious environmental impact
generated by their exploitation.
Thus, a research line, about the viability of using gypsum waste as an
alternative to raw materials for construction materials, is necessary
more than ever, so governments must support the researchers and assure
designers to use them safely.
Numerous studies have analyzed agricultural residues (rice by-
products, hemp, etc.) and industrial by-products (CDW, tiretti, etc.). In
addition, studies that analyze the behavior of gypsum when adding its
own residues in one or more cycles have also been found.
In this article numerous lines of research open on the subject have
been collected. Focusing on the studies that analyze the influence of the
CDW on compound behavior, the analized properties are: the modifi­
cation of the setting time, the mechanical resistance, the superficial
hardness, the improvement of the thermal behavior, the reduction of the
gypsum density as well as the improvement of other properties of the
gypsum, confirming that the use of CDW manages to modify some
properties of the plaster.
In the specific case it can be concluded that the addition of CDW in
the gypsum generally increases the porosity of the compounds and
therefore their capacity to absorb water by capillarity, except for the
cases in which CDW coming from ceramic elements or plastic models.
Furthermore, in general, the compounds require a higher water/
gypsum ratio to obtain homogeneous mixtures and with all the additions
of CDW there is a physical adhesion between the hydration crystals of
the gypsum and the residues.
It is also noted that if the added residue has a lower density than
gypsum, there is a reduction in the density of the compound; varying the
percentage of added residue a relationship between the density of these
compounds and their mechanical properties is confirmed: a lower den­
sity corresponds to a lower mechanical resistance and vice versa. The
best flexural strength values were obtained by adding fiber residues to
the plaster, in particular rock wool and polypropylene fibers which also
have the property of avoiding the brittle breakage of the plaster. The
best compressive strength values were obtained with the addition of
clean ceramic waste and polycarbonate.
In any case, despite the fact that with the incorporation of CDW there
is a decrease of mechanical strength, the compounds meet the minimum
strengths required by current legislation, with the exception of those in
which high percentages of waste from insulating materials are added,
which are not recommended for applications requiring a certain me­
chanical capacity.
Also the values of the surface hardness are lowered with the addition
of residues of lower density; with the addition of residues from concrete
or ceramic rubble, better surface hardness values are obtained while,
with residues from insulating materials, of very low density, the surface
hardness reaches very low and not very homogeneous values. The latter
aggregates, on the other hand, give better thermal conductivity values.
Finally, it was found that, in recent years, researchers have begun to
design construction products with these gypsum and CDW compounds.
Author statement
All persons who meet authorship criteria are listed as authors, and all
authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to
take public responsibility for the content, including participation in the
concept, design, investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing,
revision and supervision, visualization, validation or else advice what
needs to be done about the manuscript. We sincerely hope that this
paper will meet the standards of Journal of Building Engineering and
look forward to hearing from you in due course.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
7
Journal of Building Engineering 45 (2022) 103338
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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