Deegaanka Dhulbahante miyuu ka mid ahaa dhulkii gumaystihii 

Ingiriisku ku magacaabay British Protectorate?   

 

WQ: Othman MJ Mahamud 

Waa cilmibaaris aan ugu talagalay in ay tixraac u noqoto shirarka

wada-hadalka Soomalidu arrimaha Koonfur iyo Waqooyi uga xaajoonayso -
SHARE
———————————————————————

Xayndaabkii british-ka & qabiilada somaliyed: Qiimayn ku aadan in british

protectorate ka mid yihiin qabiilada heshiiskii 1884-86kii aan saxiixin,
marka loo cuskado heshiiskii Berlin Conference 1884-85 (Act) Article (35)
kaas oo meesha ka saaray qaacidadii ‘hinterland theory’/sheegasho dhul
Isticmaaradu aysan qabsan ama dadka degan heshiis la galin.

​
​Othman A. Mahamud
​Founder AMNI Centre For Security Analysis &
​Development Research Organisation, Garoe Puntland, Somalia
​Abstract

​Markii Dawladii dhexe kacaanka 1991kii ay dhacday, dalka Somaliyeed

​wuxuu guda-galey dagaalo sokeeyo. Jamhadahii ka soo horjeeday
​xukumadii Siyaad Bare ayaa markii dambe isu badalay kuwa ​dhexdooda
hardama siyaabo badan awgood. Jamhadii SNM oo ka ​dagaalantay
gobalada waqooyi 1991kii waxay ku dhawaqday Dawlada ​Somalia inteeda
kale ka madaxban oo Somaliland loo yaqaan intii ​dhulka British Somaliland
la oran jirayna hadafkeedu yahay in ka taliso ​ictiraaf caalamka ka dalbato.
27 sano ka dib Somaliland wali ictiraaf ma ​helin. Qaybo ka mida qabiilada
degan intii British Somaliland la isku ​oran jiray iskood gacan saar iyo
heshiis ula yeesheen British-ka ​xiligii bada-cas soo dagay cidna wakiil
kama noqon makii hore ​hadana waxay u arkan in masiirkooda iyagu u
madax banan yihiin. ​Halka kuwa kalena qabiilada halkaa dega aysan
marna wax heshiis la ​yeelan Britishka sida darteed markii la fiirsho
sharciyadii u degsanaa ​dawladaha Isticmaarka waxaa shaki wayn ku jiraa
in qabiilada ama ​qabiilkaa isaga ah xayndaabkii isticmaarka Britisha
Protoctorate ka ​mid yahay marka la fiirsho xeerarkii Isticmaarka u
dagsanaa ka mid ​ahaanshaha inta ay xukumaan.

​Keywords

​Xuduud, Somaliland, heshiiyadii, British Protoctrate, ‘hinterlan theory’

Hordhac

Xiligii shacabka Waqoyiga Somalia xoriyada qaateen 1960kii waxa

British-ku xukumayey 76 sano mudo ku siman. British-ku xoog kuma
qabsan waqooyiga Somalia wuxuu ku qabsaday xeel ka dib markii uu
heshiisyo kala gaar-gaar ah la saxiixday inta badan qabiilada waqoyiga
Somalia dega. Heshiisyada qabiilada British-ku la galay ma ahayn kuwa
qoor-ka-qabad ku yimid. Waxay ahaayen kuwa qabiiladu raali ka yihiin
waloow aqoon yari dhanka Somalida jirtay keentay khaladaad raad reebay
aan laga soo kabsan wali. Hadaba, cilmi-baaristan waxa ay si qota dheer
uga war-bixindoonta iyada oo dhan walba ka eegaysa doodihii ka dhashay
heshiskii [1954] British-ku ku bixiyey dhulka Somaliyed Hawd, Reserve
Area iyo Ogadenia. Doodahaa xildhibaanda Aqalka Hoose ‘House of
Commons’ dhexmartay ayaa abaartoodu ahayd mawqif ka qaadashada
qadiya dhulka Ethiopia loo hibeeyay. Iyo dib u qiimayn heshiisyadii
British-ku 1884-86kii ay inta badan qabiilada Waqooyiga Somalia la
gashay. Doodaha ‘House of Commons’ waxay dhacen tarikhdu markii ay
ahayd 23 -25 Feb, 1955kii.

Si gun-dhiga doodani loo fahmo cilmi-baarista waxay falanqaynaysaa

qaabka, sharuudaha iyo goorta heshiiyada Britsh-ku Qabilada waqooyi la
saxiixday 1884-86kii. Heshiisyadu waa kuwa u gogal xaarey wadiiqadii
British-ku dhulka Somalida ku soo degay. Iyo sidoo kale lagu saleeyay
xadeyntii xadkii loo yaqaaney British Somaliland (British Protectorate).
Daraasadan waxay isbar-bar dhigaysaa go’aamada British ‘House of
Commons’ 23-25 Feb, 1955 ka soo fulay saameen ma ku yeelan karaan
hadii la cuskado mawqufka ama go’aamdi British-ku qaatay in xal loogu
helo ismariwaaga siyaasadeed iyo degaameed ka aloolsan qabiilada
dhulka waqooyiga Somalia wada degan. Qabiilada Somalida ee waqooyi
intooda badan garbo siman heshiisyada British-ka u wada galeen qolana
masuul ama matalaad kama noqon qolada kale sameyntii xaduudii
Britishka. Halka qaybo kale oo muhiim ah ay goobta heshiisku ka dhacay
goob joog ahayn. Sidoo kale cilmi-baaristaan waxay daraasad ku
sameynaysa in qabiilka Dhul-bahante (Said Harti, Darod) xayn-daabka
xuduudaha British Somaliland ku yimid heshiisyadii 1884-86kii qabiiladu
galeen qayb ka ahaayen. Hadaysan qayb ka ahayn heshiisyada sidee
dhulka British Somaliland la isku oran jiray sharciyan qabiilka Dhulba-hante
uga mid noqday. Daraasadan waxay daboolka ka qaadi doontaa
heshiisyada labada waji ahaa 1884-86kii British-ka iyo qaa ka mida
qabiilada waqooyi dega dhexmaray in ay jireen wax cadaymo; qoraalo ama
qariidad ah qabiilada; Gar Hejis, Habar Awal, Habar Tol-jecle, Warsangali
Harti, Isse Madowe iyo Gadabuursi [Samroon] hordhigeen British-ka xiligii
heshiisyada ay ku cad yihin baaxada iyo dhararka dhulka ay sheeganayan
inta uu leegyahay heshiisna ku galeen marka laga reebo deeganka
xeebaha Bada-cas ku teexsan oo British qudhiisa raad-raac cad ka reebay
qabiilada ay u aqoonsadeen. Cilmi-baarista si ay u soo bandhigto daraasad
hufan oo xaqiiq ah islamarkaasna ka talo bixiso dood cilmiyeed uga furto
xal u helida khilaafka ka dhex-dhashay qabiiladii xoriyada ka qaatay ka dib
bur-burkii xukuumadii dhexe 1991kii. Waxay cuskanaysaa buugag iyo
warbixino cilmi-baaris tacliin sare (scholarly work) la isla xaqiijiyey oo
barax-tiran laguna kalsoon yahay.

November 29, 1954kii waxaa soo af-meermay heshiiskii u dhaxeeyay

dawlada British iyo Ethiopia halkaas oo Britishku kala baxayay ciidamada
ku sugnaa afafka xuduuda Somaliland. Deegamada Britishku ciidamada ka
saarayay waxay kala yihiin Hawdka, Reserve Area iyo Ogadenia, wallow
Somalia guud ahan wali xoriyada qaadan hadana sida British
qorshayneysay Somaliyada xoriyada qaadan doonta in badan waa ka
yaran doontaa dhul ahaan iyo dad ahaan mida uu heshiiska la galey
1884-86kii. Dr. Redie Bereketeab (Eritrean) madaxa hay’ada Nordic Africa
Institute islamarkasna ah barre University of Chicago buuga
‘Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State’
qortay waxay xustay:
​“The Somaliland that would become independent was much smaller than
the territory seized by Britain 75 years earlier. In a series of of treaties
beginning in 1897, the British gave into Ethiopian demands for the Haud,
Ogaden and the Reserve Area, culminating in the 1954 Anglo-Ethiopian
Agreement…..The Somalis were unaware of these agreements between
Briton and Ethiopian.”[3 below]

​Fasirad: “ Somaliland xoriyada qaadanaysa (1960) waa ka yar tahay midii

Briton 75 sano ka hor qabsatay. Heshiisyo xiriir ah oo soo bilaabmay
1897kii ayaa British ku siiyey Ethiopian dalabkoodii ahaa dhulka Hawdka,
Ogaden iyo Reserve Area, waxana dalabkaa ee Anglo-Ethiopian lagu soo
afmeeray heshiiskii 1954……Somalidu wax wacaal ah uma hayn
heshiisyada Briton iyo Ethiopianku wada galayeen.”
Heshiika British-ka iyo Ethiopia gaareen 1954 wuxuu aqoonsadey heshiiskii
hordhaca u ahaa labada wadan ee Anglo-Ethiopian 1897 Harrar lagu
qabtay
​“The purpose of the Agreement of November 1954 was thus to fulfill the
undertaking given by the British Government in the Treaty of
1897……...had no way changed the obligations which the British
Government had assumed in the Treaty of 1897 according to which these
localities were recognized as Ethiopian territory.” [1]
​Fasirad: “Ujeedka heshiiski November 1954 sida darteed wuxu ahaa in la
taaba galiyo lala wareego ogalaashaha ay bixisay Dawlada Brirtishka
heshiiskii 1897kii..marna kama noqoteen sharuudihii Dawlada British ay ku
qaadatay heshiiska 1897, la xiriira aqoonsashada degaamooyinkasi ay
yihiin dhul Ethiopian”.
Tarikhdu markay ahayd February 21, 1955kii sadex bilood ka dib xiliga
British ku wareejiyey Ethiopia dhulka Hawd [Haud] November, 1954kii
waxa dhashay muran dhex yimid Somalidii reer guuraaga ahayd dhulka
Hawdka xoolaha daaqsada iyo ciidamadii Ethiopianka dhulka Hawd la
wareegay. Reer guuragii dhulkii Haud & Reserve Area xoola daaqsan
jireen loo diiday waxay ahayen qiyastii sida Alan Lennox of-Boyd oo ahaa
xiligaa Secretary of

State for the Colonial yiri:

​“The numbers involved vary, but I believe that about 300,000 people go
from the Somali-land Protectorate into Ethiopian territory for grazing and
will continue to do so under the guaranteed rights secured by this
Agreement. “
​Fasirad: “Tirada ku taxaluqay waa kala duwanaayen, laakin waxan
aaminsanahay in ku dhaw 300,000 oo dad ah aya ka tagi jiray dhulka
Somaliland oo xaga deeganka Ethiopia daaqsin u aadi jiray waana u aadi
doonan iyada oo u masaamixi doonto xuquuqda uu sugay Heshiiskan.”
23-25 Feb, 1955kii waxaa fadhi yeeshay Aqalka Hoose ee British ka ‘the
House of Commons’ ka dib markii ay dood ka timid ka dhan ah heshiiskii
1954kii ay British Ethiopia dhulka Haud & Reserve Area ku siisay. Dooda
ayaa furay ururkii la magac baxay NUFRRH (National United Front for
Retaining the Reserve Area and the Haud) ay ku midoobeen ururadii
siyaasiyiinta 1954-55kii jiray kuwooda hormuudka u ahaa waxa ka mid ah
labada xisbi SYL & NSL (National Somali League oo gobalada waqooyi ka
jiray). Ururka NUFRRH ayaa safar uu kaga dacwoonayo talaabadii
British-ku qaatay ku aaday London isla February 1955kii ergada ururka
NUFRRH waxa hogaamiye u ahaa Michael Mariano oo ururka NSL xubin
ka ahaa.

Waxa sidoo kale NUFRRH warqad dacwo ah u diray xafiiska Qaramada

midoobey UN si heshiiska 1954kii Englsiha dhulka Somalida ku bixiyey
dood sharciyeed looga furo. Qodabada Somalidu waliba dhanka ka socday
British Somaliland ay ku doodaysay khaasatan dhulka Hawdka waxa ka
mid ahaa in heshiisyadii British ku 1884-86kii qabiilada waqooyiga Somalia
la gashay ka baxdey islamarkaana ay tix-galisay heshiisyo ka dambeeyay
oo British Ethiopia la saxiixatey sida heshiishkii ‘Anglo-Ethiopia’ British
Ethiopia Harrar kula gashey 1897kii oo lidi ku ah kuwa ay Somalida horay
ula gashay.

Intaanan u guda-galin sharaxaada doodadaha sharciyada heshiisyadii la

galey ku qotanta ay Somalidu u soo bandhigtay British ka, iyo deegamada
heshiiska lagu galay in la cayimay iyo in heshiisyada qudhoodu noqdeen
kuwa caalamku ictiraafay (British & Somali Elders Treaty 1884-86kii). Bal
aan iftimiyo marka hore xiliga iyo qabaa’ilada waqooyiga ee Somalia ay
Britishka heshiishka/axdiga la saxiideen, islamarkasna ku sameysmeen
xayndaabkii British Somaliland ama British Protectorate Somalia. Dhanka
kale waxan muhiim ah in la xuso qabiilada Waqooyi Somalia degan
islamarkaasna aan wax heshiis ah British xukunkiisa la galin.

Darasadii 1aad hore u qoray January 16, 2018ka waxan ku soo qaatay in
Britishku xeebaha waqooyi Somalia ku soo guuray ka dib markii
boqortooyadii Turkiga Ottoman Empire ay ciidankoodi uu horjoogaha u
ahaa Khedive Ismail Masri u dhashay kala baxday. Ka dib markii ay
dhanka Sudan Masar - boqortooyada Ottoman halkaa ka talinaysay -
culays ka soo food saarey kacdoonkii Mahdigii Sudan. 1884kii ayaa British
oo Aden, Yemen ku sugnaa awalna xeebaha Waqooyiga Somalia ganacsi
la lahaa u arkay fursad islamarkaasna soo degay Saylac, Bulxaar iyo
Berbera ciidanka uu watay markaa waxay ahaayeen 40 Askari qura.
​“Hunter selected the Aden Second Assistant Resident, Langton
Prendergast Walsh , who was a former Commander of the Aden
Settlement Police to be a Vice-Consul and the British local commander in
Somaliland…….Hunter installed Walsh and his 40 Aden policemen in
Berbera.”
​Fasirad: “Mr. Hunter (Captain Frederick Mercey Hunter oo ahaa madax
koowad ee xarunta Aden) ayaa u doortay ku xigeenka caawiyaha xarunta
Mr. Walsh markii horena ahaa Madaxa Boliska ee Aden in uu noqdo ku
xigeenka Qunsulka iyo Madaxa English ka ee Somaliland……Hunter wuxu
fariisin uga dhigay Walsh iyo 40 kii askari oo Aden boliska ka ahaa
Berbera.”

Heshkii 1aad British-ka & Odey-dhaqamedyada

Soo galida British-ka xeebaha waqooyi Somalia intii hore ciidamada waxaa
looga talin jiray taliska English ee Aden fadhiya waana mida keentay in Mr.
Walsh oo ahaa shakhsigii English u horeeyay xeebaha Somalia yimaada in
taliska/xarunta Aden, Yemen hoos tago iyo Kabtan Mr. Hunter. Isla
wakhtigaa British waxay biloowday heshiis ay la galeyso qabiilada
Somalida si ay ugu soo dabaasho ama ku soo xero galiso hadafka fog ay
ka leedahay geeska Africa. 1884-86kii waxay British-ka laba heshiis oo is
xiga la gashey oday dhaqameedyada qaba’ilada deegaamada Waqoyiga
Somalia dega. Labada heshiis sharuud ahaan waxay ahaayen kuwa kala
duwan:
​“The Royal Navy initially stationed a ship at Berbera to provide Walsh with
some firepower, but Hunter’s political tactics were not based on force, as
both he and Walsh regarded the use of force as a failure for diplomacy.
Treaties of protection were signed by the British with those Somali tribes
that were amenable.”
​
Fasirad: “Ciidanka Bada ee British markii hore waxay markabkooda ku soo
xirteen xeebta Berbera si ay Mr. Walsh u gaarsiiyaan baaruda rasaasta,
laakin Mr. Hunter xirfada siyaasadiisu kuma salaysnayn xoog/dagaal Walsh
iyo Isagaba waxay aamisanaayen isticmaalida xooga iyo dagaalka in ay
tahay sayaasad faashila ah. Heshiisyada nabad-galyada ay British la
saxiixdeen qabiilada Somalida waxay ahaayeen kuwa rajo fiican leh lagu
hiran karo.”
Heshiisyadii 1aad dhacey 1884kii waxay guntayeen in British-ka xarun ku
yeelato deegamada qabaa’ilada ay heshiiska la gashay islamarkaasna
qabaa’ilada iyo British-ku ka wada shaqeeyan ilaalinta xasiloonida iyo kala
dambeynta. Sidoo kale in ay qabiiladu ku wareejin karin/gacanta u galiin
karin degaamadooda dal kale oo aan ahayn British, waxa lagu tilmaama
inay ahaayen bogcad qabsasho uun si wadamada kale European-ka ay
aaga soo galin[1].

Heshiiskan ayaa u ogalanayey in British-ku dhex mari karto si xor ah

deegamada qaba’iladu ka soo jeedan dhanka xeebaha u badan.
Heshiisyada koowaad ma ahayn kuwa sharuud ku xirayey British-ka in ay
ilaaliso, horumariso ama deegamadaas hoos gayso sharciyan
boqortooyada English. Waxay heshiisyadani fulinayay kaliya danaha
British-ku ka la hayd deegamada xeebta ah, halkaas ay British-ku
daneynayey arimo dhaqaale ka dib markii la furay Suweys Kanal (Suez
Canal) 1869kii. Iyo, in ay kala dagaalanto doonyaha ka ganacsada dadka
loo iib-geeyo Yurub iyo Carabta oo gacanka soo mara iyo arimo kale badan
oo la xiriira ‘inter alia’.

Heshiiyadii ama Axdigii wajigii 1aad lala galey British-ka sanadkii 1884kii
qaba’iladii suulka ku duugay, tarikhda heshiisyadu qabsoomeen iyo siday u
kala hor mareen waa:
1- Habar Awal, July 14, 1884
2- Gadabursi, December 11, 1884, goobta Zaila
3- Habar Tolja’ala, December 26, 1884, goobta Aden
4- Eessa Somal, December 31, 1884, goobata Zaila sidoo kale
5- Habar Gerhajis, January 13, 1885, goobta Aden
F.G. Dhamatod heshiisyadan waxay dhaqan galeen isla goorta la saxiixay
oo tarikhdooda ku xusan tahay.

British-ka danaynta xeebaha Somalia ma aha markii ugu horeysay ay

heshis is faham iyo macaamil ku saleysan oo sharuud masuuliyad balan
qaad lahayn ama dano siyaasad laga lahayn ay qabiilada Somalida la
saxiixato. Document la yiraahdo ‘British and Foreign State Papers’ 1893kii
[ku] tarikheysan/xermaysan waxaa ku cad in British-ku heshiis ay abid la
gasho qabiil Somalia ee ugu horeeyey uu ahaa qabiilka Majeerten,
waxayna dhigaalku u qoran yahay:
​“With the exception of the earliest of them (the Agreements), with the
Mijjertayn Somal, which was reached on May 1, 1884 and ratified on July
29, and concerned the fate of vessels wrecked upon the Somali coast, but
included no reference to rights of appertaining to the territory of the tribe.
​
Fasirad: “Markii la tixgaliyo koodii u horeeyay (Heshiisyada) wuxu ahaa kii
Majertenka Somali, kaas oo lagaley May 1, 1884 sido kale wuxu
dhaqan-galey July 29, wuxu ku koobnaa ka wada shaqaynta maraakibta ku
xumaata xeebaha Somalida, laakin heshiiskan kuma jirin xuquuq siin
dhanka deeganka qabiilka.”

Waxaa cadeyn ah in xiriirka British-ka iyo qabiilka Majertayn lahaayeen

uusan ahayn mid xiliga hore 1884kii kaliya ku soo af-meermay balse ahaa
mid diplomasiyadiisu sii socday ilaa 1903dii markii Admiral Atkinson Ilig/Eyl
dhanka Berbera bada kaga soo duulay uu warqad u qoray Suldan Ali Yusuf
xaruntisu ahayd Hobyo si qabiilka Isse Mohamud oo dagalkii Ilig
dhexmaray British iyo Darawishta ka qaxay halkoodi loogu soo celiyo:
​“Admiral Atkinson-Willes despatched an intelligence officer in HMS Fox
with a letter to Sultan Ali Yusuf of Obbia, asking him if Illig could be
re-populated with the Esa Mahmoud tribe who had resided there before the
Mullah occupied the location.”
​
Fasirad: “Admiral Atkinson-Willes wuxu diray mid ka mida ciidanka
sirdoonka ‘HMS Fox’ ka soo qaaday waraaq ku socota Suldan Ali Yusuf of
Obbia (Hobyo) uu ka codsanayo in dib loogu soo celiyo deegaanka Illig
(Eyl) qabiilka Issa Mohamud oo ahaa qabiilkii halkaa degnaa inta Sayid
Mohamed uusan kordigin.”

F.G. Heshiiska sii horeeyay uu British la galey Majerten wuxu dhex marey
iyaga iyo Boqor Osman oo xaruntiisa ahayd Bargaal (Cape Guardafui),
heshiiskan Britishku wuxu ku bixin jiray dhaqaale lagu ilaaliyo maraakiibta
kaga xumaata xeebaha Somalia sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ahaa dhisida
Munaarada Bargaal ee marakiibta laga hago.
Heshiishkii 2aad British-ka & Odey-dhaqameedyada
—————————-

Heshiiska wajiga labaad 1886kii wuxu ahaa mid ka muhiisan wajigii

koowad oo leh sharuudo laba dhinac ah ay ku galeen British-ka iyo
Qabiilada waqooyiga Somalia degan waana xeerkii bud-dhigaha u ahaa
68da sano ay British-ka kula macaamilaysay qabaa’iladaa Somlidii u qoor
dhiibatay ilaa ay heshiiskii 1954ki la gashay Ethiopia uu buriyay sharuudihii
la dhigtay 1886kii. Heshiiskan ayaa British-ku caalamka ugu cadeynaysay
in dhulka waqooyiga Somalia loo aqoonsado British Somaliland oo ay
boqortooyada English ka taliso kana mid tahay dhulalka ay boqortooyadu
gumeysato. Masuulna ay ka tahay ilaalinta amniga, horumarinta arimaha
dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada qaba’iladii heshiiska la galey. Heshiiskan labaad
1886kii waxa British-ka la saxiixatey afar qabiil qura oo degan inta badan
dhulka xeebaha Bada-cas una arkaysay in ay muhiim u yihiin danaha ay ka
lahayd heshiiska wajiga 2aad oo u badnaa ilaalinta Canal Sues, ka ganacsi
hilibka xoolaha iyo qayb ka ahaanshaha dawladaha Yurub (Italy iyo
France) ee dadka Somalida ah dhulkooda qayb sanayey:
1- Habar Awal (Isaq)
2- Habar Garhejis (Isaq)
3- Habar Tolja’alo (Isaq) iyo
4- Warsangali (Harti, Darod)

Nuxurka heshiisyada 1aad, 2aad iyo 3aad oo isku si u qoran darteed

waxan halkan kaga xusayaa mid qura. Inta badan lafdiga sharuudaha waxa
soo qoraneysay British. Heshiiska 4aad gaar ayan u xusaya sababta waa
in sharuudaha kaga duwan yahay sadexda kale:
​“WE, the undersigned Elders of the Habr Gerhajis tribe, are desirous of the
entering into an Agreement with the British Government for the
maintenance of our independence, the preservation of order, and other
good and sufficient reasons. Now it is hereby agreed and covenanted as
follows: - ART. I. The Habr Gerhajis do hereby declare that they are
pledged and bound never to cede, cell, mortgage, or otherwise give for
occupation, save to the British Government, any portion of the territory
presently inhabited by them or being under their control”.
​
Fasirad: “Anagoo ah Odey-dhaqameedyada qabiilka Habar Gerhajis,
waxan go’aansaney in aan heshis la galno Dawlada British si aan u ilaalino
xoriyadeena, si aan u dhoorno kala dambeynta iyo sharciga iyo sababaha
kale wanagsan oo la-hal-maala. Hadaba sida darteed waxan go’aan ku
qaadaney in aan aqbalno sidan: ART. I. Habr Gerhajis halkan waxay ku
cadeynaysaa oo dhaar ku maraysaa marnaba ka noqoneyn in Dawlada
British aysan bixin karin, amaahin karin, ama shaqo u bixn karin qayb kasta
oo ka mida deeganka ay dagan yihin kana soo jeedan ay iyagu [British]
masuul ka yihiin”.

Ka dib markii British-ku isku fidiyay dhulka xeebaha bada Cas laba sano
gudahood wuxu ku gaaray magaalada Las-qoray oo ka mid ah
magaaloyinka qadiimka ah ku yaal xeebaha Somalia. British-ku wuxu
halkaa heshiish laba daraf ah la gashey qabiilka Warsangali (Mohamud
Harti) January 27, 1886kii si u ugu soo biiro heshiiska British Somaliland
Protectorate ku sameysmatay. Nuqulka heshiiskan aya u qoran:
​“ART. I. The British Government, in compliance with the wish of the
undersigned Elders of the Warsangali, undertakes to extend to them and to
the territories under their authority and jurisdiction the gracious favor and
protection of Her Majesty the Queen- Empress. II. The said Elders of the
Warsangali agreed and promise to refrain from entering into any
correspondence, Agreement, or Treaty any foreign nation or Power, except
with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government.”
​
Fasirad: “ART. I. Dawlada British iyada oo tixgalinaysa doonista
Odey-dhaqameedyada Warsangali saxiixay heshiiskan, waxay dusha u
ridanaysaa in ay u fidiso iyaga iyo deegankooda hoos keento dawladooda
iyo xukunkooda wanagsan oo xushamada leh iyo ay ilaaliso Boqortooyada
(Her Majesty the Queen- Empress). ART. II. Odey-dhaqameedka
Warsangali way ogolaaden iyo waxay kaloo balan qaadayaan in ay ka
joogan aysan galin wax macaamila, Heshiis ah ama Axdi la galin wadama
ama awoodo shisheeye, marka laga reebo ogolaanshaha iyo ogaanshaha
Boqortooyada England (Her Majesty’s Government).”

F.G. Heshiisyada afarta ah, sadex ka mid ah waxa la saxiixay horaantii ilaa
dhamadkii bisha February 1886kii waxay si rasmiya ah dhaxal-gal u
noqdeen June 16, 1886kii, afar bilood ka dib xiligii la saxiixay.
Heshiiska/Axdigii lala galey Habar Awal ayaa afarta heshiis u dambeeyey
waxa la saxiixay March 15, 1886, wuxuna dhaxal-gal noqday si rasmi ah
September 15, 1886kii lix bilood ka dib. Sababta Samaroon/Gadabursi iyo
Essa Madowe Axdiga wajiga 2aad 1886kii British-ku uga reebay baaris
dheer ka dib meel ay ku cadahay ma arag sababta, waxansa u badan
tahay in mudada labada sano u dhaxeysa labada Axdi in ay British go’aan
sadeen Axdiga 1886kii afar qabiil kaliya ku soo kooban maadama ay yihiin
qabiilada u badan deegamadas. Iyo in British-ku xeerinayey Axdigii Article
35 1885kii ee Berlin Conference.

Heshiisyada sadexda qabiil oo hore waxay u qornaayeen in ilaalinta iyo

xaq-dhawrka sharuudaha laba dhinac bud-dhig u tahay heshiiska guud ee
lagala qortay sida: in dhulka la bixin karin, amaahin karin, ama shaqo loo
bixin karin, qayb kasta oo ka mida deegamada ay matalaan ay dagan yihin
ama ka taliyaan. Waxay sharuudahan asal u ahaayen ka doodida bixinta
dhulka Hawd [gaar ahaan] ee 1954kii:
​“Micheal Mariano reminded the British government that the Agreement
stated that the British undertook ‘never to cede’………territory…..being
under their control.”[3]
​
Fasirad: “ Micheal Mariano ayaa xusuusiyey dawlada British-ka heshiisku
qeexayey British-kuna ogolaadey in ‘waligood bixin’……deeganka …..ay
masuulka ka yihiin.”

Halka Heshiiska ama Axdiga 4aad oo Oday-dhaqameedyada Warsangali

lala galey aysan lahayn wax qodab ah oo dhankooda ka tarjumada dan ay
ilaashanayaan, hadii la jabiyona Axdigu burayo. Si kale hadaan u dhigo ma
laha heshiiska January 27, 1886kii la galey ee qabiilka Warsangali,
sharuudo ka dhan ah British-ka in ay ilaalisona ku khasban tahay. Waxa
heshiishyadu ka wada si naayeen in beelaha xeebaha degan ay
maraakibta British-ka xeebahooda ku xumaada gacan ka geystaan. Iyo in
aysan xeebahooda u ogolaan ka gacansiga adoonsiga dadka iyo in ay
Britishku xarumo talis ka furan karaan. Ahmiyada siyaasadeed dhanka
British-ku ka lahaa heshiisyada waxay tahay samaynta dhul Somalia ka
mid ah oo British Protectorate loo yaqaan.

Xaqiiqda Dhulalka Qabiiladu kala sheegten

————————————————————

Dhanka kale, Heshiisyada Britishka iyo Afarta qabiil ay wada galeen marka
laga reebo dhulka dhanka xeebta Bada-cas ku teedsan - oo lagu cadeeyay
heshiisyada oo xarumo ‘British Posts’ ka sameenayey - laguma cadayn
dhulka dhanka barriga ‘inland’ kaga aadan xeebaha halka baaxad iyo
dherar ku egyahay Axdiyada la kala qortay ee heshiska. Qabiilada
dhankooda ma keenin xiliga ay heshiiska galeen wax cadaymo ah; qoraal
ama qariidad ku xusan oo qeexaya dhulka ay sheeganayaan in ay ka
taliyan ama dagan yihiin inta baaxadiisa cel-celis la’egtahay. Sida darteed.
Waloow sharciyada heshiisyada lagala qortay marna dood aysan ka dhalan
hadana dhanka xaqiijinta dhulalka la sheegtay in ay sax yihiin waa mid
mugdi wayn ka jiro ilaa iyo hada. Wasiirka Arihaha Isticmaarka ee Dalka
British-ka (Minister of State for Colonial Affairs) Mr. Henry Hopkinson ee
xilgaa ayaa February 25, 1955kii fadhi Aqalka Hoose Parliament British
‘House of Common’ ka yeeshay doodii ka dhalatay bixinta dhulka Hawdka
xaqiijiyey:
​“Those Agreements …..are certainly as binding and valid today as they
were when they were signed, but the exact area covered by them never
defined. The only indication of its extend was a reference to two points on
the coastline in a notification which was made to the Powers which signed
the Berlin Treaty of 1885…..Nothing was said whatever about the limits of
the extension in the hinterland.”[1]
​
Fasirad:“ Heshiisyada…….xaqiiqdii waa lagu khasban yahay maanta waa
shaqeynayaan siday horey u shaqeen jireen oo loo saxiixay, laakin
baaxada dhul ahaan ay soo koobayaan waligeed lama qeexin. Cadeynta
kaliya balacoodu laga soo bar-tilmaamsadey waa labada barood oo
dhanka xeebta ah sida ku cad cadeynta loo sameeyay Quwadood
(Wadamada Gumeysiga ee reer Yurub), kaas oo la saxiixay Heshiiskii
Berlin 1885kii….Waxba lagama oran wax alale waxay xuduudaha dhulka
(xeebta) ku hareeraysan la’eg yahay.”

F.G. - Xafiiska Arimaha Gumeysiga (Colonial Affairs) ee English waxaa la

xiray August 1, 1966kii.
Heshiisyadii 1886kii la galey sida British oo ahayd Dawladii iyadu awooda
xeerinta ama dhigida sharuudaha/axdiyadi heshiiska gacanta sare lahayd
ay qirtay in dhulka British Somaliland la oran jiray dhanka barriga xuduudo
cayiman aysan lahayn. Shaki galinta halka xuduuda British dhulka barriga
ay dhacdo waa sababah ugu wayn Boqorkii Ethiopia Menelek damaca
galisay isku balaarinta dhulka Somalidu degto markii dambanse u suurta
galisay in qayba ka mida Caalamku u aqoonsado in uu isagu ka taliyo oo la
hoos keeno.

British-ku qirashada in aysan wax cadayn ah jirin balaca & dhararka toona
barriga dhulka qabiilada sheeganayaan wuxuu jid uga dhigayey heshiiskii
Angalo-Ethioian 1897kii in u ahaa mid sax ah heshiisyadii qabiilada
Somalida ka horeeyayna aysan khilaafsaneyn maadama Somalida dhulka
barriga sheegan sidaa darteedna uusan u aqoonsaneyn:
​“Moreover, whereas the Agreements with the Somalis neither prescribed
any definite territorial arrangment nor purported to define the regions to
which they applied.”[1]
​
Fasirad: “Inta waxa dheer, halka heshiisyada Somalida lala galey marna
ma cadeynayn wax qeexitaan ah oo qorsheen dhul ah mana soo jeedin in
la qeexo dhulka ay sheegteen.”

Hadaba hadii mugdi wayn ku jiro dhanka British-ka iyo kan European-ka
sida cadeynmaha khariidadii dawladihii Isticmarka Berlin Treaty 1885kii
lagu diiwan galiyey halka dhulka barriga ee British Somaliland
xuduudaheeda dhacdo. Waxa iswaydiiyn mudan sidee ku timid in qabiilka
Dhulba-hante (Said Harti, Darod) oo dega afar dalool dalool ka badan inta
British Somaliland loo yaqaaney xayndaabka British Protectorate uga mid
noqday iyadoo qabiilada Dhulba-hante wax heshiis ah la galin Britishka
xiligii (1884-86kii) qabiilada kale waqooyi daga u kala tar-tamayeen
gacansaarka boqortooyada British-ka. Mr. Henry Hopkinson (Minister of
State for Colonial Affairs) ayaa yiri:
​“The tribal Elders voluntarily placed themselves under British protection.”
​
Fasirad: “Madax dhaqameedyadu qabiilada iyagaa iskood u hoos yimid
xukunka British-ka.”
Jawaab u helida su’aalahan iyo kuwa badan oo kale ka dhalan kara dooda
Aqalka Hoose ka dhacday February 23-25, 1955kii waxay shaki wayn
galinayaan hubaal ahaanshaha in qabiilka Dhulba-hante sharciyan ka mid
yahay qabiil ahaan iyo dhul ahaan British Protectorate. Dawlada Britishka
ayaa xiliga doodii bixinta dhulalka Hawd, Reserve Area socdeen cadeesay
in dhul aysan qabsan qabiilkiisana heshiis la galin loo qaban karin in ay
bixiso. Af-hayeenkii Aqalka Hoose ‘House of Commons’ xiligaa kala
fadhigu socday Mr. William Marrison ayaa qeexay:
​“Consequently it was not in our power to give away that which we did not
possess.”
Fasirad: “Sidaa darteed ma ahayn awoodeena inaan bixino waxaan awalkii
horeba gacanteena ku jirin.”

Tani waxay cadeyn u tahay sharciyan British-ka deegamada heshiiyadu uu

galay meelna kaga qorneyn in aan loo nisbayn karin. Dabcan qaacidadan
waa mida loo cuskaday dhulka Somalia in Ethiopia loo hibeeyay 1954kii.
Balse intaa kuma koobna, isla qaacidadan waxaa loo cuskan karaa
deegadmada qabiilada heshiiska aan British la galin islamarkaasna qayb
ka mida Ethiopia dhulkooda la siiyey iyada oo loo nisbaynayo in dhulkaasi
qodabadii 1884-86kii ku xusnayn sida qabiilka Dhulba-hante. In sidoo kale
qaybta qabiiladaas deegankooda ah Somalia ku hadhay aan loo nisbayn
karin in British Somaliland ka mid yihiin. Iftiiminta dood-cilmiyeedkan oo
gun-dhig u ah daraasadan sharciyana sax ah markii laga soo fiirsho
sharciyadii ay dagsadeen dhexdooda dawladihii Isticmaarka ee reer
Europe qaybsiga qaarada Africa.
Marka hore waxa laga maarman ah in dood-cilmiyeedka laga reebo in
qabiilka Dhulba-hante Darwiish ahaa xiliyada heshiisyadu socdeen. Waxa
taas cadayn u ah xiligii heshiisyada qabiilada waqooyi intooda badan la la
yeelanayen British-ka, kacdoonkii Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan ka
dhanka ahaa British-ka wali ma bilaaban. Sida darteed qabiilka
Dhulba-hante heshiisyada ugama harin ama loogama reebin in ay
Darawish ahayeen xiliga heshiisyadu qabiilada Dhulba-hante jaarka yihiin
socdeen. Waxa uga hareen in ay qabiilku dagan yihiin dhulka barriga ah
xeebna la hayn degeenadooda:
​“In 1895 Sayyid Muhammad came back from Mecca, via Aden to
Somalia….About 1885, he set off for Arabia. The Sayyid remained in
Mecca and Madina or a in Yaman for five or six years to study.”
​
Fasirad: “Sayyid Muhammad Mecca ka soo noqday, dhanka Cadan
Somalia ka soo galay…..Qiyaastii 1885kii Sayyidku wuxu u bakhoolay
Arabia. Sayyidku wuxu ku baaqi ahaadey Mecca iyo Madina ama Yaman
shan ama lix sano oo waxbarsho ah.”

F.G. Kacdoonka Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan wuxuu biloowday 1899kii

ilaa 1920kii waxaana loo nisbeeya in kacdoonkiisa ka dhashay bixintii
dhulka Hawd, Reserve Area & Ogadenia oo heshiishkii Anglo-Ethiopia
Treaty Harrar ka dhacay 1897kii dhanka British-ka waxaa u saxiixay Mr.
Rodd dhanka Ethiopia Makunan oo Ras of Harrar- waxa la sheegaa sida
Professor Husian M. ALBAHARNA buugisa ‘The Legal Status of the Arabia
Gul States’ ku cadeeyay in hadii qabiilka Dhulbahante heshiisyadii
1884-86kii lagu dari lahaa in aysan kacdoonka 21 sano socday ee
Sayyidka ka qayb qaaten.

Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan xiligaa heshiishka 1886ka British-ka

qabiilada afar ah la galayo wuxuu ku sugnaa Saudi Arabia waxaa la
barayey firqada Salihiyada [school of thoughts] oo xagjir ka sii ahayd
firqada Qadiriyada xiligaa Somalidu aad ugu dhaqmaysay. Firqada
Salihiya waxay magaca ka qaadatay oo aasasaheeda Sheikh Mohamad
Ibn Salih al-Rashidi oo noolaa xiligii 1854-1917kii. Sheikh Mohamad Ibn
Salih al-Rashidi asalkiisu wuxu ahaa Sudanese wax ku bartay madarasada
Maliki kuna noolaa Saudi Arabia Maka (waxa loo badiyaa in Sayyidku la
kulmay Sheikh inta uu ku sugnaa Maka). Salihiya xiligaa Sayyidku Saudi
Arabia ku sugnaa ayay ururdiimeed cusub aheyd aadna ugu soo horjeeda
Qadiriyada islamarkaasna dad caribiyaysa ay geeska Africa u soo dirto
sida Wahaabiyada wakhtigan.

Shirkii Berlin 1885ii & ‘Hinterland Theory’

——————————————————-

Shirkii Berlin, Germany 1884-85kii (Berlin Conference of 1884-85k, The

General Act of the Belrin Conference) ama loo yaqaan Shirkii Congo (The
Congo Conference) ayaa waxa loogu daw lahaa sidii in loo sameyn lahaa
qacidooyin European dhexdooda isticmaarisiga iyo qaybsiga Africa iskula
macaamilaan oo sharci la cuskado, loo noqdo, la isla og-yahay la helo,
is-qab-qabsi dhexdooda ah uusan imaan. Dhanka kale shirkan dawlada
Germany oo gumaysiga Africa gadaal kaga soo biirtay ayaa muran iyaga
iyo dawlada France ka jiray loogu garnaqayey. Kala xadeynta dawlada
Europe ee gumaysigooda Africa waxay keentay in dib loo badalo xeerarkii
gumaysiga horey uga dhigteen qaybsiga Qaarada Africa. Shirka Berlin
1885kii, inta la qaban ka hor waxa jiray qaacido la oran jiray ‘hinterland
theory’ waxay qaacidan awood balaaran siinaysan awal wadama
Isticmaarka xiligaa reer Europe in dal walba oo ka mida dhulka xeebata ay
Africa ka soo galaan inta kaga beegan barriga uu sheegan karo:
​“Which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to
claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since
Africa was irregularly shaped, this theory caused problems and was later
rejected.”
​
Fasirad: “qaacida ‘hiinterland’ dabcan waxay dawladihii Isticmaarka
siinaysay inta la halmaasha dhulka xeebta ilaa intii la doono oo dhul ah oo
ku beegan in ay saameen siyaasadeed ku yeeshan. Madama Africa u
qaabaysan tahay si aan caadi ahayn qaacidadaan waxay sababtay
dhibaatooyin badan sida darteed markii dambe waa la diiday in lagu sii
shaqeeyo.”
Shirka Berlin 1885kii, waxa ka soo baxay Article (35) xeerinayay in
Isticmaarsiga lagu soo koobo dhulka xeebaha ah kaliya wuxuna meesha ka
saaray ‘Hinterland theory’. Wuxu kaloo xeerinayay Article (35) hadii ay
dhacdo dawladaha awoodaha leh ee Europe in ay dhulka intiisa kale
sheegtaan dhanka barriga kaga beegan xeebaha ay xarumaha ka
dhigteen. Waa in ay ka hirgaliyaan nadaam iyo u hogaansanaan sharciga,
xarumo Police ka hirgaliayan:
​“The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire
rights over colonial lands only if they actually possessed them: in other
words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there,
and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a
police force to keep order.”[13]
​
Fasirad: “Sharciga qabsasho wax ku ool ah waxay cadeynaysaa
Awoodaha waa sheegan karaa xuquuqda dhulka ay Isticmarsanayan kaliya
hadi ay si cad u qabsadeen: si kale hadii loo yiraahdo, waa hadii heshiis la
saxiixdeen hogaamiyayaasha dadka dhulka iska leh, hadey calankooda ka
taagen halkaa, iyo hadii ay si cad u maamuleen deeganka si loo xakumo
oo ay la jirto ciidan police oo sugaya kala dambaynta.”

F.G. Sharciyadan Isticmaarka uu dhexdooda dhigta ma aha kuwa hada

shaqeeyaa qarnigan waxana la xiray oo laga kaaftoomay markii States la
sameeyay xoriyadna la siiyay. Balse waxaa laga maarmaan noqotay in la
xuso oo buugta la iskula noqdo sharciyada Isticmaarka. Maadaama
Dawlada Somaliland soo noolaynayso xuduudo Isticmaarka waliba
kuwoodii buray oo aan wax aqoonsi caalamiya helin.

Qodabka Article 35 wuxu dhaqan kalay isla xiga shirka Berlin 1885kii
dhacay, waxay tani cadayn u tahay markii Britishku heshiishka qabiilada
waqooyiga Somalia la galayey 1886kii qabiiladii xeebaha bada Cas degan
kaliya in uu xeerinayey ku dhaqanka qodabkan (Article 35 of Berlin
Conference) oo marka qiyaastii mudo sanad ah jiray ama ku dhow, Article
35 ayaa diirada saarayay:
​“However, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands on the
African coast, there were numerous instances where European powers
claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the
requirement of effective occupation articulated in Article 35 of the Final
Act.”[13]
​
Fasirad: “Si kasta oo ahaato, madaama Sharciga Berlin ay diiradisu ku
aadanayd dhulka xeebta Africa, mararka qaarkood waxaa dhacaysay
meelo awoodaha reer Europe-ka sheeganayeen xuquuqda dhul-gudaha ah
iyaga oo ka muujin wixi looga baahnaa qabsasho rasmiya oo shaqaynaysa
sida ku uu dhigayo qodabka Article 35 ee sharcigiisa u dambeeya.”

Waa xaqiiq in British-ku kula dagaalamay Daraawishta deeganka qabiilada

Dhulba-hante sida duqayntii Taleex –xarunta Sayyidka – etc. Balse
baaris-dheer ka dib ay darasadadan samaysay ma helin marnaba meel ay
ku xusan tahay in Britishku uu xukumay si cad qabiilada Dhulba-hante;
heshiis la saxiixday Oday dhaqameedyada ama calan ka taagay
deegamada. Iyo sidoo kale ay jiran xarumo police ilaaliya kala dambaynta
iyo dhawrida sharciga oo laga hirgaliyey deegamadaas. Iyada oo la
cuskanayo xeerkii ‘Qabsashada Taaba-galka ah ee ‘Principle of Effective
Occupation (General Act of Berlin Conference 1884-85). Sida qodabka
laga bixi karo waxaa deegamada qabiilada Dhulba-hante lagu xayndaabtay
qarnigii 19aad qaacidadii laga guuray ‘Hinterland Theory’ markii meesha
laga saarayna waxa buraya deegankasta oo xeerkaa loo cuskaday
sheegashadisa.

Sida darteed suurtagal ma noqon karto wada kasta ha loo maro in maanta
mar labaad dib loo soo noolayn karo qarniga 21aad xeer dawladihii
Isticmaarka qudhoodi sharuucdii gumaysiga ka saareen kulankii
Berlin,1885kii.

Daraasadan meesha kama saarayso sadexdii sano u dambeysay xiligi

British-ka deegamada waqooyi xoriya la doonaysay 1957kii oo sid
deg-dega u samaysay ahayd gole deegan aan la shaacin/loo dhamayn in
ay xubno qabiilada Dhulba-hante ka mida qayb ka ahaayen. Gudigan
(unofficial legistive councils) ayaa shaqadooda ahayd in ay soo magacaban
gudi gaar ah oo soo dhisa dastuur ku-meel-gaar ah oo lagu soo doorto gole
deegan oo sharciya. Islamarkasn lagu saleeyo ismaamul gobaleedka (self
government) uu British-ku qorsheenayo marka uu xoriyada qoomiyaded
siiyo (Nation independence) si ugu biiran Italian Somaliland oo iyagu
qaadanayey xoriyad qoomiyadeed iyo mid qaran (Nation independence
and state sovereignty). Gudiga ayey ku qaadatay laba sano in 1959kii in
dastuur ku meel-gaarka soo dhiso ka dibna waxa la doortay gole deegan
oo rasmiya ka kooban 33 xubnood ururka SNL wuxu ku yeeshay 20
xubnood, ururka siyasadeedka (United Somali Part) USP 12 xubnood iyo
NUF 1 xubin:
​“Elections under this new constitution were held in February, 1960…There
was strong poll. The Somali National League and the United Somali Party,
who obtained 20 and 12 seats respectively, formed a coalition, and the
National United Front 1 seat.”
​Fasirad: “Doorashoyinka ku dhaxay dastuurkan cusub waxa lagu
qabsoomeen February, 1960kii….Waxa ka doorsho xoog badan. Ururka
SNL iyo ururka USP oo kala helay 2o iyo 12 sida ay u kala horeeyan waa
midoobeen, iyo ururka NUF wuxu helay hal cod.”

F.G. Xubnaha golaha deeganka ayey ahayeen markii la ansixiyey 1960kii

isla kuwa codsaday in ay British-ku sugo inta deegan ahan noqonaysa
British Protectorate oo xoriyada qaadanaysa. Codsi wuxu ahaa mid
Somalida waqooyi ka yimid si aysan u dhicin dhul dhexda ku soo dhaca oo
Ethiopia u sheegan sida Hawd iyo Reserve Area.

Xubnaha golaha deeganka cusub oo ka koobnaa 33 xubnood ayaa

Gudoomiya British Somaliland u fadhiyey xiligaa Mr. A.T. Lennox-Boyd
wuxu ka soo magacaabay 4 Wasir iyo 1 Wasir caawiye ah. Wasiiradan Mr.
Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ka mid ayuu ahaa. Ismamul dawaladeedka
(self government) wuxu si rasmiya u shaqeeyay kaliya ilaa February
1960kii ilaa July 1, 1960kii oo Somali wayn ismamulku ku biiro. Ka dibna
waxa si toosa looga maarmay ismamulkaa July 1961kii oo ahay goortii la
ansaxiyey oo afti loo qaaday dastuurkii ugu horeeyay qaranka Somalia
yeesho abid dalkoo dhan (konfur & waqoyi).[3] Wax cadayn ah loo hayo
wada shaqayn dhex-timaada British-ka iyo qabiilada Dhulba-hante waxay
ahayd kaliya ka qayb qaadashadii dhisidii ismamul gobaleedkii loo
diyaarinay markii Somalida koonfureed aqoonsiga in ay ku biiran.

F.G. Cilmi-baaristu qaybtan waxay soo jeedinaysa in la furo dood cilmiyeed

lagu salaynayo dib u qiimeyn sharciyadii xayndaabka British Somaliland ku
hirgashay. Markii 1884-886kii heshiisayada British-ka & Odey
dhaqameedyadii Somalida waqoyi wada galeen lagu saleeyo ahanshaha
xayndaabka British Somaliland. Qabiilada Dhulbahante heshiis la galin
Britishka iyo Warsangali oo heshiisyada qayb muhiim ah ka ahaa,
islamarkasna ururkii United Somali Party (USP) ku wada jiray, ayaa xeer
isku si u qabanayn goorta xeerarkii colonial ee shirkii Berlin 1885kii la
iskula noqdo. In xeerarka Isticmaarka dib Somali oo xor ah iskula noqoto
waxa bilaabay Dawlada Somaliland. Sida darteed wax diidaya ma jiraan
qabiilada diidan in Somali qayb ka noqdaan gartooda ku cuslaystaan.

Dhanka aqoonsiga heshiisyadii British-ku Somalida la galay heer H.M.G

(Her Majest’s Government) British-ka ama heer caalami ee UN. Qiimayn ay
daraasadan sameysay waxay ku ogaatay go’aamdii ka soo baxay shirkii
sadexda bari socday 23-25 Feb, 1955kii heshiisyadii Britishku iyo Somalida
(qabiilada waqooyi inta badan) wada galeen 1884-86kii laga soo qaaday
heshiisyo aqoonsigoodu dawlada British-ka kaliya dhaafsiisnayn
aqoonsigoodu ahmiyada laga lahaana laga soo gudbay. Shirka Aqalka
Hoose ‘House of Commons’ ka dhacay Xoghaya Dalka Biritish-ka xiligaa
ee Arimaha Isticmaarka oo la waydiiyey waxa heshiishyadii 1884-86kii
sharciyan xafiiskiisa uu matalo ka aaminsan yahay wuxu yiri:
​“This statement demonstrated [that the United Kingdom] did not regard the
tribes of Somaliland, with which it had concluded the Agreement in 1886,
as sovereign, or even as part-sovereign, entities which could be recognized
as persons in international law, but that it considered them as no more than
subjects of the British Crown.”
​Fasirad: “Qoraalkan la soo jeediyay kama soo qaadayn qabiilada
Somaliland, kuwii galay Heshiiska 1886kii, sida dal madaxbanan, ama xitaa
qayb gaar ah oo ka mid ah dal madaxbanan, wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay
ash-khaas marka Sharciga Caalamiga u dhigan la cuskado, laakin waxay u
tixgalinaysa inay tahay taasi shaqo Boqortooyada British-ka u taal kalia.”

Qabiilada Somalida kaliya ma ahayn heshiisyadii qabiilada lagula

heshiisyey in waxba laga soo qaadin. Sharuudaha heshiisyada ku qoran
fulintooda dhanka British-ku waxay ku keenaysay in ay khaladad badan oo
la xiriira bixinta dhulalka wadama ay isticmaarsadeen - dhulal ay qaba’ilo
kula heshiiyeen dal kale raaciyeen - dib u soo celiyaan arintana xiliga hada
la joogo uma arkaan hawl ay ka bixi karaan ama waafaqsanayn siyaasi
markii hore ay ka lahaayen bixinta dhulalkas. Xiliga Somalida ururkii
NUFRRH dacwada ka furay London waraqna u diray UN-ta. Waxa dacwo
tan Somalida la mida goobta la yimid Oday-daqameedyadii ‘Oil Rivers
Chiefs’ ee dalka Nigeria ka socda sidoo kale heshiis British-ka la galeen
1884kii in la ictiraafo ku raad joogay. Mawqifka kaba dambeysta ah
British-ku heshiisyada ka istaagay waxay ahayen kuwa uu si cad u
muujiyey oo anan fasir kale loo yeeli karin, wuxu Mr. William Marrison
cadeeyay:
​“I ought at this stage to refer to the strict legal position. I am advised that
the Treaties of this kind have no standing in international law and it follows
from this that it would be quite inappropriate to adopt the suggestion that
the question of the proper interpretation of the Treaties should be referred
to the International Court. I am also advised on the highest authority that
such Treaties confer no rights that are enforceable in our courts……as I
must, that in the view of Her Majesty’s Government these Treaties did not
create obligations that could be enforced either under international law or
municipal law.”[15]
​
Fasirad: “Waxan ku qasbanahay marakan in aan xigto sharuucda adag oo
ka dagsan. Aniga waxan laygula taliyey in Heshiisyada noocan oo kale ah
aysan mawqif ku lahayn xeerarka caalamka u dhigan, sida darteed
munaasib ma aha in loo soo qaato su’aasha fasirkeeda saxda in
Heshiisyaan loo wareejiyo Maxkamada Caalamiga. Waxa kale oo dawlada
sare igu war-galisay in Heshiisyadan sugaynin wax xaquuqa oo khasbaya
in lagu qaado maxkamadaheena maxaliga ah….waxan ku khasbanahay
aragtida H.M.G Heshiisyadaan ma abuurayaan sharuudo dirqinaya in lagu
maxkamad qaado xeerarka caalamiga ama xeerarka maxaliga ah.”

Professor Husain M. ALBAHARNA buugisa ‘The Legal Status of the

Arabia Gulf States’ wuxu ku xusay:
​“The British Government opposed the hearing of the Somali Petition
because it was a domestic matter and could not be discussed by the United
Nation.”[15]
​
Fasirad: “Dawlada British-ku waxay diday in Somalida dacwadeeda la
qaado sababtoo ah waa dacwo arimaha gudaha British-ka qusaysa sida
darteed Jamacada Qurumaha ka dhaxaysa kama hadli karto.”

Diidama qayaxan uu British-ku jidgooyada ugu dhigtay Somalidu in ay

Qarama Midoobay u dacwo dhiibato waxay ahayd mid uu qiil uga haysto
dhanka UN-ta. Aricle ama Qodabka (102) UN Charter ayaa u qiil
sameynaya in British-ku wixii heshiis uu Somalida la galay uu ka soo qaado
heshiisyo isaga iyo shakhsiyaad dhexmaray sida darteed UN-ta laga
diiwaan galin:
​“Article 102 of the Charter is that ‘no party to any such treaty or
international agreement which has not been registered may invoke that
treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nation.”[15]
​
Fasirad: “Article 102 ka mida ah Charter ‘ururna/xisbina inaba, sida heshiis
ama isfaham caalami ah oo aan la diiwan galin ma horgayn karo
heshiiskaas ama isfahamkaas qayb kasta oo ka mida Jamciyada Qarumda
Midoobay.”

Caqabadaha & Gunaanadka

—————————————
UN-ta oo la asaasay October 25,1945kii dagaalkii labaad ka dib
heshiisyadii sida Oday dhaqameedyadii Muscat, Oman iyo Nepal xiliyda
Somalia British-ku heshiis la galey xili ku beegan ama ka hor heshiis la
galay waxa laga diiwan galiyey mar dambe UN-ta waxana loo aqoonsad
heshiisyo caalamiya oo UN-tu diiwan galisay. Sidoo kale heshiisyadii
Dawlada Talyaniga qabiilada Somalida koonfurta la gashay qudhooda
waxa mar dambe laga diiwan galiyey UN-ta waana mida bud-dhigaha u
ahayd in Italian Somaliland November 21, 1949kii la galiyo 10 sano ah
trusteeship oo caalamiya si Dal xora loogu aqoonsado iyo Dad xora halka
British Somaliland Dad xora kaliya loogu aqoon saday markay xoriyada
qaateen January 26, 1960kii ayna ku qasbanadeen in Italian Somaliland ku
sii biiran si aqoosiga ay helayeen walalahod ula wadaagan.

Hadaba daraasadan waxay cilmi-baaris u sameysay si xaqiiqda dhabta ah

looga ogaado khilaafka, ismariwaaga deegaameed iyo siyaasadeed ee ka
jira deegamadii British Somaliland la isku oran jiray. Ku dhawaaqidii
Dawlada Somaliland 1991 iyo Ictiraaf ka raadinta caalamka waloow
maamulka qadiyadaa ku dhashay si wanaagsan oo dhamaystiran u
hirgaliyay dhamaan hay’adihii dawliga (executive, legislative & judiciary).
Iyo taaba galiyey/ilaaliyey xeerarka dadka iyo hay’adaha dawliga
dhamaantood sharcigu uu ka sareeyo loona hogaansanaado (rule of law &
good governance) Sido kale hirgaliyey sugida amniga, ilaalinta hanaanga
iyo ka hortagida dambiyada (police/civil force). Somaliland waxay hirgalisay
nadaamka dimoqradiaga iyo hal-qof-hal-cod.

Dhanka kale gooni isu taaga ama raadin Ictiraaf Caalamiya, 27 sano la soo
dhaafay Somaliland waxay ku ahayd baadi-goobid baadi aan jirin.
British-ka oo ah Dawaladii Isticmaarsatay gobalada waqooyi sababta ugu
muhiimsan aysan heshiisyadii 1884-86kii la gashay qabiilada inta badan u
aqoonsanayn sharciyan (legal obligation) balse niyad ahaan aqoonsan
yihiin (moral obligation). Waxay tahay, aqoosiga heshiishyada qabiilada
lala galay ee sii horeeyay waxay bud-dhig u yihiin in Somaliland la
aqoonsado dal ahaan, sida darteedna dhulka Hawd iyo Reserve Area
British-ku 1897kii iyo 1954kii u gacan-galiyey Ethiopia in ayagana British
Somaliland ka mid yihiin loo aqoonsado maadama heshiisyada ku xusan
yihiin khaasatan heshiisyadii qabiilada Habar Awal, Garhajis & Habar
Toljecle saxiixeen sanadkii 1886kii. Daraasadu waxay iyana caadka ka
qaadaysaa hawl-galka Somaliland ugu magacdartay ‘soo xirida xuduudaha’
British Somaliland in ay tahay mid salka ku haysa maamul balaarin uun
balse habayaratee saamayn ku lahayn Ictiraaf lagu helo sababaha kor ku
xusay awgood.

Correspondence: Othman A. Mahamed, BA-SSS (Security & Counter

Terrorism), MsPsy. Email: Othmun1@gmail.com

B.Q