ANG Skripta

A JOURNEY INTO
MARITIME ENGLISH
Dr. Violeta Jurkovič, Associate Professor Portorož, 2019
1
FOREWORD
This textbook is intended for students of the first year of the professional study programme of
Navigation and Marine Engineering at the Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport of the University
of Ljubljana. It is in line with the guidelines provided by IMO Model Course 3.17 for Maritime English
(IMO, 2015) and requirements of the 1995 STCW Convention, as amended. Nevertheless, another
premise that the textbook is built upon is that only balanced development of all language skills can
lead to integrated communicative competence at the required level, also in the field of Specialised
Maritime English.
The difficulty level that this textbook is designed to meet is B1/B2 according to the Common European
Framework for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). Some tasks reach beyond this level (for instance,
tasks based on authentic newspaper or journal articles) while some, the objective of which is the
acquisition of Standard Marine Communication Phrases or message structures, are at lower levels.
The textbook covers 75 classroom hours and is divided into four sections: ships, maritime
communication, ports and cargo, and marine diesel engines. The language skill of reading is taken care
of through a careful selection of authentic contemporary texts belonging to a variety of genres. The
receptive skill of listening and audio-visual comprehension is also well represented through the use of
tasks based on publicly accessible online video clips of varying length that students can access again at
home. These will be beneficial in particular to students who have not had any experience with the
maritime world yet. The detailed instructions in the textbook lead to several guided and unguided
written assignments while pair work, group work, and class discussion that it stimulates will contribute
to the development of the speaking skill. Where relevant, the textbook frequently refers to the
Standard Marine Communication Phrases (IMO, 2001).
Methodologically speaking, the textbook follows the principle of scaffolding, starting with the known
and reaching toward the unknown. As a result of the finite nature of any textbook, this one too will be
supplemented with materials that will allow classroom work to be in line with student expectations
and professional interests, as well as contemporary developments in the field of Maritime English.
2
1 SHIPS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. TYPES OF SHIPS ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. ASSISTANCE AND SERVICE ................................................................................................................... 10
1.3. PERSONAL SAFETY ............................................................................................................................... 13
1.4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN .......................................................................................................... 16
1.5. SHIP'S PARTICULARS ............................................................................................................................ 22
1.6. SHIPBUILDING ...................................................................................................................................... 28
1.7. SHIPPING ACCIDENTS........................................................................................................................... 32
2 MARITIME COMMUNICATION ............................................................................................................... 40
2.1. GMDSS ................................................................................................................................................. 40
2.2. DISTRESS, URGENCY AND SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS ....................................................................... 48
2.3. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – DISTRESS ....................................................................................................... 55
2.4. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – URGENCY ...................................................................................................... 57
2.5. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – SAFETY .......................................................................................................... 58
2.6. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – ROUTINE ....................................................................................................... 59
2.7. REQUESTING MEDICAL ASSISTANCE .................................................................................................... 63
2.8. SAR OPERATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 67
3 PORTS .................................................................................................................................................... 69
3.1. PORT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................. 69
3.2. ENTERING A PORT ................................................................................................................................ 74
3.3. LEAVING A PORT .................................................................................................................................. 77
3.4. WATCHKEEPING IN PORT ..................................................................................................................... 79
4 CARGO ................................................................................................................................................... 80
4.1. TYPES OF CARGO .................................................................................................................................. 80
4.2. IMDG .................................................................................................................................................... 83
4.3. CARGO DAMAGE .................................................................................................................................. 84
5 MARINE DIESEL ENGINES ....................................................................................................................... 87
5.1. TWO STROKE MARINE DIESEL ENGINES ............................................................................................... 87
5.2. AUXILIARY ENGINES ............................................................................................................................. 91
6 TEST AND EXAM SAMPLES ..................................................................................................................... 96
6.1. TEST 1 SAMPLE ..................................................................................................................................... 96
6.2. TEST 2 SAMPLE ................................................................................................................................... 100
6.3. TEST 3 SAMPLE ................................................................................................................................... 105
6.4. FINAL EXAM SAMPLE ......................................................................................................................... 110
7 RESOURCES .......................................................................................................................................... 116
3
1 SHIPS
1. These sentences describe the chronological orders of events in the documentary Mighty
Ships – Emma Maersk. Watch the video and put them into the correct chronological
order. Add one relevant or interesting piece of information to each point.
A ______ Emma enters the Mediterranean with a delay of 5 hours.
B ______ Emma enters the Port of Algeciras at the Strait of Gibraltar.
C ______ Emma Maersk and her voyage plan are described.
D ______ Emma Maersk passes through the Strait of Malacca, and heads into the Indian
Ocean (with unpredictable weather).
E ______ Emma passes through the Suez Canal.
F ______ Emma proceeds alongside in the Port of Algeciras, her cargo is discharged, and
Emma’s crew does maintenance work while waiting to leave again.
G ______ Emma reaches the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal is described. The northbound
convoy cannot enter the Canal because of a storm.
H ______ Emma turns into the Red Sea through the 20-km wide Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb.
I ______ Environmental issues are briefly presented (bilge discharge, garbage
management, CO2 in commercial shipping, heat recovery system).
J ______ In the engine room, there is a problem with a damaged cylinder.
K ______ Living quarters for the crew located in the superstructure are presented.
L ______ Loading in the Port of Tanjung, Malaysia, is completed. The vessel is unmoored
and leaves the port, completing her 180o turn.
M ______ The bilge tanks are inspected.
N ______ The daily check-up of the cargo takes place, on deck and below deck.
O ______ The engine (14 cylinders) and propeller shaft are presented.
P ______ There is a fire drill.
Q ______ There is a problem with a generator cooler/condenser.
1
2. The words and/or expressions found in Column A have been extracted from the video.
Match them with corresponding definitions in Column B.
A B
a. Bow _____ Maximum breadth of the vessel.

b. Stern _____ The area for food preparation on a ship.
c. Draft _____ A place where a vessel can be made fast.
d. Lashing _____ The place where you are required to report in case
there is a problem on a ship.
e. Berth _____ Unit of speed in shipping (nautical miles/h).
f. Galley _____ The motion by which a ship rocks from side to side.
g. Bilge tanks _____ Move forward, at the bow.
h. Hull _____ Tanks for oily water nd wastewater on a ship.
i. Beam _____ The fore-end of a ship or boat.
j. Fore and aft _____ Move backwards, at the stern.
k. Knot _____ Parallel to the quay in port.
l. Rolling _____ The hind part of a ship or boat (as distinguished from
the bow and midships).
m. Muster station _____ Rope or other material that is used for fastening
something to something else; "the boats were held
together by lashings".
n. Astern _____ An unlicensed member of the deck department of a
merchant ship (can work as watchstander).
o. Ahead _____ The depth of a vessel's keel below the surface.
p. Alongside _____ The body or frame of a ship, apart from the masts,
sails, and rigging.
q. ABS _____ Front and back (on a vessel).
2
3. Read the text on the Emma Maersk accident. What happened?
4. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
a) Where did the accident happen?

b) What was the flooding caused by?
c) What are (bow and stern) thrusters?
d) Which compartment of the ship was flooded?
e) Is it likely that the accident was caused by human error?
f) Could other E-class vessels use stern thrusters after Emma Maersk’s accident?
g) Was Emma in danger of sinking?
h) Where is Emma now?
Emma Maersk Faces months out of service1
Palle Laursen, Head of Ship Management for Maersk Line, shares the latest update on the
Emma Maersk incident that took place in the Suez Canal. He explains that the investigation
is still ongoing, and that repairs will take time.
Initial inspections by divers show that the water ingress was caused by damage to one of the
stern thrusters. Thrusters are used for improving the vessels manoeuvrability and consist of a
shaft tunnel fitted with a propeller delivering sideways thrust. It is now known that several
propeller blades have broken off and there is severe damage to the propeller mounting,
resulting in a crack in the forward stern thruster tunnel which caused the ingress of water. The
water flooded the engine room which consequently led to the loss of main engine power, and
Emma Maersk was towed to the quay at Suez Canal Container Terminal.
While it is still unclear what caused the damage, Palle rules out any human error by the crew.
“The crew handled the situation very well and did exactly what they should at all stages,” he
says. “The E-class has been sailing well since 2006, and the thrusters are used at every port
call,” Palle adds, stressing that for now it is seen as an isolated incident. “Until we know the
exact reason, however, we have as a precautionary measure instructed the other vessels in
the E-class fleet not to use their stern thrusters.”
At no point was Emma Maersk in danger of sinking. Naval architects have confirmed that a
fully loaded E-class vessel can sustain full flooding of the engine room and still stay afloat.
Large container vessels have a natural better stability than smaller vessels. Had the incident
occurred at sea, it would have been a matter of getting an oceangoing tugboat in place to
assist. Making Emma Maersk seaworthy again is a complicated process, and Palle admits it is
probably a matter of months before she can enter service again.
3
5. In the text find words or expressions that correspond to the following definitions:
a. P2 ……………………. a person who works or explores underwater

b. P2 ……………………. an auxiliary propeller on a ship, capable of acting
athwartships
c. P2 ……………………. the thin flattish part of various tools, implements, etc, as of
a propeller, turbine, etc
d. P2 ……………………. the act of going or coming in; an entering
e. P2 ……………………. a place where engines are housed, esp on a ship
f. P2 ……………………. to pull or drag (a vehicle, boat, etc), esp by means of a rope
or cable
g. P2 ……………………. a wharf, typically one built parallel to the shoreline
h. P3 ……………………. the men who man a ship, boat, aircraft, etc
i. P3 ……………………. visit to a port
j. P3 ……………………. ship
k. P3 ……………………. group of ships
l. P4 ……………………. go beneath the surface of the sea
m. P4 ……………………. full of cargo
n. P4 ……………………. floating
o. P4 ……………………. a boat with a powerful engine, used for towing barges, ships,
etc
p. P4 ……………………. in a fit condition or ready for a sea voyage
4
1.1. TYPES OF SHIPS
6. In addition to container ships, which other types of merchant ships do you know?
7. Which types of cargoes are they designed to carry?
8. Watch this video2 on different types of merchant ships and complete the following
sentences:
a) A merchant ship transports ...

b) Another word for cargo ships is ...
c) Three types of cargoes listed are ...
d) Bulk carriers transport ...
e) Bulkers make up 40 % of the world’s ...
f) The biggest ore ships can carry up to ...
g) A general cargo ship carries ...
h) The cargo can be packed in ...
i) They are often equipped with ...
j) A chemical tanker transports ...
k) The two basic types of oil tankers are ...
l) LNG stands for ...
m) The technology of carrying containers is known as ...
n) Capacity on container ships is measured in ...
o) Ro-ro stands for ...
p) Ro-ro vessels carry ...
q) What allows cargo to be efficiently rolled on and rolled of is ...
r) A ferry usually carries ...
s) A passenger ship used for pleasure voyages is a ...
t) A yacht is a ...
5
9. Read the following extracts3. For each ship, extract the following information:
- cargo carried,
- loading and discharging process,
- special features that distinguish it from other types of ships.
TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO AND/OR PASSENGERS
General Cargo Ships
General cargo is cargo that has been packed in

crates, boxes or bags, or cargo coming in
pieces (unpacked cargo items). Cargo is loaded
and discharged by the vessel's own derricks or
by shore based cranes. The conventional
general cargo ship has several tweendecks so
that the cargoes for the various destinations
can be reached and discharged without having
to remove cargo for other destinations first. 4
The general cargo ship is becoming rather
obsolete, since general cargo is more and
more transported by vessels that have been
designed to carry general cargo in containers.
Bulk Carriers
Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one

commodity. Dry bulk cargo, such as grain,
ore, fertilizers, etc. is carried in specially
designed vessels with hulls that have been
divided into compartments by
longitudinal and transverse separations,
so that the ship's stability will not be
affected by a full cargo. Dry bulk cargo is
5
loaded and discharged by cranes with
grabs or by pumps. Bulk carriers have
large upper and lower ballast tanks to
provide enough draft.
6
Tankers
Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum,

edible oils, etc. are carried in tankers, for
example in Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs),
chemical tankers, such as Liquefied Petroleum
Gas tankers (LPG carriers) or Liquefied Natural
Gas tankers (L carriers). Product tankers are
small tankers that carry different sorts of oils.
For safety reasons tankers must be fitted with
6
double bottoms. These spaces also provide
storage for fuel, lubricating oil and waters.
Tankers are divided into compartments by
longitudinal and transverse bulkheads.
Container ships
Cargo that has been containerized is carried by

container ships. Containers are most often
measured in Twenty Feet Equivalent Units
(TEUs) and are stowed in a cellular arrangement
in rows, bays and tiers. The rows run across or
athwartship; the bays run fore to aft and the
tiers are horizontal layers. The three figure code
on each container refers to this stowage system.
Thus, each container can easily be found. 7
Container ships are sometimes equipped with
their own gantry cranes that load and discharge
the containers. Container ships may carry
general cargoes, liquid cargoes or refrigerated
cargoes. The advantages of carrying cargo in
containers are: short laytime because of
efficient and rapid cargo handling; few
stevedores are required; less pilferage because
the cargo has been stored in locked containers.
7
Roll-on/Roll-off ships (Ro-Ro ships)
On a Ro/Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off

by lorries or trailers. The great advantage of this
system is that no cargo handling equipment is
required. The loaded vehicles are driven aboard
via ramps through special stern and bow doors
and are properly secured for the passage. Upon
arrival in the port of discharge, the vehicles are
8
released and driven ashore to their destinations.
Refrigerated-cargo vessels (Reefers)
Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry

perishable cargoes, such as meat or fruit. These
cargoes require cooling and must be stored in spaces
that have precise temperature- and humidity
controls during the voyage. Reefers, as these ships
are also called, are equipped with refrigerating
plants.
Heavy-load vessel
Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and

carry extremely heavy cargo on the main deck. Their
cargoes, such as drilling platforms, engines, yachts,
trains, derelicts and wrecks, are loaded onto the main
deck, which is flat and free from any obstacles. A
special way of loading and carrying heavy cargo is
performed by submerging the ship and having the
cargo module float over it. She must be equipped
with a powerful pumping-system. After pumping the
ship empty the vessel will emerge again and will pick 10
up the cargo.
8
Timber carriers
Timber is a raw material from which wood-

products are manufactured. Vessels that carry
timber can easily be recognised by their tall
derricks. Their Plimsoll Mark is provided with a
special timber loadline that indicates the
maximum draft to which she is allowed to be
loaded under certain circumstances and in 11
different seasons.
12
Multi-purpose vessels
Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk

cargo and containerised cargo are called multi-
purpose (or multi-loads) vessels. These ships are
equipped with a variety of cargo handling gear to
load and discharge the different types of
cargoes. An OBO-ship has been designed to carry
oil/bulk/ore. She has been subdivided in such a
way that oil can be carried in the largest
compartments and ore can be carried in the
13
smaller compartments.
9
1.2. ASSISTANCE AND SERVICE
Vessels that render assistance and service have been designed to perform specific tasks, for example
assisting other vessels, or providing special services to navigation.
10. For each among these types of vessels extract the following information:
- purpose, and
- specific features.
Tugs
A tug is a vessel that assists other

vessels with entering or leaving the
port, tows an oil rig to its position or
assists with a salvage operation. There
are sea-going and harbour tugs. Their
engines must be capable to develop
enormous powers. The largest and
most powerful tugs are often fitted 14
with Controllable Pitch Propellers (C. P.
P.) that have adjustable blades. Their
manoeuvrability will be enhanced even
more by bow thrusters and stern
thrusters.
Salvage vessel
A salvage vessel is a vessel that rescues other ships and their cargoes from loss at sea. She must be
equipped with heavy derricks to lift wrecks from the seabed.
15
16
SAR vessel
A SAR-vessel performs Search and Rescue when a ship is in distress. She must be capable to develop
high speeds and must be equipped with the most modern communication equipment to maintain
contact with Rescue Coordination Centres (RCC).
10
Supply boat
A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare

parts and supplies for domestic use. Her aft deck
must be flat. Additional duties may include the
towing of rigs and extinguishing fires, for which
they must be equipped with high-capacity fire-
extinguishing pumps.
17
Pilot tender
A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat

that may be launched from the pilot boat. The
pilot will embark the ship that has requested
pilotage from the pilot tender. She is often fitted
with a sheltered aft deck to prevent the pilot
from getting wet.
18
Cable layer
A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the

sea. She is fitted with a huge horizontal wheel
that reels off the cable. This type of ship is often
equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System to
keep her in the exact position when the
submarine cable is reeled off.
19
Dredgers
A dredger deepens out harbours and ports,

fairways, approaches and entrances, inland
waterways, anchorages, roadsteds etc. Spoil is
discharged into an integrated hopper or into a
hopper.
20
11
11. Have a look at the following abbreviations. What do they stand for?
VLCC ...........................................................................
LPG ...........................................................................
LNG ...........................................................................
Ro/Ro ...........................................................................
OBO ...........................................................................
CPP ...........................................................................
SAR ...........................................................................
12. Match the words in the first column with those in the second column. Each expression
can only be used once.
Liner _______ Bow, stern, or side ramps

General cargo ship _______ Unpacked cargo
Bulk carrier _______ Rows, bays, tiers
Tanker _______ Search and rescue operations
Container ship _______ Special loadlines
Ro/Ro ship _______ Double bottom
SAR vessel _______ Entering or leaving the port
Pilot tender _______ Submerging and emerging
Dredger _______ Known ETA, ETD, ports of call
Heavy load vessel _______ OBO
Timber carrier _______ Deepening fairways, harbours, etc.
Multi-purpose vessel _______ Pilot
Tug _______ Tweendecks
12
1.3. PERSONAL SAFETY
13. Watch the video on ‘Personal safety on bulk carriers’21 and take notes concerning the
‘seven deadly sins’ that it mentions. Write down the hazard and one supporting
statement for each.
Hazard 1:
Supporting statement:
Hazard 2:
Hazard 3:
Hazard 4:
Hazard 5:
Hazard 6:
Hazard 7:
13
STEPS TOWARDS PERSONAL SAFETY ON BOARD
14. Match each of the headings with one of the safe practices presented22.
15. Work in groups. Which two among these are the most important ones in your opinion
and why? Write down two sentences that support your choice.
Attend safety meetings Know your duties

Clear communication Say no to unsafe practices
Do the drill Stay alert
Follow safety circulars Stop others compromising safety
Inform and report Watch safety videos
………………………………………………………………………………………: Safety drills on various scenarios are

performed every fortnight onboard most of the ships. Do not attend these drills as formality, instead
get totally involved in them and learn every single step perfectly. During emergency situations, it is
your presence of mind, developed through such regular drills, which would work wonders in saving
your life.
………………………………………………………………………………………: Safety meetings are held onboard ships to

discuss safety issues and also to enhance the safety of the ship. If you want to discuss on the matter
of ship’s safety, no matter how small the issue is, report it to your colleagues during these meetings
and avoid any kind of accident at a later stage.
………………………………………………………………………………………: There is nothing better than to get trained

by visual and audio medium, which simulates a difficult-to-handle situation. Information attained from
such videos is easy to retain and to apply in real life scenarios.
………………………………………………………………………………………: Keep a regular track of safety circulars sent

to the ship from the P& I club or your company to know about different risks, tips to tackle them, and
other technical information. Circulars are good source of information on new safety technologies and
amendments introduced in the shipping industry.
………………………………………………………………………………………: In case you have doubts while performing

any job on ship, don’t keep it to yourself but consult them with fellow mates or seniors. A clear
communication with team members ensures smooth and efficient performance.
………………………………………………………………………………………: If you come across any suspicious thing,

which can be a threat to ship’s safety, inform/report it to the duty officer or seniors. Trouble detected
in early stages can be easily tackled or reduced in intensity.
14
………………………………………………………………………………………: Don’t be lazy when onboard. Stay alert at
all the places - Engine room, deck, galley, cabin, or any part of the ship. Emergency can strike at any
time, and especially when one is least bothered about the same. An alert mind can save several lives
and prevent a lot of damage.
………………………………………………………………………………………: If your superior or co-worker asks you to

do a job, which compromises your personal safety in any way, refuse the job politely and work towards
eliminating the risks first.
………………………………………………………………………………………: Follow your SAFETY FIRST rule to warn

others compromising personal safety. Sometimes you may land in trouble because of mistake done by
your colleagues. It is therefore every seafarer’s duty to stop any one following incorrect safety
practices on ship.
………………………………………………………………………………………: Know your duties inside-out; these would

solve most of the problems. Also, make sure you know and remember your assigned duties for
emergency situations. This would avoid a lot of confusion and eventually increase the level of safety
on board ship.
16. Match the verbs in the left column with the nouns in the right column in order to form
word combinations. All have been taken from the text.
a. To perform … _____ … the safety of the ship

b. To hold … _____ … a lot of lives
c. To discuss … _____ … safety meetings
d. To enhance … _____ … smooth and efficient performance
e. To avoid … _____ … safety drills
f. To apply … _____ … safety issues
g. To consult … _____ … your personal safety
h. To ensure … _____ … information in real-life scenarios
i. To save … _____ … a lot of damage
j. To prevent … _____ … an accident
k. To compromise … _____ … fellow mates or seniors
15
1.4. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN
17. Read the text on the General Arrangement Plan23.
The general arrangement plan shows the division of a vessel into compartments in cross sections and
longitudinal sections.
The compartments are formed by vertical separations (longitudinal and transverse bulkheads) and
horizontal separations (decks). These compartments and spaces serve as storage spaces for cargoes,
stores, equipment, spare parts, liquids, etc., as accommodation spaces for passengers and members
of the crew, and as "domestic spaces", such as galley, pantries, dispensary, etc.
The extreme fore end of the vessel is called stem. The extreme haft end is the stern. The upper deck,
or main deck (a), is often the deck that is exposed to sea and weather. That is why the main deck is
also called the "weather deck". In fact, it provides a "shelter" for all the contents of the vessel.
The foremost part of the

upper deck is called the
forecastle (b). The
anchor winches are
situated on this deck. The
tweendeck (c) is the
intermediate deck
between upper deck (a)
and the inside bottom of
the vessel, called tanktop
(d). The tweendeck
divides the vessel into
separate holds. The upper holds and lower holds (e) are the spaces that contain the cargoes. Spaces
for liquid cargoes are called tanks. Access to a hold can be obtained through hatches. On freighters
these hatches must be sufficiently broad for grabs to be lowered into the holds. The foremost and
aftermost spaces of the vessel are the peak tanks (f). They may serve as storage spaces for ballast
water and are capable of "absorbing" a part of the impact-forces that are released in case of a collision.
The anchor chain is stored in the chain locker (g). It is situated over the fore peaktank. The upper part
of the fore peak tank is called the boatswain's (or bosun's) locker (h), where ropes, paint and dunnage
are kept. Bulkheads are the vertical separations between holds and spaces.
The fore peak bulkhead and after peak bulkhead (i) are the so-called collision bulkheads. These
transverse bulkheads are watertight and prevent the vessel from flooding in case the vessel collides
with another vessel. Collision bulkheads are also fire-retarding or even fireproof. Apart from transverse
bulkheads tankers are also fitted with 2 longitudinal bulkheads that divide the vessel into starboard-
and port wing tanks and a centre tank. The engine room (j) is a watertight machinery space that
contains the vessel's propulsion plant.
The steering engine room (k) must also be a watertight compartment and is very often situated over
the after peaktank (f). Due to large stresses that occur under the engine room and peaktanks,
additional strengthenings are often inserted. The double bottom (l) provides strength and storage
space for fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, salt (ballast) water and potable water. To prevent liquids
from leaking from one double bottom tank into the other, longitudinal and transverse separations are
used between the tanks. These separations, which are in fact empty spaces, are called cofferdams (m).
16
On the main deck we find the so-called superstructure (n) with the accommodation for the crew
and passengers, the messroom, the galley and the pantry. The navigating bridge contains the
wheelhouse with the control station, the chartroom where charts, pilot books and publications are
kept, and the radio room. There are the instruments for navigation, such as the radar, the log, the echo
sounder, the steering compass and repeater compass. The master compass is usually situated on the
monkey island, a small deck or platform over the wheelhouse.
18. Use the following grid to extract the following information from the text:
- name of the space/separation, and
- its function.
Name Function
a ................................ ....................................................................................................
b ................................ ....................................................................................................
c ................................ ....................................................................................................
d ................................ ....................................................................................................
e ................................ ....................................................................................................
f ................................ ....................................................................................................
g ................................ ....................................................................................................
h ................................ ....................................................................................................
i ................................ ....................................................................................................
j ................................ ....................................................................................................
k ................................ ....................................................................................................
l ................................ ....................................................................................................
m ................................ ....................................................................................................
n ................................ ....................................................................................................
17
Match the words in the left column with their definitions in the right.
a. general arrangement plan ______ loose wood, matting, or similar material used to
keep a cargo in position in a ship's hold
b. transverse ______ a small room or cupboard in which food, crockery,
and cutlery are kept
c. longitudinal ______ a record of important events in the management,
operation, and navigation of a ship
d. compartment ______ A small platform built above the main bridge or
wheelhouse, etc., of a ship
e. bulkhead ______ a device for determining the depth of the seabed or
detecting objects in water by measuring the time
taken for sound echoes to return to the listener
f. spare part ______ situated across something
g. galley ______ before anything else
h. pantry ______ a machine that produces thrust to push an object
forward
i. dispensary ______ a separate space of a ship
j. monkey island ______ drinking water
k. foremost ______ the kitchen in a ship
l. aftermost ______ a room (as on a ship) used for a mess : dining room
m. hatch ______ having the ability or tendency to slow up or halt the
spread of fire
n. collision ______ presenting the overall composition of the spaces in
an object, such as a vessel
o. dunnage ______ the first watertight bulkhead in the forward part of
a ship designed to keep out water in the event of
a collision
p. collision bulkheads ______ after anything else
q. fire-retarding ______ an opening in the deck of a ship
r. propulsion plant ______ a dividing wall or barrier between separate
compartments inside a ship
s. potable water ______ one moving ship striking violently against another
t. messroom ______ a room where medicines are prepared and
provided
u. ship's log ______ running lengthwise rather than across
w. echo sounder ______ a part to replace a lost or damaged part of a
machine
18
Have a look at the following picture of the upper deck. Work in groups and explain the
various terms.
24
Listen to the text “A Tour on MV Marina”. Fill in the gaps with the words that you can hear25.
Let us now make a tour of the Marina and learn the words for the different parts of a ship. Let us start
at the bow and go .........................................(1). Going aft we will find the following superstructures.
First is the forecastle head or forecastle deck and on it the .........................................(2) for the anchor.
On the Marina it consists of two combined anchor mooring winches. Aft of the forecastle the main
deck stretches along the whole length of the ship. On the main deck are her three huge hydraulically
driven cargo cranes with a .........................................(3) of 37 tons - the Marina is a so-called geared
vessel, i.e., she has her own cranes for loading and unloading the cargo.
On the open main deck, also called “the weather deck”, we find large .........................................(4) over
the hatches that lead down to the cargo holds below. The Marina has MacGregor fold-tight hatch
covers with six panels per hatch end. The hatch panels are folded open when cargo is loaded into the
huge .........................................(5). The length of the panel pairs usually corresponds to the length of
the containers stored on the weather deck and in the hold. On the Marina the hatch covers can be
partly opened and cargo lifted away for individual panels. It is important that the hatch covers are
closed tightly - they are sealed. The sealing systems of the hatch covers must be reliable so that the
covers are .........................................(6) and resist water, corrosion, and drastic changes in
temperature.
Below the weather deck are the cargo holds. On the Marina there are five holds that can load a wide
range of .........................................(7). The holds can be used both for carrying
.........................................(8) like grain or fertilisers or to stow containers. Strong
.........................................(9) separate the holds from each other. In addition to this, the holds on the
19
Marina have removable between decks (often called .........................................(10)) with their own
hatches and ´tweendeck hatch covers. This increases the maximum number of cargo holds to ten. The
Marina can also carry containers on the .........................................(11).
On bulk carriers and on multi-purpose vessels like the Marina the superstructure lies towards the
.........................................(12) of the ship. The superstructure is built up in a number of decks.
On the 1st deck there are the dining rooms for the crew and the officers called “the mess” and the
ship’s .........................................(13). On this same deck are the dayroom for the crew, where the
.........................................(14) get together during free hours, and a lounge or dayroom for the officers.
Other recreation space for the crew includes a sauna and a .........................................(15). On the 2nd
deck we find the accommodation or living quarters for the crew, including engineers and electricians.
On the 3rd deck is the accommodation for the officers - on the .........................................(16) the First
Officer’s cabin and office; on the port side living quarters for the Second and Third Mate.
.........................................(17) on the 3rd deck is the Conference Room and the Ship’s Office.
On the 4th deck are the Captain’s day room and bedroom and aft of these on the starboard side the
Chief Officer’s cabin and office. On the port side is the cabin for the Ship’s
.........................................(18).
On top is the .........................................(19) (in the past often called the Wheel House). A modern
navigation bridge is an integrated work space which includes workstations for navigating and
.........................................(20) the ship, a Chart Desk and a Communication Workstation (earlier called
the Radio Room). On the side are the so called Bridge Wings to improve visibility from the bridge. On
top of the navigation bridge is the main .........................................(21) with the radio antennas,
navigational and signal lights and radar scanners. Aft of the main mast are the funnels and aft of these
is the .........................................(22).
On the poop deck there is a second set of .........................................(23). The

.........................................(24) on the Marina is at the stern of the ship below the main deck aft of the
cargo holds. The whole body of the ship is called the .........................................(25). The outer surface
is called the plating. On the Marina the hull is made of steel. It is strengthened to meet Lloyd’s Register
ice class 1A requirements. This is necessary, as she is on traffic in the Baltic Sea. The space between
the cargo holds and the bottom contains the double bottom tanks for ballast and sometimes for fuel.
Stairs on a ship are often called ladders. Rooms (space) on a ship are often called
.........................................(26). The compartments are separated by watertight bulkheads. The Marina
makes a speed of 17 .........................................(27). She carries a crew of 15. Her DWT is 12,000 tons.
Her overall length (.........................................(28)) is 140 m, her length between perpendiculars (LBP)
is 130 m, her .........................................(29) is 22 m and her .........................................(30) is 7.5 m. She
can carry 521 TEU containers including 20 refrigerated containers. Her total cargo hold capacity is
14,950 cubic metres.
20
Put the verbs between brackets into the present tense passive voice.
a) The compartments .............................................................. (form) by vertical separations.

b) The extreme fore end of the vessel .............................................................. (call) stem.
c) The upper deck is often the deck that .............................................................. (expose) to sea
and weather.
d) The anchor winches .............................................................. (situate) on this deck.
e) Access to a hold .............................................................. (can/obtain) through hatches.
f) The anchor chain .............................................................. (store) in the chain locker.
g) In the boatswain's (or bosun's) locker ropes, paint and dunnage
.............................................................. (keep).
h) Apart from transverse bulkheads tankers .............................................................. (also/fit) with
2 longitudinal bulkheads.
i) The steering engine room .............................................................. (often/situate) over the after
peaktank.
j) The quarterdeck .............................................................. (divide) into the starboard quarter
and port quarter.
k) The hatch panels .............................................................. (fold) open when cargo is loaded into
the huge holds.
l) It is important that the hatch covers .............................................................. (close) tightly.
m) The superstructure .............................................................. (build) up in a number of decks.
n) The outer surface of the hull .............................................................. (call) the plating.
o) On the Marina the hull .............................................................. (make) of steel.
p) The compartments .............................................................. (separate) by watertight
bulkheads.
Match the words in the left column with the words in the right column in order to produce
multi-word units.
A longitudinal and transverse _____ spaces of the vessel

B anchor _____ bulkhead/tank
C hatches must be sufficiently _____ line
D foremost and aftermost _____ side
E bosun’s _____ broad
F fore peak and after peak _____ are the funnels
G propulsion _____ to the cargo holds
H large stresses _____ lubricating oil, fresh water, and water
I storage space for _____ winches/chain
J prevent liquids _____ locker
K fore-and-aft _____ plant
L starboard and port _____ from leaking
M ahead and _____ winches
N anchor mooring _____ occur under the engine room
O starboard bow and _____ astern
P hatches that lead down _____ bulkheads
Q aft of the main mast _____ port bow
21
1.5. SHIP'S PARTICULARS
Match the items numbered from [1] to [19] with definitions found on the following page.
Vessel Particulars created 22nd Sep. 2010
[1] M/T: Alforat

[2] CALL SIGN: HNFT [3] MMSI Number: 425000002
[4] PORT OF REGISTRY: BASRAH [5] IMO NUMBER : 9435428
[6] BUILDER : Taizhou Maple Leaf Shipyard, Taizhou – China Previous Name: Rainbow
[7] Keel Laid: 08th Jan. 2007 Launched: 04th June 2007 Delivered: 29th Sep. 2007
[8] CLASS: Bureau Veritas (B.V) “Product Tanker”
Owner: IRAQI OIL TANKER COMPANY, IRAQ
[9] Length Overall 137.76 m

[10] Breadth 20.80 m
[11] Depth 10.80 m
[12] Summer Draught 08.100 m
[13] Gross Tonnage 8706
[14] Net Tonnage 4321
[15] LBP 129.50 m
Freeboard / Draught / Deadweight / Capacity
[16] [12] [17]

Freeboard Draught Deadweight
Tropical fresh 2.363 m 8.437 m 14301.72 t Cargo 15013.606 m³
Fresh 2.532 m 8.268 m 13874.54 t Fuel Oil 403.82 m³
Tropical 2.543 m 8.257 m 13846.81 t Diesel Oil 118.0 m³
Summer 2.712 m 8.088 m 13421.46 t Fresh Water 420.00 m³
Winter 2.881 m 7.919 m 12997.91 t Ballast 5117.30 m³
[18] Air Draught: 36.40 m
22
a. ______ This means the entire volume of the enclosed spaces of the vessel that can be used
for cargo, stores and accommodation.
b. ______ A Maritime Mobile Service Identity is a series of nine digits which are sent in digital
form over a radio frequency channel in order to uniquely identify ship stations, ship
earth stations, coast stations, and coast earth stations.
c. ______ The distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel. When
Proceeding through a channel that is spanned by a bridge, the air draft should of
course be less than the vertical clearance of the bridge.
d. ______ This means the volume that can be used to carry cargo. It is calculated by deducting
the spaces that are not used for cargo from the gross tonnage.
e. ______ The IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters "IMO" followed by
the seven-digit number assigned to all ships when constructed.
f. ______ Length Between Perpendiculars is measured between the fore-perpendicular (FPP)
and the aft perpendicular (APP).
g. ______ The dates indicating where the keel was laid, when the vessel was launched, and
when she was delivered.
h. ______ This indicates the difference between deckline and keel at the bottom of the vessel.
i. ______ The prefix in the name of the ship, e.g. M/T – motor tanker, M/V – motor vessel.
j. ______ By this is understood the distance between deckline and waterline.
k. ______ The construction yard where the vessel was built.
l. ______ By Length over all is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and
the extreme aft-end of the vessel. Before a berth along an embankment is
allocated, the port authorities will have to know the total length of the ship.
m. ______ By beam is understood the extreme breadth of the vessel. In restricted, narrow
fairways (e.g. the Panama Canal) the vessel's beam is an important factor to obtain
a clearance to proceed.
n. ______ In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a
transmitting station. A call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency.
o. ______ This indicates the weight of all the contents a vessel is capable of carrying when
loaded to summer mark. The contents of a merchant vessel are cargo, stores,
equipment, fresh water, potable water, lubricating oil and fuel.
p. ______ The name of the classification society that approved the vessel and the vessel’s
class.
q. ______ By draft is understood the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of
the water. A distinction must be made between loaded draft and light draft, as well
as salt-water draft and fresh-water draft. Due to the salinity of seawater, the draft
in seawater is less than draft in fresh- water.
r. ______ The port of registry is shown on the vessel's registration documents and lettered
on the stern of the ship's hull.
23
Match the pictures with relevant descriptions.
a) By air draft is meant the distance from the waterline to the highest point of the vessel (WL –
H).
b) By beam is meant the extreme breadth of the vessel (A – B).
c) By draft is meant the distance from the bottom of the keel to the surface of the waterline (WL
– K).
d) By freeboard is meant the distance between the deckline and the waterline (DL – WL).
e) By underkeel clearance is meant the distance between keel and sea-bed (K – B).
f) The moulded breadth is the horizontal distance between the insides of moulds (A – B).
g) The moulded depth is the vertical distance between the insides of moulds (A – B).
Picture 1: Picture 2: Picture 3:
Picture 4: Picture 5: Picture 6:
Picture 7:
24
Match the expressions to the explanations.
Salt-water Draft Air Draft UKC GT

NT Deadweight LBP Bale Space
Grain Space Oil Space Ullage Space Loaded draft
Moulded Breadth Moulded Depth Draft Summer Freeboard
Length Over All Cargo Carrying Capacity Beam
Fore Perpendicular Aft Perpendicular Summer draft
a) ………………………………....……. is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces.
b) ………………………………………. is the total weight of all the cargo that can be carried.
c) ………………………………………. is used to calculate how much harbour dues must be paid.
d) ………………………………………. is the volume of the spaces used to carry general cargo.
e) ………………………………………. the volume of the spaces used to carry dry bulk cargo.
f) ………………………………………. is the weight of cargo, stores, equipment, oils and waters.
g) ………………………………………. is the draft of the vessel in laden condition.
h) ………………………………………. is the empty space on top of a liquid.
i) ………………………………………. is 98% of the volume of the tanks.
j) ………………………………………. indicates the height of the cargo holds, including the d.b.
k) ………………………………………. indicates the inside breadth of the cargo holds.
l) ………………………………………. indicates the greatest distance between starboard and port sides.
m) ………………………………………. is the distance between deckline and the surface of the water.
n) ………………………………………. is the distance between FPP and APP.
o) ………………………………………. is the distance from bottom of the ship to the waterline.
p) ………………………………………. is the length between the stem and the stern.
q) ………………………………………. is the vertical line through the rudderstock.
r) ………………………………………. is less than fresh water draught because of the salinity.
s) ………………………………………. is the distance between the vessel's keel and the bottom of the sea.
t) ………………………………………. is the highest point of the ship measured from the waterline.
u) ………………………………………. is the line through the intersection of stem and waterline.
v) ………………………………………. indicates maximum draft in summer.
25
MSC CARLA
Complete Hull Failure in a Lengthened Container Vessel26
Read the text on MSC Carla27 and decide whether the statements on the following page are
true (T), false (F), or not given (NG).
Lengthened MSC CARLA was built in 1972 in Lanskrona, Sweden. She was
originally 275.22m LOA. In 1984 she was lengthened by Hyundai Mipo
Dockyard, Korea, to 289.48m, an addition of 14.27m. This was
accomplished by splitting the hull between frames 146 and 147, in Cargo
Hold 5 – the first hold forward of the superstructure – and inserting a
section that included one transverse bulkhead. The additional midbody
created a new 40’ container hold below deck. In order to enhance the
longitudinal strength of the lengthened vessel, plating was added on the main deck.
She had recently completed her 25-year special survey for Lloyds Register and the master reported her
being in optimum condition. On 24 November 1997, when MSC CARLA was 125 nm NE of Azores,
weather conditions become poor with winds up to 70 miles per hour and seas over 11 meters. Seas
were from the starboard bow. At 1800, the vessel experienced several severe rolls, causing items in
the superstructure to be tossed around and all three engines to fail. The engineer was able to revive
the center engine and the vessel continued on course but at reduced speed. At approximately 1830,
MSC CARLA encountered two very large waves. As the vessel was climbing the first wave, the master
noticed that the light on the bow was not where he would expect relative to the rest of the ship.
Coming down the back of this wave, the vessel made a “strange motion” and there was a loud noise.
As the ship climbed the second wave, the bow separated to the port side. The captain was able to steer
the stern to starboard to avoid striking the bow. The bow floated for five days before sinking. The stern
was towed to the Canary Islands to offload cargo, and then back to Gijon, Spain where it was scrapped.
26
a. ………. The original Length Between Perpendiculars of MSC Carla was 275.22 metres.
b. ………. After rebuilding in Korea in 1984, she was longer by 14.27 metres.
c. ………. Frames 146 and 147 were split in order to insert cargo hold no. 5.
d. ………. Cargo hold 5 was located aft of the superstructure.
e. ………. One collision bulkhead was added to the hull of the ship.
f. ………. The new space was used for the carriage of bulk cargoes.
g. ………. She also had more space to carry containers on deck.
h. ………. The hull of the vessel was strengthened.
i. ………. The master reported that he had noticed some minor flaws in the ship’s hull.
j. ………. On 24 November, 1997, MSC Carla entered bad weather conditions close to the
coast of the Azores.
k. ………. The seas came toward the ship on the fore right part.
l. ………. One of the engines never stopped working although the other three failed.
m. ………. Already when climbing the first wave, rupturing started.
n. ………. Climbing the second wave, the fore part of the vessel separated from the aft part of
the vessel.
o. ………. The stern part collided with the bow part.
p. ………. The bow sank immediately after.
q. ………. The stern safely reached the Canary Islands, and was then turned into scrap metal
in Spain.
19. In the text underline all terms that you think belong to Maritime English.
27
1.6. SHIPBUILDING
20. What do you know about classification societies:

- what is their purpose?
- examples of classification societies (in Slovenia)?
21. Read the text on ‘Classification Societies – what, why and how?’28. Fill in the gaps with
suitable derivatives of the words in brackets.
22. Then reread the text and decide which of these statements best summarizes each of the
selected paragraphs.
Paragraph 1 is about:
 the beginning of development of classification societies.

 the gathering of marine insurers at Lloyd's coffee house in London.
 the work of the Committee that was formed as a result of the initiative.
 ensuring navigational safety.

 the importance of classification societies in the maritime industry.
 the purpose of classification societies.
 the description of the different parts that ships consist of.

 the elements of the ship structure that classification societies check.
 the problems that classification societies have to face.
 certificates of classification issued by different classification societies.

 standards that are the same for all classification societies.
 the Rules of a classification society that vessels must comply with.
 the difficult work of classification society surveyors.

 the elements that are checked during the classification process.
 the phases that the classification process consists of.
 the number of times a surveyor visits a vessel in one year.

 the parts of a vessel that are subject to corrosion.
 the visit of a surveyor on board a vessel.
23. Finally, add one piece of information to each of the above statements.
28
Par.1.: In the second half of the 18th century, marine insurers, based at Lloyd's coffee house in London,
developed a system for the ……………………………………..….. (depend)(1) technical assessment of the
ships presented to them for insurance cover. In 1760, a Committee was formed for this purpose, the
earliest existing result of their ……………………………………..….. (initiate)(2) being Lloyd's Register Book for
the years 1764-65-66.
Par.2.: The purpose of a Classification Society is to provide classification and assistance to the maritime
industry and regulatory bodies as regards maritime safety and ……………………………………..…..
(pollute)(3) prevention, based on the accumulation of maritime knowledge and technology.
Par.3.: The objective of ship classification is to verify the ……………………………………..….. (structure)(4)

strength and integrity of essential parts of the ship’s hull and its appendages, and the
……………………………………..….. (rely)(5) and function of the propulsion and steering systems, power
generation and those other features and auxiliary systems which have been built into the ship in order
to maintain ……………………………………..….. (essence)(6) services on board.
Par.4.: The vast majority of ……………………………………..….. (commerce)(7) ships are built to and
surveyed for compliance with the standards laid down by Classification Societies. These standards are
issued by the Society as published Rules. A vessel that has been designed and built to the appropriate
Rules of a Society may apply for a ……………………………………..….. (certify)(8) of classification from that
Society.
Par.5.: Implementing the published Rules, the classification process consists of:
- A technical review of the design plans and related documents for a new vessel to verify
……………………………………..….. (comply)(9) with the applicable Rules;
- Attendance at the construction of the vessel in the shipyard by a Classification Society
surveyor(s) to verify that the vessel is constructed in ……………………………………..…..
(accord)(10) with the approved design plans and classification Rules;
- ……………………………………..….. (attend)(11) by a Classification Society surveyor(s) at the
relevant production facilities that provide key ……………………………………..….. (compose)(12)
such as the steel, engine, and generators to verify that the component conforms to the
applicable Rule requirements;
- Attendance by a Classification Society surveyor(s) at the sea trials and other trials relating to
the vessel and its equipment prior to delivery to verify ……………………………………..…..
(conform)(13) with the applicable Rule requirements;
- Upon satisfactory ……………………………………..….. (complete)(14) of the above, the
builder’s/shipowner’s request for the issuance of a class certificate will be considered by the
relevant Classification Society and, if deemed ……………………………………..….. (satisfy)(15), the
assignment of class may be approved and a certificate of classification issued;
- Once in service, the owner must submit the vessel to a clearly specified programme of
……………………………………..….. (period)(16) class surveys, carried out onboard the vessel, to
verify that the ship continues to meet the relevant Rule requirements for continuation of class.
Par.6.: A Class surveyor may only go on board a vessel once in a twelve-month period. At that time it
is neither possible nor expected that the surveyor scrutinize the entire structure of the vessel or its
……………………………………..…... (machine)(17). The survey involves a sampling, for which guidelines exist
based upon empirical experience and the age of the vessel which may indicate those parts of the vessel
or its machinery that may be subject to ……………………………………..….. (corrode)(18) or are exposed to
the highest incidence of stress, or may be likely to exhibit signs of fatigue or damage.
29
24. Watch the video on Paul R. Tregurtha (00:21:20 – 00:30:15) and fill in the gaps with the
missing words.
a) Ocean going ships have sharper ....................................................... for less resistance on

longer voyages.
b) But Tregurtha’s blunt bow gives her maximum ....................................................... while still
fitting it into the lock.
c) When she slides in, she will have less than half a meter of clearance on her port and
....................................................... sides.
d) Tregurtha’s deckhands go down to work the ........................................................
e) The inspectors move in to look at the leak in the ruptured ........................................................
f) The hole leads to a ....................................................... which is designed to be filled with
water anyway.
g) Every ....................................................... knows that Lake Superior has claimed hundreds of
ships over the years.
h) Tregurtha sails over the grave of the Edmund Fitzgerald. The
....................................................... design was eerily similar.
i) She went down in a ....................................................... in 1972 with no survivors, not even
time for a ........................................................
j) There are some possible ....................................................... in here, they might’ve hit that.
k) The captain’s been in constant contact with his bosses at the steamship company as well as
the coast guard and insurance surveyors. /.../ They’ll be waiting for him at the
........................................................
l) “Hello, Mark. Hey, we’re in the ........................................................”
m) As soon as the vessel is secured, the inspectors and shipyard foremen come
........................................................
n) Now the crown jewel of the Interlake Steamship Company
....................................................... is laid up on his watch.
o) Subtitle: That would be your fourth ........................................................
p) The news is devastating. A dozen structural steel ....................................................... are bent
or cracked.
q) The integrity of the ....................................................... is severely compromised.
r) There is talk of pulling off a 15m ....................................................... and talk of two weeks in
port.
s) Where the high ....................................................... meets the bottom of the rib frame, those
are all cracked.
t) The repairs cost money. Keeping the ....................................................... on the clock means
money.
u) Tregurtha first job of the year is a bust. The shipwrights start cutting and
....................................................... round the clock.
v) They cut access holes into the sides of the cargo holds so they can replace the broken
....................................................... from the inside.
25. Which of these words define structural ship elements?
30
26. Based on pictures that you will be shown, define the function of the following
construction elements:
- Frame
- Deck
- Plating
- Keelson
- Collision bulkhead
- Girder
27. Watch the video 'Building Tenacious'29 and define if the following statements are true
(T) or false (F)30.
a) _____ The video is about building the world’s largest metal tall ship.
b) _____ Air draft will be 43 meters.
c) _____ Siberian timber was used to build various components of the wing frames.
d) _____ A primer was used to stabilize the content of moisture of the wood.
e) _____ The first frame was fixed at the stern.
f) _____ All frames were fitted with metal fireproof bulkheads.
g) _____ Names of sponsors were engraved in the hull of the ship.
h) _____ The rings used to rotate the ship are normally used for fishing vessels.
i) _____ The ship was fitted with a stern thruster to help manoeuvre the ship.
j) _____ The ship was also fitted with watertight safety doors.
k) _____ Tenacious was taken into deeper waters on a barge.
31
1.7. SHIPPING ACCIDENTS
MV Derbyshire was lost September 9, 1980 during Typhoon Orchid, south of Japan. All hands (42 crew
and two women married to crew members) were lost. At 91,655 gross register tons, she was—and
remains—the largest British ship ever to have been lost at sea.
28. The following verbs have been taken from a video that depicts the accident of MV
Derbyshire31. Do you know all of them?
Approach (... the typhoon approaches ...)

Worsen (... conditions worsen ...)
Occur (... damage occurs ...)
Sweep (... waves sweep over the bow ...)
Destroy (... destroy the hatchcovers ...)
Allow (... allow thousands of tons of water to ...)
Collapse (... no.2 hatchcover collapses ...)
Increase (... the angle increases ...)
Traverse (... shockwaves traverse the structures ...)
Weaken (... weakening the structures ...)
Rupture (... rupture the engine room structures ...)
Tear out (... tears out the double bottom ...)
Sink (... sinking below the surface ...)
Separate (... separates below the surface ...)
29. Fill in the gaps with the missing words. The first two letters of each missing words have
been provided. Then watch the video on the accident of MV Derbyshire and check your
answers.
As the typhoon approaches and conditions worsen, the Master, following normal practice, turns to
keep the waves at a slight angle to the bo............................... The vessel begins to take on heavy waves
of increasing frequency and intensity over the bows. The fo.............................. deck’s hatch cover is
carried away so that the bo.............................. store space fills with every wave over the bow, probably
filling in less than an hour. As the main force of the typhoons approaches, the seas worsen even more,
with substantial greens seas crashing over the fore de............................... Damage occurs to deck
fittings, the ventilation tops are carried away, leaving the ventilators open to the sea. The
fo.............................. ballast tank takes on water with every wave and in some 12 hours is more or less
filled. The vessel becomes more sluggish and 25 meter waves sweep over the bow, putting pressure
over the first three to four ha............................... A large wave crashes over the starboard side of the
bow, destroying the hatchcovers on no.1 hold, allowing thousands of tons of water into the
ho............................... All forward fr.............................. and reserved buoyancy is lost. No. 2 hold
hatchcover collapses under the weight of water. The next hatchcover is drawn inwards by wave
pressure as no.1 tanks implode. This process rapidly dominoes along the length of the
ve.............................., becoming increasingly violent as the ship slips under the seas and the angle
increases. Shockwaves traverse the structures, weakening them and making them more susceptible to
collapse towards the aft end of the sh............................... Implosions of the forward end of the slop to
rupture the en.............................. room structures, the pump room and part of no.9 hold, and the
weight of the engine tears out the double bottom. The st.............................. immediately fills, sinking
below the surface. The accommodation, already seriously damaged, separates below the surface. The
time elapsed between the collapse of no.1 hold and the sinking of the stern is about two minutes.
32
30. Which of the following categories would you match this accident with?
- contact
- grounding/stranding
- flooding/foundering
- capsizing and listing
- collision
- fire or explosion
- hull failure
- loss of control
- damage to ship or equipment
- missing
31. Read the following descriptions of accidents32. Match each to one category.
32. What happened in each case (summarize in one sentence)?
- type of ship involved,

- what was going on at the time of the accident,
- what happened,
- why it happened.
..............................................................................
On 11 June 2011 merchant container ship (M/V) Deneb, under Antigua and Barbuda Flag, was loading
20 and 40 foot containers while she was docked on the starboard side of pier Juan Carlos I-East in the
Port of Algeciras. The vessel was scheduled to take on a complete load of 163 containers and was
bound for the Italian ports of Livorno and Genoa. The ship’s load was to be boarded from forward to
aft, separating the containers with destination to one or the other port in bays. In order to correct the
excessive trim to the ship’s bow, the port and starboard number 1 double lined tanks were to be
deballasted. According to statements, during the loading the ship had experienced heeling as much as
10° to each side. She continued heeling without stopping until she impacted and ended up resting on
the pier, at a permanent 45° heel angle.
..............................................................................
On the evening of 3 May 2012, the German-flagged ferry Nils Olgersson sailed into the port of
Travemünde, where she was to make fast with her stern at pier 6a. The turning manoeuvre in the
turning basin necessary for this failed because the two pod propulsors were still being operated in 'Sea
mode'. Because of that, the rudder angle was limited to +/- 35° and the rotation of the pods retarded.
The ship's command was unable to stop in the turning basin and the ferry headed towards the opposite
pier at a speed over ground of 6.51 kts. Danish ferry URD, whose crew was occupied with making
preparations for the scheduled voyage to Liepaja, Latvia, was made fast there at pier 3. Most of the
passengers and cargo were already on board. A collision occurred. The port side of the URD was
pressed in by the bow of the Nils Holgersson, causing the URD to take on water and heel to port.
..............................................................................
The cargo ship Ramona sailed into the Railway Bridge on 28 March 2012 at 22.26 hours. There were
no injuries, but very serious material damage to the bridge and minor damage to the ship.
33
..............................................................................
On 10 September 2009 an able seaman from the UK registered container ship Ever Elite drowned in
San Francisco Bay after the lower section of the accommodation ladder he was standing on broke free
and fell into the water. The vessel was approaching the container terminal in Oakland, California, when
the accident occurred and the seaman’s body was soon spotted by an accompanying tug and recovered
onto a pilot launch.
..............................................................................
At about 02.50 on 22 March 2012 the fishing vessel Sigrid was located approximately 10 nm west of
Sylt. The two crewmen had just set the trawl again when the skipper noticed smoke in the bridge. After
an initial attempt to suppress the fire by means of a portable fire extinguisher, he left the bridge
because the density of the smoke was continuously increasing. Consequently, he was also unable to
send a distress call on VHF.
..............................................................................
On 7 May 2010 at 02.00 hours fishing vessel Nuevo Apenino departed from the port of Nouadhibou
(Mauritania), with 16 crewmembers on board, headed for the fishing grounds where they were
authorized to operate. On 9 May she was operating at a depth of 600 metres and at approximately 40
miles from the coast. According to the statement provided by the Chief Engineer, at 17.40 hours he
ordered an oiler to go down to the engine room to bail out water from the bilge tanks and the water
generated by the ice melting inside the cargo hold. At 18.50 no one was inside the engine room when
the bilge high level alarm sounded. The Chief Engineer went into the engine room and noticed that the
water was partially covering the primary engine’s flywheel.
..............................................................................
On 17 July 2011 at about 04.00, the Accident Investigation Board of Norway notified the Marine Safety
Investigation Unit that at about 02.05 CSL Trimnes had run aground. Preliminary information indicated
that the vessel’s course had remained unaltered for several miles before she ran aground. Eventually,
the vessel was successfully refloated on the same day under her own power and with the assistance
of a rescue craft and one tugboat.
..............................................................................
On 11 January 2010, during a crossing from Ystad in Sweden to Rønne on the island of Bornholm, the
high-speed craft Villum Clausen hit one or more waves with a speed of 33-35 knots. The slamming
caused severe indentations in the bow.
..............................................................................
At 23.26 on 22 October 2011 the UK registered passenger and freight ro-ro vessel Pride of Calais made
heavy contact with no. 6 berth in Calais, France, at a speed of 2.5kts. The vessel’s main propulsion had
failed as she approached the berth and, although the starboard anchor was let go, the vessel could not
be stopped. Pride of Calais suffered minor damage to her bow but nobody on board was seriously
injured and there was no pollution.
..............................................................................
The 27½ foot fishing vessel IDA was trawling for soles 10 – 12 nm South-east of Grenaa. The skipper
was alone on board. At approximately 03.00 the skipper began sailing back to Grenaa, which he told
his colleague on board another fishing vessel in the same area. The fishing vessel disappeared during
the passage back to Grenaa, and neither the skipper nor the vessel has been found.
34
33. Match the beginnings in the left column with endings in the right column in order to
from multi-word units or complete sentences.
A docked on the starboard side of the pier

B the ship was scheduled to take on a complete to aft
C from forward ferry
D port and craft
E German-flagged stern at pier 6a
F make fast with her already on board
G rudder nor the vessel has been found
H most of the passengers were launch
I UK registered container starboard
J pilot angle
K suppress the fire by means of a portable fire extinguisher
L unable to load
M vessel’s course remained let go
N the vessel was successfully refloated
O high-speed propulsion had failed
P the vessel’s main ship
Q the starboard anchor was send a distress call on VHF
R neither the skipper unaltered
35
34. Watch the video on another accident, that of ID Integrity33. Decide if the following
statements are true (T) or false (F). Should you find that a statement is false, correct it.
a. _____ The ship is a general cargo carrier.

b. _____ Two tugs are helping her to arrive at a port.
c. _____ The ship collided with the Great Barrier Reef.
d. _____ The ship is owned by Danes.
e. _____ At the time this video was made, the ship was under control.
f. _____ ID Integrity was drifting westwards at a speed of 4 knots.
g. _____ On Saturday night ballast was reduced.
h. _____ Mr. Kindleysides thinks that ID Integrity passing the Shark Reef was a very dangerous
operation.
i. _____ In ten years time, the traffic passing the Great Barrier Reef is expected to increase by
five times.
j. _____ Queensland Premier agrees with the fact that they should limit shipping traffic in the
area.
k. _____ ID Integrity was flying light.
36
35. Fill in the gaps in the text on the accident of MV Erika34 using one of the following words
or expressions.
Deck Starboard Proceeded Course Steered Hull
Bow Laden Draught Distress call Plating Heading
List Knots Pitching Crew Foundered
In the early afternoon of the 11th. December 1999, while on passage from Dunkirk to Leghorn (Italy),
................................................................. with a cargo of 30,884 tonnes of No.2 heavy oil, the Malta
registered oil tanker Erika experienced a structural failure as she was crossing the Bay of Biscay. The
vessel encountered heavy weather all the way down the English Channel with force 7/8 (30 – 35 knots)
W/SW winds and 3 – 4 metre waves. The vessel first began to
................................................................. heavily and then, after the list was corrected, broke her
back several hours later. Following this major failure, the vessel
................................................................. some 30 nautical miles south of the Pointe de Penmarc’h
in Brittany. Both sections of the vessel eventually sank in about 120 metres of water in a position fairly
close to where the vessel broke in two, following an unsuccessful attempt to tow the stern section
further out to sea. As a result of the sinking a large proportion of the vessel’s cargo and bunkers spilled
into the sea. In view of her date of building (1975), this vessel was considered to be «pre-Marpol». She
was of single ................................................................. design without segregated ballast tanks.
The Erika ................................................................. until 1418 hours on 11 December in very heavy

weather: wind was SW force 8/9 (more than 40 – 45 knots), there was a heavy swell from the west and
the sea was very rough (waves of more than 6 metres). The vessel was
................................................................. and pounding heavily into the troughs (the wave period
was 8 – 10 seconds for a length of 100 – 155 metres, swell period was 10 – 12 seconds for a length of
125 – 225 metres); heavy seas continuously broke over and swept the
..................................................................
At 1408 hours the master sent a ................................................................. by IMARSAT C (telex). The

message was received, via France Telecom, by the MRCC Etel. It indicated that the ship’s position was
46°29’N 07°20’W. The message did not indicate why the call was made.
It was then observed that No.2 ................................................................. ballast tank which should
have been almost empty was in fact half full. The master concluded that all or part of the oil cargo of
No.3 centre cargo tank had leaked into No.2 starboard ballast tank.
At 1430 hours the Chief Mate informed the master that he had found 3 cracks in the deck
................................................................. forward of No.2 starboard ballast tank.
At 1455 hours, voice contact was finally established on 2182 kHz between the MRCC and the master
of the Erika. The latter confirmed what he had said in his previous message. He reported that
everything on board was in order, that the starboard list was under control and confirmed that he no
longer required assistance.
At 1612 hours, the master said that he had altered ................................................................. and was
................................................................. for the safest port of refuge. He spoke about the cracks and
said that apart from No.3 centre tank all the cargo tanks were full. Her new course brought the Erika
closer to land and shelter but also exposed her to heavier swells as she neared the continental shelf.
37
At 2227 hours the master of the Erika sent a SURNAV message to the MRCC giving the ship’s position
as 46° 55’N 006° 04’W, her course as 090°, her speed as 9 .................................................................,
her destination as Donges, her ETA as 1430 hours on 12 December, her predicted
................................................................. on arrival as 11.9 metres forward and 10.5 metres aft and
her cargo as 30,884 tonnes of fuel oil. This message also mentions the fact that cracks had developed
in the deck plating forward of No.2 starboard ballast tank.
At 0554 hours, the master of the Erika reported a breach in the hull with a resulting ingress of water.
He transmitted a new distress alert and asked for his ................................................................. to be
rescued from the ship. The ship could not be ..................................................................
At 0808 hours, the ship began to break her back.
At 0821 hours, the ................................................................. and stern sections broke apart from
each other.
The weather report for the period from 8 to 12 December mentions an unsettled weather situation
with mostly westerly winds veering north west at times or backing south west at others, force 6 or 7
on the Beaufort scale reaching gale force 8 or 9 on Sunday 12 December.
The sea was rough with waves 5 to 6 metres high. The swell was from west, of the same height, but
with a period of 10 to 12 seconds corresponding to a length of 125 to 200 metres. The Erika proceeded
down the English Channel from the evening of Wednesday 08 December until the afternoon of Friday
10 December in force 6 to 7 westerly winds with 3 to 5 metre waves and a swell period of about 10
seconds. After passing Ushant and entering the Bay of Biscay in the afternoon of 10 December, the
vessel encountered force 7 to 8 south west winds with 5 to 6 metre waves and a westerly swell with a
period of 10 to 12 seconds until 1240 hours on 11 December. During the night of 11 to 12 December
the wind was reported to have veered west then north west force 8 to 10 with 5 to 6 metre waves and
a swell from the west with a period of 10 to 12 seconds.
36. What happened/what was the accident caused by?
37. Reread the text. In it, find all references to the weather conditions (sea state, winds,
currents ...). How was the weather developing from the beginning to the end of Erika’s
voyage?
38
Ship's vocabulary – revision
38. Match the following words of expressions with the definitions you can find below.
Hull Rudder Astern Stern Gangway
Bowthruster Wharf Moor Superstructure Ahead
Crane Echo sounder Gyro compass Hatch Galley
Winch Port of call Keel
a) ....................................... A device that is used to steer a ship; a common type has a vertical fin
at the stern and able to move from 35 degrees port to 35 degrees starboard.
b) ....................................... A line of plates running along the centreline of a ship's bottom
forming the backbone of the ship frame; usually thicker than other plates beside it.
c) ....................................... A machine for lifting and lowering cargo, and for other purposes that
cannot be handled by manual power; it consists of a drum or barrel around which a rope or
cable is wound to achieve either a lifting or lowering motion.
d) ....................................... A machine used at a wharf for hoisting.
e) ....................................... A port visited briefly by a ship, usually to take on or discharge
passengers and cargo or to undergo repairs.
f) ....................................... A portable bridge made of aluminium, steel or wood linking shore to
ship, or ship to ship.
g) ....................................... A small propeller situated in an athwartship tunnel in the underwater
hull of a ship; usually located near the bow, the side thrust created by the running propeller
improves manoeuvrability, especially during berthing.
h) ....................................... An electrical depth sounder or fish finder that uses sound echoes to
locate the depth of objects in water. It does so by timing the sound pulses.
i) ....................................... Any permanent structures above upper deck such as bridge, cabins,
store rooms, etc.
j) ....................................... In the direction of the stern. The opposite of ahead.
k) ....................................... In the direction of the vessel's head.
l) ....................................... Mechanical compass which consists of a gyroscope rotating at a very
high speed; set to point continuously to true north rather than magnetic north.
m) ....................................... Opening in deck that provides passage for cargo into hold or access
for worker; also known as hatchway.
n) ....................................... Securing a vessel to a buoy or strong point ashore e.g. bitt by ropes;
at anchorage, by dropping anchor.
o) ....................................... Structure built along the shore where ships may berth to load or
unload cargo, or for fitting and refitting ships.
p) ....................................... The after end of a ship.
q) ....................................... The body of a ship.
r) ....................................... The cooking compartment in a ship.
39
2 MARITIME COMMUNICATION
2.1. GMDSS
39. Watch the video on maritime communication35. What is going on?
40. Read the introduction to GMDSS and answer the following questions:
a) What types of communication is the GMDSS designed for?

b) How many means of transmitting distress alerts must ships have to be compliant with SOLAS
Chapter IV?
c) Who receives the distress alerts?
d) What does the RCC do after receiving a distress alert?
e) Who will the RCC relay the distress alert to?
The GMDSS includes a ship-to-ship component using VHF radio with digital selective-calling (DSC) but
for distress alerting it is fundamentally a ship-to-shore system. Ships carry equipment which enables
them to transmit ship-to-shore distress alerts. Ships equipped according to SOLAS Chapter IV
additionally carry equipment which enables them to transmit ship-to-shore distress alerts by two
separate and independent means, each using a different radiocommunication service. The distress
alerts when received on shore are routed to a rescue coordination centre (RCC). The function of the
RCC is to transmit a distress acknowledgement which indicates that it has accepted responsibility for
the incident. The RCC will then relay the distress alert back to the area of the distress in order to raise
contact with ships in the area that may be able to assist as shown in Fig. 1.36
40
GMDSS sea areas
41. Have a look at the picture. What do A1, A2, and A3 refer to?
The operational and personnel

requirements for maritime
radiocommunications are described
in the GMDSS by referring to four
communication sea areas:
- A1 – An area within the

radiotelephone coverage of at least
one VHF coast station in which
continuous DSC alerting is available.
Such an area extends typically 20 –
30 nautical miles from the coast
station.
- A2 – An area, excluding sea
area A1, within the radiotelephone
coverage of at least one MF coast
station in which continuous DSC
alerting is available. For planning
purposes this area typically extends
up to 100 nautical miles offshore, but
would exclude any A1 designated
areas. In practice, satisfactory
coverage may often be achieved out to around 400 nautical miles offshore.
- A3 – An area, excluding sea areas A1 and A2, within the coverage of an Inmarsat geostationary
satellite in which continuous alerting is available. This area lies between approximately,
latitudes 76o north and south, but excludes A1 and/or A2 designated areas.
- A4 – An area outside sea areas A1, A2 and A3. This is essentially the polar regions, north and
south of approximately, 76o of latitude, but excludes any other areas.37
42. From the text, extract information on the geographical coverage of these four areas
(what is included, what is excluded):
- A1 –
- A2 –
- A3 –
- A4 –
43. Why cannot sea area A4 be found in the figure above?
41
44. The following table includes the information regarding satellite and radio
communication coverage and SOLAS vessel radio equipment carriage requirements for
all GMDSS Sea Areas38. Describe the equipment used is each of the sea areas.
45. Match the abbreviations found in the table with the following terms:
a) _____ Digital Selective Calling

b) _____ Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
c) _____ International Maritime Satellite Organization
d) _____ Maritime Safety Information
e) _____ Medium Frequency
f) _____ Nautical Miles
g) _____ Navigational Telex
h) _____ Radio Telephony
i) _____ Automatic Identification System – Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking
j) _____ Search and Rescue Transponder
k) _____ Very High Frequency
42
Main GMDSS39sub-systems
46. Read the text on the main sub-systems of GMDSS and match each paragraph with one
of the pictures.
41
40
43
42
44
43
47. Then decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or not given (NG).
a. _____ DSC is only operational through VHF radios.

b. _____ Only one station at once can be called through DSC.
c. _____ Most often, the messaes sent through DSC are routine messages.
d. _____ DSC is used at the end of the communication loop.
e. _____ Through DSC, information on the vessel's name, position, and nature of distres scan
be sent.
f. _____ Routine communication can take place through satellite systems.
g. _____ MSI can be received in two ways.
h. _____ NAVTEX and SafetyNET provide MSI in the same geographical areas.
i. _____ Vessels that are not equipped with NAVTEX or SafetyNET systems, are not able to
receive MSI.
j. _____ EPIRB uses satellite systems to transmit the locaton of a vessel in distress.
k. _____ EPIRB transmission can be manually or automatically started.
l. _____ SART is used in SAR operations.
m. _____ We know two types of SART.
n. _____ SART cannot be taken away from the vessel's bridge.
o. _____ Depending on the type of SART used, its signals will either be picked up by the radar
of the passing vessel ori ts AIS.
p. _____ On-scene communication during a SAR operation usually takes place via VHF.
q. _____ In a distress situation, communication with aeroplanes is always necessary.
r. _____ The VHF portable radio, EPIRB and SART can all be taken into alifeboat or liferaft.
The main sub-systems used in the GMDSS may be described as follows:
1 The digital selective-calling terrestrial communication system
The digital selective-calling (DSC) is incorporated in MF, HF and VHF radios to provide a quick and
reliable means of communication between ships and the shore, and between ships. DSC is a signalling
system which provides a method of calling a station or a group of stations. DSC provides automated
access to coast stations and ships for the transmission and reception of all types of messages from the
routine to the distress category. This automated calling system is used as the initial means of contact
with other stations. The DSC system is optimized for use in emergencies and the distress alert includes
information on the identity of the vessel in distress and the last recorded position and can also include
the nature of the distress.
2 The satellite communication system
Satellite networks are capable of providing a full range of communication services, encompassing all
general communications requirements, as well as distress and safety functions, within the network
coverage area.
3 The Maritime Safety Information (MSI) system
Two principal methods are used for broadcasting maritime safety information; NAVTEX for broadcasts
to coastal waters, within approximately 200 nautical miles from the shore, and SafetyNET for
broadcasts which cover all the waters of the globe except for sea area A4. Many coastal authorities
also broadcast maritime safety information by radiotelephony for use by vessels which are not carrying
NAVTEX or SafetyNET receivers. These vessels do not benefit from the automatic monitoring and
recording provided by these receivers and require a radio watch to be kept at the appropriate time.
44
4 The emergency position-indicating radiobeacon system
The emergency position-indicating radiobeacon (EPIRB) alerting facilities are available through the
Cospas-Sarsat satellite system which is designed to provide distress alert and location data to assist
SAR operations, using spacecraft and ground facilities to detect and locate signals of distress beacons
operating on 406 MHz. EPIRBs may be installed to float free of a sinking vessel and start transmitting
automatically.
5 The locating system
Search and rescue locating devices are used to locate a survival craft or a distressed vessel. They can
be either radar SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) or AIS-SART (Automatic Identification System
– Search and Rescue Transmitter). The intent is that the locating device is compatible with the
equipment normally carried on a ship so that any ship can conduct a rescue operation if special search
and rescue units are not available. The SART is a portable radar transponder (racon) which is designed
to provide a locating signal when interrogated by 9 GHz (3 cm wavelength) radar. The AIS-SART
operates by sending updated position reports which can be read by the AIS receiver on the rescuing
ship.
6 The on-scene system
The on-scene system enables short to medium range communications to be carried out during the
course of a search and rescue operation. This is typically achieved by the use of VHF portable radios
(called two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus) working on the maritime channels or possibly
aeronautical channels. In addition, the portable VHF radio may be taken into a lifeboat or liferaft, along
with the portable EPIRB and SART.
48. Fill in the gaps with suitable derivatives of the words in brackets.
a. a quick and ……………………………………………… (rely) means of communication

b. for the ……………………………………………… (transmit) and ……………………………………………… (receive)
of all types of messages
c. are ……………………………………………… (able) of providing
d. all general communications ……………………………………………… (require)
e. are ……………………………………………… (avail) through the Cospas-Sarsat satellite system
f. start transmitting ……………………………………………… (atomate)
g. to locate a ……………………………………………… (survive) craft
h. can be read by the AIS ……………………………………………… (receive)
i. the on-scene system ……………………………………………… (able) short to medium range
communications
45
49. Have a look at the following Navtex messages. For each of them decide whether they
refer to a:
a) navigational warning,
b) meteorological warning,
c) meteorological forecast,
d) search and rescue.
50. Then, have a look at the details of each message. What are the main points?
ZCZC BD21
ALGIERS RADIO AT 16:40
PAN PAN PAN
FOLLOWING RECEIVED FROM ALGERIAN COASTS-GUARD TODAY 28TH
DECEMBER
2011 AT 16H40 STOP TO ALL SHIPS SEARCTED
AN EMPLTYT CAPSIZED SMALL BOAT ADRIFT IN POSITION 37 19.517
N, 002 34,533 E COLOR HULL BLUE BOTTOM RED AND TOP WHITE LENGTH
APROXIMATE 4 METRES STOP ALL SHIPS IN VICCINITY KEEP-SHARP AND
LOOK OUT REPORT ALL INFORMATION TO ALGERIAN COASTS GUARDS.
NNNN
ZCZC GA18
WZ 1436
SOUTHERN NORTH SEA. VIKING GAS FIELD.
PLATFORM 49/12-AR, 53-32.1N 002-15.2E, FOG SIGNAL INOPERATIVE.
NNNN
ZCZC EB05
NITONRADIO
GALE WARNING THURSDOROTP UTC
LUNDY
WESTERLY GALE FORCE 8, INCREASING SEVERE GALE FORCE 9 IMMINENT
FASTNET
WESTERLY GALE FORCE 8 CONTINUING
NNNN
46
ZCZC GE08
ISSUED BY THE MET OFFICE AT 0900 ON THR
GALE WARNINGS: VIKING FORTIES CROMARTY FORTH TYNE DOGGER
HUMBER THAMES FAIR ISLE
THE GENERAL SITUATION AT MIDNIGHT
LOW N UTSIRE 975 EXP FINLAND 978 BY MIDNIGHT TONIGHT. LOW
100 MILES N OF VIKING EXP SKAGERRAK 986 BY SAME TIME.
OUTLOOK FLW 24 HOURS:
GALES ARE EXP IN VIKING AND FAIR ISLE WITH STRG WINDS IN
ALL OTHER AREAS
NNNN
47
2.2. DISTRESS, URGENCY AND SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS
51. Four levels of priority – distress, urgency, safety and routine – are available for DSC
calls45.
The transmission of a distress alert or a distress ---------------------------------------------------------------

call indicates that the ship or person is
---------------------------------------------------------------
threatened by grave and imminent danger and
requires immediate assistance and is sent only ---------------------------------------------------------------
on the authority of the person responsible for
---------------------------------------------------------------
the ship. A DISTRESS is also referred to as a
“MAYDAY”. ---------------------------------------------------------------
The urgency call and the urgency signal indicate ---------------------------------------------------------------

that the ship has a very urgent message to
---------------------------------------------------------------
transmit concerning the safety of a mobile unit
or a person. An URGENCY message is also ---------------------------------------------------------------
referred to as a PAN PAN message.
---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
A SAFETY message indicates that there is ---------------------------------------------------------------

imminent risk for navigation. A SAFETY message
---------------------------------------------------------------
is also referred to as a SECURITE message.
---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
A ROUTINE message is transmitted to ensure ---------------------------------------------------------------

safe navigation. Routine messages refer to
---------------------------------------------------------------
intership communication, exchange of data in
port operations, communication between ships ---------------------------------------------------------------
and VTS, inshore radar stations, pilot stations,
---------------------------------------------------------------
bridges, and locks.
---------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------
52. Check your Pomorska govorna komunikacija book and for each categoy write down the
typical situations in which these messages would be transmitted.
48
Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)4647
Maritime communication must be short and precise, unambiguous and simple. For these reasons the
IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) has been compiled:
– to assist in the greater safety of navigation and of the conduct of the ship,
– to standardize the language used in communication for navigation at sea, in port approaches,
waterways and harbours, and on board vessels with multilingual crews, and
– to assist maritime training institutions in meeting the objectives mentioned above.
Under the 1995 STCW, the ability to use and understand the IMO SMCP is required for the certification
of officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more.
The IMO SMCP is divided into:
- External Communication Phrases (Part A) and

- On-board Communication Phrases (Part B).
Message markers
In shore-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication or radio communication in general, the following

eight message markers may be used:
– Instruction – Question
– Advice – Answer
– Warning – Request
– Information – Intention
53. Underline the message markers in the following message:
Anti Costi V8SH Anti Costi V8SH Anti Costi V8SH
This is Seaborne VRSH, Seaborne VRSH, Seaborne VRSH
Warning: You are running into danger! Shallow waters to the North of you.
Advice: Alter course to port.
Repeat: Advice you alter course to port.
OVER
49
54. Which of the message markers would you associate the following SMCP with?
a) ________________________ Buoy number: one-five unlit/off position.

b) ________________________ Go to berth No. 15.
c) ________________________ How many tugs are required?
d) ________________________ I will alter course to starboard.
e) ________________________ I intend to be underway within period: two hours.
f) ________________________ My ETA at Outer Pilot Station is 01:00 hours UTC.
g) ________________________ Negative. Buoy Number 1-4 in not the correct position.
h) ________________________ Obstruction in the fairway.
i) ________________________ Please arrange for the berth on arrival.
j) ________________________ Please confirm your dwt.
k) ________________________ Steer course: 253 degrees true.
l) ________________________ What is your course?
m) ________________________ Yes, I require tug assistance.
n) ________________________ You must alter course.
Standard verbs
The following verbs cannot be used (ambiguous!): Have to ... Want ... May/might ... Can/could ...
Should
55. Which of the following are correct and why?
– "May I enter the fairway?"

– "QUESTION. Do I have permission to enter the fairway?"
– "ANSWER. You have permission to enter the fairway."

– "You may enter the fairway."
– "I might enter the fairway."

– "INTENTION. I will enter the fairway."
– "ADVICE. Anchor in anchorage B 3."

– "You should anchor in anchorage B 3."
– "WARNING. You are running into danger."

– "You could be running into danger."
– “QUESTION. Do I have permission to use the shallow draft fairway at this time?”
– “Can I use the shallow draft fairway at this time?”
50
Shortened forms
Do not use shortened forms (unclear!): I’m ... You’re ... Don’t ... I’ve ...
56. Which of the following are correct and why?
– “I’m underway.”
– “I am underway.”
– “You’re heading towards my tow.”

– “You are heading towards my tow.”
– “Don’t cross the fairway.”

– “Do not cross the fairway.”
Spelling
Alpha November
Bravo Oscar
Charlie Papa
Delta Quebec
Echo Romeo
Foxtrot Sierra
Golf Tango
Hotel Uniform
India Victor
Juliet Whiskey
Kilo X-Ray
Lima Yankee
Mike Zulu
57. Spell the following call signs using the marine alphabet.
This is ...
AURORA AUSTRALIS UNAA DAWSON CGBV

BJARNI SAEMUNDSSON TFEA DISCOVERER WTEA
BOSEI MARU JGAW DISCOVERY GLNE
CHARLES DARWIN GDLS ENDEAVOUR CYWK
CHOFU MARU JCCX FRANKLIN VJJF
CIROLANA GNAM GAUSS DBBX
COLUMBUS ISELIN CORIOLIS FNMZ HAAKON MOSBY LJIT
CORNIDE DE SAAVENDRA EDSV HAKUHO-MARU JDSS
DMITRI MENDELEEV UILS HEINCKE DBCK
DAVID STARR JORDAN WTDK HESPERIDES HESP
51
Positions
When latitude and longitude are used, these shall be expressed in degrees and minutes. North and
South of the Equator and East and West of Greenwich are used.
When the position is related to a mark, the mark shall be a well-defined charted object.
The bearing shall be in the 360 degree notation from true north and shall be that of the position from
the mark.
Example 1: “My position: 69o29’N/042o53’E.”
Example 2: My position: bearing 137 degrees from Big Head lighthouse, distance 2.4 nautical miles.”
58. Say the following positions:
– My position: 30° 50’ N/018° 25’ E.

– My position: 03° 46’ N/008° 48’ E.
– My position: 53° 14’ N/008° 28’ E.
– My position: 12° 06’ N/068° 56’ W.
– My position: 12° 09’ N/069° 01’ W.
– My position: 63° 54’ N/038° 06’ E.
– My position: 45° 23’ S/033° 03’ W.
– My position is bearing 180 degrees from the Salamina Light, distance 2 miles.
– My position is bearing 000 degrees from Tokyo Light Beacon, distance 8 cables.
– My position is bearing 194 degrees true from Cape Fantasia, distance 12.4 miles.
– My position is bearing 120 degrees from Red Star lighthouse, distance 2.5 nautical miles.
– My position is bearing 155 degrees from Tokyo Light Beacon, distance 3.4 nautical miles.
– My position is bearing 137 degrees from Palmido lighthouse, distance 2.4 nautical miles.
52
You must ... I will
59. Coast stations often give instructions or advice, followed by “You must ...”. Always
answer with “I will ...” to indicate that you have understood and indeed will execute the
instruction. In the following exchange identify the instruction given and the repetition
of this instruction.
Stella Maris, PKNS,
This is Dover Coastguard, Dover Coast Guard.
Instruction: you must reduce your speed to eight knots.
Repeat: You must reduce your speed to eight knots.
OVER
Dover Coastaguard,
This is Stella Maris, PKNS.
Message understood.
I will reduce speed to eight knots.
OUT
60. How would you answer the following instructions?
– You must rig another pilot ladder.

– You must anchor clear of fairway.
– You must heave up anchor.
Mistake ... correction
“Mistake: correction ...” is used when incorrect information has been passed through.
My draft aft is six decimal five meters.
Mistake – correction:
My draft aft is seven decimal five meters.
61. Correct one of the pieces of information in the following messages using the
“Mistake...correction” structure.
– My ETA is 0800 hours UTC.

– My present course is 162 degrees, my speed is 7 knots.
– My position ... 30° 50'N/018o 25'E.
– I will launch 2 lifeboats with 15 persons.
– This is MV Christina PKNE.
53
Yes/no questions
62. You have to always provide fully worded answers to "yes/no"-questions.
Do you require medical assistance?
– Yes, I require medical assistance.

– No, I do not require medical assistance.
63. Provide full worded answers to the following questions:
a) Do you have doctor on board?

b) Do you carry any dangerous goods?
c) Do you have any list?
d) Do you have a controllable pitch propeller?
54
2.3. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – DISTRESS
The operational procedures for distress communications are described in the Radio Regulations,
Article 3248. The following terms are defined:
a. the distress alert is a DSC distress call format or a distress message format in the case
of satellite communications;
b. the distress call is the initial voice or text procedure;
c. the distress message is the subsequent voice or text procedure.
64. The structure of distress calls and messages always follows the same structure. Use
Scenario 1 and the prompt on the next page to produce a distress call text.
SCENARIO 1: The vessel MV Garland, GFCC (235 786 000), in position 56o51’N/000o37’E, is on fire. She
requires fire fighting assistance. She also requires medical assistance. Two people have been killed and
two injured.
65. Write down the voice message for Scenario 2:
SCENARIO 2: MV Pearl Head – VRSE, 211 687 000, is in position 37 degrees 15 minutes N/016 degrees
10 minutes W. Her engine room and bridge are on fire. The vessel is sinking. Crew are abandoning ship.
There are 15 crewmembers on board. Six of them have been injured. One crewmember was killed.
Two lifeboats have been launched.
66. Try to produce a spoken message following Scenario 3 without writing it down:
SCENARIO 3: MV Pearl Head, 211 687 000, VRSE, in position 36 degrees N/075 degrees 25 minutes W,
time: 1245 UTC, transmits a distress call. Fire has been located in the engine room and in no. 2 hold.
The vessel is sinking and the crew are abandoning her. The crew consists of 18 members, six of whom
have been injured.
55
56
2.4. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – URGENCY
The following terms are defined by the ITU Radio Regulations49:

a. the urgency announcement is a DSC call using the urgency call format or an urgency
message format in the case of satellite communications;
b. the urgency call is the initial voice or text procedure;
c. the urgency message is the subsequent voice or text procedure.
67. Also the structure of urgency calls always follows the same structure. Use Scenario 4 and
the prompt below to produce an urgency call text.
SCENARIO 4: MV Empress (286 172 000) ZAKP with reduced manoeuvrability due to problems with
main engine requests tug assistance and advises all vessels to keep clear. She repeats the advice. Her
position is 59 degrees 25 minutes N/000 degrees 52 minutes E.
Urgency communications consist of an announcement, transmitted using DSC, followed by the urgency
call and message transmitted using radiotelephony using the same frequencies as are used for distress
communications. The form of the urgency call is50:
– the urgency signal PAN PAN, spoken three times;

– the name of the called station or “all stations”, spoken three times;
– the words THIS IS;
– the name of the station transmitting the urgency message, spoken three times;
– the call sign or any other identification;
– the MMSI, followed by the urgency message.
SCENARIO 5: 211 868 000 – MV Franklin – VJJF, in position 12° 09' N, 069° 01' W, is losing dangerous
substance (IMO-class 6). There is immediate risk of pollution. She requests for assistance to clear oil.
SCENARIO 6: 211 868 000 – MV Christina – PKAH, in position 56 degrees 29 minutes N/011 degrees 53
minutes E, has suffered damage below her waterline. She requests tug assistance.
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2.5. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – SAFETY
70. Use Scenario 7 and the prompt for Scenario 7 to produce a safety call text based on the
following instructions.
Safety communications consist of a safety announcement, transmitted using DSC, followed by the
safety call and message transmitted using radiotelephony using the same frequencies as are used for
distress and urgency communications. The form of the safety call is51:
– the safety signal SECURITE, spoken three times;

– the name of the called station or “all stations”, spoken three times;
– the words THIS IS;
– the name of the station transmitting the safety message, spoken three times;
– the call sign or any other identification;
– the MMSI, followed by the safety message which may be sent on a working channel.
SCENARIO 7: MV Nordic Star (668 743 000) GBLA, in position bearing 145 degrees from Boyle Light,
distance three miles, time: 13 May at 1340 UTC, reports that there is no light (the buoy is unlit) on
Buoy AL-2 in position 140 degrees from Boyle Light, distance 2.5 miles.
SCENARIO 8: 426 477 000 – tanker Vermont – UBCE, in position 259 degrees from Falls Lights, distance
1.5 miles, has detected buoy FL-1 in position 259 degrees from Falls Light, distance 2 miles, is off
station. She now transmits a safety message on VHF. Time: May 12, at 1645 UTC.
SCENARIO 9: 427 876 000 – Aurora Australis – UNAA, in position 69o32’N/042o55’E, has detected an
obstruction in position 69o29’ N/042o53’ E. Time: 13 May at 1340 UTC.
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2.6. MESSAGE STRUCTURE – ROUTINE
Routine messages ensure safe navigation. Routine messages refer to intership communication,
exchange of data in port operations, communication between ships and VTS, inshore radar stations,
pilot stations, bridges, and locks.
73. Fill in the gaps in the following routine exchange52 with the missing words.
74. What is ther purpose of each move in this exchange?
 Calling station: M/T SALI, call sign HR6T7 – Responding station: Newhaven Port Control
 Working channel: 24
 Newhaven Port Control asks about the ship’s cargo on board
 M/T SALI answers that she has 1784 TEU containers on board and no dangerous cargo.
Calling station Responding station
Newhaven Port Control, Newhaven Port Control,

................................................
This is motor tanker Sali, HR6T7, on VHF channel 1-6. Over.
M/T SALI, HR6T7.

This is Newhaven Port Control.
................................................
Newhaven Port Control.

................................................ M/T Sali. Switch to VHF
channel two-four. Over.
M/T Sali. This is Newhaven Port Control. Agree channel

................................................. Over.
M/T Sali. This is Newhaven Port Control.

................................................: What type of cargo do you
have on board? Over.
Newhaven Port Control. This is M/T Sali

................................................: We have 1784 TEU
containers. We ................................................ have
dangerous cargo on board. Over.
M/T Sali. This is Newhaven Port Control. UNDERSTOOD:

1784 TEU containers and no IMO cargo on board. Thank you.
.................................................
59
SCENARIO 11: Seaborne VRSH indicates to Anti Costi V8SH that the course that Anti Costi is steering is
dangerous because waters ahead of the vessel are shallow. The vessel is advised to change course to
port side.
76. Write down the voice messages for Scenario 12:
SCENARIO 13:
Vessel 1: Chaser DEKL
Vessel 2: Arctic Flower – RDWW, in position 085 degrees from Estoril Lighthouse, distance 8.5 miles.
Chaser calls Arctic Flower to indicate that she is approaching shoals that are not mentioned in the
chart, and advises her to change her course to portside.
60
SMCP – distress, urgency, safety, routine messages
77. Match the following SMCP used in distress calls with their Slovene equivalents.
a. Fire is in engine-room. _____ Prihajam / ML ... prihaja na pomoč.

b. What kind of assistance is required? _____ Sem nasedel / ML ... je nasedla.
c. I require medical assistance. _____ Kateri del vašega plovila je nasedel?
d. Report injured persons. _____ Potrebujem zdravniško pomoč.
_____ Ne morem / ML ne more ugotoviti škode.
e. I have / MV ... has collided with MV... . _____ Opozorilo. Nekartirane čeri na poziciji ...
f. I have / MV .. has damage above / below _____ Poročam o poškodovancih.
water line.
g. I / MV ... can only proceed at slow speed. _____ Nevarno sem nagnjen / ML ... je nevarno
nagnjena na levo / na desno.
h. I/MV ….cannot establish damage. _____ Nasedel sem spredaj / v sredini /zadaj / po
vsej dolžini.
i. I am / MV ... aground. _____ Požar je v strojnici.
j. What part of your vessel is aground? _____ Opozorilo! Ne odmetati tovora razreda
IMO!
k. Aground forward / amidships /aft / full _____ Bom / ML ... bo premestil(a) tovor / gorivo,
length. da bi zaustavil(a) nagibanje.
l. Warning. Uncharted rocks in position ... _____ Sem poškodovan / ML … je poškodovana
. nad / pod vodno črto.
m. Warning! Do not jettison IMO-Class _____ Ne nadziram plovila / ML ... zanaša.
cargo!
n. I have / MV ... has dangerous list to port _____ Kakšno pomoč potrebujete?
/ starboard.
o. I / MV ... will transfer cargo / bunkers _____ Izgubil sem / ML … je zgubila osebo
to stop listing. (osebe) na poziciji ...
p. I am / MV ... proceeding to your _____ Lahko nadaljujem samo / ML ... lahko
assistance. nadaljuje samo z nizko hitrostjo.
q. I am / MV ... adrift. _____ Trčil sem z ML …
r. I have / MV ... has lost person(s)
overboard in position ... .
61
78. Fill in the gaps in the following English SMCP (urgency and safety calls) with the following
terms. The Slovene equivalents have been written down to help you.
Adrift Knots Sufficient

Below datum Low water Variable
Decrease Proceed Wide berth requested
Dumping Sea state With caution
Gale Steering gear
a. I have/MV ... has problems with Imam/ML ... ima probleme s strojem
engine(s)/………………………………/propeller/.... (stroji)/krmilno napravo/propelerjem/ ...
b. I try/MV ... tries to Poizkušam/ML ... poizkuša nadaljevati s
………………………………without assistance. plovbo brez pomoči.
c. Containers/barrels/drums/bags/... with dangerous Kontejnerji/sodčki/valjasti sodi/vreče/... z
goods of IMO-Class ... ……………………………… nevarnim blagom IMO razreda ... plavajoči
near position ... . na poziciji ...
d. The wind in your position/in position ... is expected Na vaši poziciji/na poziciji ... je pričakovati
to increase/………………………………. povečevanje/zmanjševanje vetra.
e. What is the latest Kakšno je zadnje vetrovno/viharno
………………………………/storm warning? opozorilo?
f. Maximum winds of ... Pričakujemo maksimalni veter s hitrostjo ...
………………………………are expected in the vozlov na viharnem območju.
storm area.
g. What is ………………………………in your Kakšno je stanje morja na vaši poziciji/na
position/in position ... ? poziciji ... ?
h. Visibility is Vidljivost se izboljšuje/poslabšuje/se
increasing/decreasing/………………………………. spreminja.
i. The present tide is … metres Trenutna višina plime je ... metrov nad/pod
above/……………………………… in position ... . kartirano višino na poziciji ...
j. Wait until high/………………………………. Počakajte na visoko/nizko vodo.
k. Is the depth of water ……………………………….in Ali je voda na poziciji ... dovolj globoka?
position ... ?
l. Transhipment of ...(kind of cargo) in position... . Pretovarjanje ...(vrsta tovora) na poziciji ...
………………………………. Potreben je širok varnostni prostor.
m. Small fishing boats in area around ... Navigate Majhni ribiški čolni na območju okrog ... –
………………………………. plujte previdno.
n. Located a vessel Locirano je plovilo, ki odlaga
………………………………chemicals/waste/... in kemikalije/odpadke/... na poziciji ...
position ... .
62
2.7. REQUESTING MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
79. Label the picture54 with the following terms that refer to different parts of the body.
abdomen elbow leg

Adam’s apple eyes mouth
ankle fingers neck
arm foot nose
breast forearm penis/vagina
calf forehead shoulder
cheek groin thigh
chest hand toes
chin head umbilicus
ear knee wrist
63
80. Can you come up with any symptoms referring to these body parts?
Examples: bruised forearm, sore eyes
81. Do you know the following terms?
anxiety dizzy sore

bite fever spasm
bleeding headache sprain
broken hurt strain
bruise inflammation suffering
concussion injured unconscious
cramp lesion vomit
cut nausea wound
depression pain
dizziness scratch
82. Which remedies may be used in these cases?
83. Would you use anything from the first aid kit55 that you can see below?
56
84. Check your Pomorska govorna komunikacija book (A1/1.3 Requesting medical
assistance, p. 144). Work in pairs and practice these phrases.
64
WHO INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL SCALE – A
Ocean going without doctor on board, crew size not more than 40 persons
As per Medical Guide for Ships 3rd edition
Vessel: xxx
Sailing area next 6-12 months: tramp
Date of expiry Medicine Chest Certificate: 26.1.2017 – inventory list
Code Description Expiry Qty Unit Total Standar Require Store

date d d
1 Acetylsalicylic acid tab. 300 Feb 2 1 btl 2 btl 3 1 D9
mg (Aspirin) 2019
3 Adrenaline inj. 10 amp. 10 amp 0 amp D6
4a Tetracycline anesthetic 0 ml 100 ml 100 ml Expired
eyedrops
8 Anti-malaria (Chloroquine May 3 100 tbl 300 tbl 300 tbl 0 tbl D9
phosphate 250 mg, 2019
Resochin)
13 Charcoal, activated 120 g Jan 1 120 100 100 0 grm D9
2018 grm grm grm
20 Ethanol 70 %, antiseptic 0 Lt 4 Lt 4 Lt
hand rub
27 Ibuprofen 400 mg, film Sep 5.5 20 tbs 110 tbs 200 tbs 90 tbs D9
coated tablets 2017
27A Ibuprofen oral 4 % Aug 2 100 ml 200 ml 200 ml 0 ml D9
suspension 100 ml 2017
28 Insect repellent lotion for Apr 6 100 ml 600 ml 1200 600 ml C1
skin, Autan stick 50 ml 2019 ml
36 Midazolam amp. 1 ml = 5 mg Jun 5 2 amp 10 amp 10 amp 0 amp
2016
42 Oral rehydration salts in 7.84 Apr 1 10 tbs 10 tbs 10 tbs 0 D9
g waterproof satchets 2018
(Uphalyte)
48 Povidone iodine ointment 10 Mar 4 40 grm 160 150 -10 grm D5
% (Jodasept 40 g x 1 tube) 2018 grm grm
65 Doctorset bandage premium Oct 2 100 pcs 138 pcs 100 s - 38 pcs C1
100 pcs 2018
Dressing material and suturing equipment
2.1 Would adhesive plaster Jul 1 90 pcs 90 pcs 100 pcs 10 pcs D8
2018
2.6 Elastic fixation bandage 5m x 1 1 pcs 9 pcs 12 pcs 3 pcs D11
6 cm
2.10 Triangular bandage/sling, 3 1 pcs 3 pcs 5 pcs 2 pcs D14
100 x 140 cm + 2 safety pins
(Apache)
2.11 Sterile sheets for burn Jun 1 4 pcs 4 pcs 4 pcs 0 pcs C5
patients, 60 x 90 cm (Erfa) 2034
2.13 Zinc oxide adhesive tape, Jun 6 6 pcs 6 pcs 14 pcs 8 pcs D8
waterproof, skin friendly, 5 x 2018
2.5 cm
2.18A Sutures, absorbable, 3-0 Nov 1 6 pcs 6 pcs 6 pcs 0 pcs C1
2018
65
85. In the Medicine Inventory List on the previous page find examples of the following:
a. Stored in bottles
b. Coming in the form of tablets
c. Measured in grams
d. Measures in millilitres
e. Measured in litres
f. In the form of ampules
g. Counted in the number of pieces
h. Expired
i. Insufficient inventory
j. Too much inventory
k. In the form of drops
l. In the form of ointment
m. In the form of injection
n. Sterile
o. Packed in satchets
p. In the form of rub
q. In the form of lotion
r. Used for dressing wound and suturing
s. Used for headache
t. Used for gastric problems
u. Used for insect
v. Antiseptic purposes
w. In the form of suspension
x. Used for rehydration
y. Used for burns
z. Used for providing stitches to wounds
66
2.8. SAR OPERATIONS
86. Listen to the recording. Answer the following questions:
a) What is the name and position of the vessel in distress?

b) What is the problem that the vessel is experiencing?
c) Which RCC replies to the distress call?
d) What is the name of the OSC?
e) What is the distance of the OSC from the vessel in distress?
f) What will the OSC do?
g) What is the state of the ship?
h) Have all crewmembers been rescued?
i) Has anybody been injured?
j) How many crewmembers have been rescued?
k) What is the state of the ship at the end of the recording?
87. This is a synopsis of what happened in this accident. What else can you learn from the
text that you have not learnt from the recording?
At approximately 18:00 (UTC +1) on 29th January 2006, the general cargo vessel Unimar was on passage
from St Petersburg to Torino via the Baltic Sea. During that passage, the chief engineer, with the
master’s approval, decided to remove the auxiliary generator fresh water cooler cover so an
investigation into the loss of cooling water could be undertaken. When the cover was removed, the
plate lifted clear of the seawater space and a substantial ingress of seawater was observed. As a result,
the master gave the order to abandon ship after he informed the authorities, who in turn informed
nearby shipping. All of the 8-man crew took to the rescue boat and were later picked up by one of the
nearby ships. After being abandoned, Unimar did not founder, but settled in the water by her stern.
She was later taken in tow by a Finnish tug into the port of Kotka. There were no injuries to the crew
and there was no pollution.
67
88. Match the following SAR terms with their definitions57,58.
Rescue Rescue co-ordination centre Search and rescue region

Search and rescue facility Search Search and rescue unit
On-scene co-ordinator Search pattern SAR
a. …………………………………………. Search and Rescue

b. …………………………………………. An operation, normally co-ordinated by a rescue coordination
centre or rescue sub-centre, using available personnel and
facilities to locate persons in distress.
c. …………………………………………. An operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their
initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of
safety.
d. …………………………………………. An area of defined dimensions associated with a rescue co-
ordination centre within which search and rescue services are
provided.
e. …………………………………………. A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search
and rescue services and for coordinating the conduct of search
and rescue operations within a search and rescue region.
f. …………………………………………. Any mobile resource, including designated search and rescue
units, used to conduct search and rescue operations.
g. …………………………………………. A unit composed of trained personnel and provided with
equipment suitable for the expeditious conduct of search and
rescue operations.
h. …………………………………………. A person designated to co-ordinate search and rescue
operations within a specified area.
i. …………………………………………. A pattern according to which vessels and/or aircraft may
conduct a coordinated search (the IMOSAR offers seven search
patterns).
89. Which of the terms explained above is shown in the picture below?
59
90. Check your Pomorska govorna komunikacija book. In pairs, practise the relevant SAR
SMCP, section A1/1.2 Search and Rescue communication, pp. 138-142.
68
3 PORTS
3.1. PORT DESCRIPTION
91. What do you know about the only Slovene cargo port?
92. What can you see in the picture?
93. Finish the following sentences using information from this video60.
a. The kind of port Luka Koper is: ...

b. The status the port enjoys: ...
c. The pan-European corridor the port is linked to: ...
d. Two advantages of the port of Koper are: ...
e. Two basic port operations are: ...
f. Maximum sea depth in Basin 3: ...
g. Two additional services at the container terminal: ...
h. Goods handled at the fruit terminal: ...
i. Two things that are controlled at fruit terminal warehouses: ...
j. Two types of goods handled at the general cargo terminal: ...
k. The terminal where coal and iron ore are handled: ...
l. The number of world car manufacturers whose cars pass Luka Koper: ...
m. Two countries or regions that make part of the broader hinterland of Luka Koper: ...
n. Where in the Far East Luka Koper has recently opened an office: ...
o. Where the new container terminal will be located: ...
69
94. The Port of Luka Koper61 has the following terminals:
Container terminal Silo terminal

Car and ro-ro terminal Alumina terminal
General cargo terminal Iron ore and coal terminal
Reefer terminal Liquid cargoes terminal
Timber terminal Livestock terminal
Dry bulk terminal Cruise terminal
95. Which of these terminals would the following cargoes be handled at?
alumina household appliances rails

bauxite iron ore/coal reefer containers
cement LCL containers rice
cereals legumes sawn wood
chemicals livestock special vehicles
citruses minerals steel plates and coils
coffee passenger vehicles vegetable oils
dairy products pipes vegetables
frozen meat and fish processed soya
highly perishable goods project cargo
96. Which of the following additional services can be offered at which of these terminals?
application of anti-icing agents protection against mould and pests

blending, crushing PTI or pre-trip inspection
chemical cleaning and steam cleaning repairs and other maintenance services
dewaxing and waxing stripping and stuffing
filtering, blending washing and disinfection plant for trucks, trailers
lashing and other equipment
mechanical, painting and body repair services wrapping palletized goods
palletizing
70
97. Using vocabulary from the previous three tasks, write down three sentences following
this model:
At the container terminal, LCL containers can be stripped or stuffed.
98. Consult the website of Luka Koper and complete the table. Choose the third terminal
that you would like to find more information on.
Container terminal Coal and iron ore t.

Quay length
Number of berths
Maximum allowed draft
Sea depth
Warehouse capacity
Open storage capacity
Three equipment items
Two additional services
Throughput in 2018
99. Based on the prompts in the table, write a description and comparison of these
terminals.
71
100. The text you will work on next has been borrowed from a non-audited interim
report62 of Luka Koper Group and Luka Koper d. d., January – June 2013. Fill in the gaps
with suitable forms of the verbs in brackets.
Cargo throughput in the first half of 2013 ………………………………….………. (stand)(1) at 8.9 million tonnes,
which, compared to the 9 million tonnes recorded in the first half of 2012, is a two-percent decline and
within expectations. The largest year-on growth (20 %) …………………………………….……. (record)(2) in
relation to general cargos, followed by container freight whereas other cargo types recorded a decline
in throughput volumes.
Figure 1: Structure of cargo throughput by type in the first half of 2013, and percentage change in
relation to the first half of 2012
General cargos at the Port of Koper ………………………….………………. (record)(3) a year-on increase of 22

percent, primarily due to the upturn in steel stock and steel manufactures pertaining to the Italian
market. However, growth …………………………….……………. (record)(4) by all general cargo subcategories;
timber throughput, for example, ………………………………….………. (rise)(5) by 18 percent over the first half
2012, mainly due to the export of sawn timber to the countries of North Africa.
Fruit throughput …………………………….……………. (rise)(6) by 29 percent on the same period last year as a
consequence of South American imports. Container cargos of fruit, vegetables and other perishables
that ……………………….…………………. (unload)(7) at the Port of Koper recorded a year-on decline mainly
due to the growth of Israeli exports via French ports.
From January to June 2013, container throughput (tonnage measure) …………………….…………………….

(record)(8) a six percent year-on increase, whilst the total number of containers handled …………………….
(rise)(9) by 1 percent to 295,000 TEUs. This can be attributed to larger percentage of full containers,
the handling of which rose by 5 percent; consequently the shipping of empty containers
…………………….……………………. (decline)(10) by 16 percent on the same period last year.
Rather than competition from other Northern Adriatic ports, the major obstacle to any increase in the
throughput of container freight at the Port of Koper …………………….……………………. (be)(11) the
insufficient depth of Basin I and the Container Terminal berths. The largest shipowners
…………………….……………………. (intensify) their demands that Basin I should be deepened as soon as
72
possible, as they shall commence using new larger capacity vessels (8,500 – 10,000 TEUs) in early 2014.
The delay in dredging operations …………………….……………………. (already/lead)(12) to the loss of an
indeterminate volume of cargo throughput.
In the first half of 2013, Luka Koper …………………….……………………. (handle)(13) 234,000 vehicles, which
is a year-on decline of 3 percent. Sluggish sales on the European market, together with the relocation
of Far Eastern - and in particular Korean - production to plants in Central Europe,
…………………………….……………. (affect)(14) car imports in particular. According to the ACEA (European
Automobile Manufacturers Association), the sale of new cars in Europe …………………….…………………….
(fall)(15) by 7.5 percent.
Due to the fall in sales on their domestic markets, European car manufacturers
…………………….……………………. (look)(16) for opportunities abroad. German manufacturers
…………………….……………………. (increase)(17) their exports of new vehicles to Mediterranean countries
through the Port of Koper, though, at the same time the export of used cars to Libya
…………………….……………………. (fall)(18) due to the oversaturation of the market.
The volume of dry bulk cargos handled by Luka Koper …………………….……………………. (decrease)(19) by
5 percent compared to the same period last year. January-June 2013 overseas exports in the amount
of 0.7 million tonnes …………………….……………………. (decline)(20) by 17 percent year on. As a
consequence of the recession in Europe, a decrease …………………….……………………. (record)(21) in the
export of scrap iron to Mediterranean countries as well as coal throughput for the needs of the Italian
market.
101. Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true (T), false (F), or
not given (NG).
a. _____ A decline in cargo throughput compared to the first half of 2012 was expected.
b. _____ Throughput of general cargoes and container freight was higher than in the first
half of 2012.
c. _____ The increase in general cargo throughput can mainly be attributed to demand on
the Italian market.
d. _____ Timber is a subtype of general cargo.
e. _____ More fruit than in 2012 was imported from South America and the Middle East,
primarily oranges from Israel.
f. _____ Fruit and vegetables are perishable cargoes.
g. _____ More empty than full containers were handled.
h. _____ Several berths in the Port of Koper have insufficient sea depth.
i. _____ Dredging operations are proceeding as planned.
j. _____ Korean car makers have transferred some of their production to Central
European countries.
k. _____ The demand for used cars in Libya is increasing.
l. _____ The export of scrap iron and coal has decreased as a result of the financial crisis.
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3.2. ENTERING A PORT
102. Study the following exchanges between a vessel entering the port, pilot station, and
the Harbour Master. For each of the exchanges define the main point of the exchange.
103. Critically evaluate the structure of the message and the language used. Observe the
following points:
- Use of “This is”
- Use of Over/Out
- Use of fully worded answers
- Spelling of figures
- Use of ‘one topic – one sentence’ rule
- Use of message markers
Exchange 1
1 Vessel: Pilot Station, Pilot Station. This is Vessel, Vessel.
2 Pilot Station: Vessel, Pilot Station. Good morning.
3 Vessel: Good morning, Sir. Please confirm pilot boarding time zero seven.
4 Pilot Station: Roger. Zero seven. Pilot ladder on starboard side, one meter above the water,
and please call the pilot two miles before the fairway buoy.
5 Vessel: Confirming pilot boarding time at zero seven. We will prepare pilot ladder on starboard
side one meter above the water. Can you advise the maximum approaching speed?
6 Pilot Station: Approaching speed maximum five to seven.
7 Vessel: Ok. We will approach the fairway buoy at five to seven knots. What is the wind speed
in the port?
8 Pilot Station: Well, at the moment, just let me check, yeah, it is about five knots, even less,
five knots from, amm, oh, very variable, around five knots.
9 Vessel: Thank you. Standing by on channel zero eight and one six.
10 Pilot Station: Ok, thank you.
Exchange 2
1 Vessel: Pilot Station. Vessel, Vessel, channel zero eight.
2 Pilot Station: Yes, Vessel, pilots. Go ahead.
3 Vessel: Good morning again, Sir, just to advise that we are two miles away from the fairway
buoy.
4 Pilot Station: Ok. Proceed, Vessel.
5 Vessel: Ok, proceeding.
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Exchange 3
1 Vessel: Habour Master, Habour Master. Vessel, Vessel, channel zero eight.
2 Vessel: Habour Master, Habour Master. Vessel, Vessel, channel eight.
3 Harbour Master: Vessel. From Habour Master office.
4 Vessel: Habour Master, good morning. This is Vessel. Just looking for permission to launch our
fast rescue boat this morning for some training purposes.
5 Harbour Master: Ok, you have permission.
6 Vessel: Thank you, Sir.
Exchange 4
1 Vessel: Good morning, Harbour Master. Ammmm, at ten o clock local time this morning we
will be holding crew drill. Can we have permission to send away starboard life boats, lower into
water and send away starboard life boats?
2 Harbour Master: You have permission but first you have to contact pilots before starting the
drill to make sure there is no traffic.
3 Vessel: We must contact the pilots to make sure there is no traffic, aye, aye. Ok, we will keep
watch on zero eight and one six.
4 Harbour Master: But, anyway, you are not allowed far away from the ship.
5 Vessel: Ok. We will not send the boats far away from the ship. Well received and understood.
6 Harbour Master: Ok.
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104. Check your Pomorska komunikacija book, section A.1/4.1 Pilot request, pp. 158-160.
Choosing between answers and providing missing data, act out a conversation between
the vessel and pilot station.
105. Label the picture with the terms that you can find below63.
106. In your Pomorska govorna komunikacija book, find the Slovene equivalents for the
underlined English terms (pp. 212-214).
A2/3.7.2 Pristajanje ob privez // Berthing
.1 We will berth port side/starboard side alongside.

.2 We will moor
~ to buoy(s) (ahead and astern).
~ alongside.
.3 Send out
~ the head/stern/breast lines.
~ the ... spring(s) forward/aft.
.7 The linesmen will use shackles/lashings for securing the mooring.
.9 Heave on the ... line(s)/... spring(s).
.10 Pick up the slack on the ... line(s)/... spring(s).
.11 Heave away.
.11.1 Stop heaving.
.12 Slack away/check the ... line(s)/... spring(s).
.13 Hold on the ... line(s)/... spring(s).
.14.1 Heave alongside.
.15 Keep the ... line(s)/... spring(s) tight.
.17 We have to move ... metres ahead/astern.
.19 Make fast forward and aft.
.20 Finished with manoeuvring stations.
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3.3. LEAVING A PORT
107. Follow the presentation and then read the following text.
When leaving berth, casting off orders, engine room orders and helmorders are given by the pilot or
the master, After having started the engine, the first order is: “Stand by for letting go!” When a line is
cast off, the first order must always be: “Slack away...”, so that it will become possible to handle the
hawser. The next casting off order will then be: “Heave away ...”, which means that the line can be
pulled aboard. The sequence of casting off orders that can then be given depends on how the vessel
has been berthed and the prevailing weather conditions and currents.
The casting off orders may then continue in the following way:
1. “Single up fore and aft!”

2. “Let go everything fore!”
a. “Slack away headline/fore spring!”
b. “Heave away headline/fore spring!”
3. “Let go aft spring and breastline!”
a. “Slack away aft spring/breastline!”
b. “Heave away aft spring/breastline!”
4. “Let go sternline!”
a. “Slack away sternline!”
b. “Heave away sternline!”
5. “Propeller clear!” (followed by the helmorder).
6. “Starboard 15!” (followed by the engine room order).
7. “Dead slow ahead!”
Completion of the vessel’s berthing and unberthing procedures is indicated by the phrase “Finished
with manoeuvring stations!”
108. In your Pomorska komunikacija book, section A.2/3.7 Berthing and unberthing (pp.
212-214), find the equivalents for all casting off orders in English.
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109. Write down the full orders that match with the sequence of casting off.
- A – headline
- B – fore spring
- C – breastline
- D – aft spring
- E – sternline
Practice 1: sequence of casting off E – D – C – B – A
E: .................................................................................................................................
D: .................................................................................................................................
C: .................................................................................................................................
B: .................................................................................................................................
A: .................................................................................................................................
Practice 2: sequence of casting off B – D – A – C – E
B: .................................................................................................................................
D: .................................................................................................................................
A: .................................................................................................................................
C: .................................................................................................................................
E: .................................................................................................................................
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3.4. WATCHKEEPING IN PORT
110. Watch the video on Watchkeeping in Port64 and put the following activities into the
sequence as they are explored in the video. In addition, write down a short piece of
information about each.
........ The most important aspect of any operation is personal safety.
...............................................................................................................................
........ You must know the ship’s mooring equipment.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Make sure that the ship is safe.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Ballasting will need to be adjusted appropriately.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Every ship is visited by many different people.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Pollution has become a big issue in many areas of the world.
...............................................................................................................................
1 Cargo operations are the most important ship operations.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Take care of the people that you want to have on board, like stevedores.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Make sure you know what is going on at all times while in port.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Every event needs to be recorded in the deck log.
...............................................................................................................................
........ You must know what is going on in the engine room.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Keep an eye on the weather forecast.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Fire prevention is another job of the watchkeeping officer.
...............................................................................................................................
........ Keep an accurate garbage log.
...............................................................................................................................
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4 CARGO
4.1. TYPES OF CARGO
111. Which types of cargoes do you know?

112. Which ships are these carried by?
113. Which cargo handling gear is needed for loading and discharging?
114. Work in groups, and define the following terms:
 Stowage plan  Draft

 Stowage factor  Stern
 Bale space  Stem
 Grain space  Amidships
 Oil space  On even keel
 Ullage  Sagging
 Trim  Hogging
 Make/have a list to port/sb side  Dunnage
 Down/trimmed by the head  Bilge
 Down/trimmed by the stern  Gantry crane
 Laden vessel  Straddle carrier
 Loadlines  Rows, bays, tiers
 Freeboard  Cranes with grabs
 Full and down
115. Some of these words and expressions have been defined in the following text. Find
the definitions.
One of the most important responsibilities of the first mate is to make sure that the cargo will be
properly loaded and stowed. Whether bulk cargo, general cargo, heavy cargo, containerised cargoes
or refrigerated perishable cargo are carried, care must always be taken to ensure that a cargo will not
in any way affect the vessel’s stability and jeopardize vessel, cargo, and crew. Therefore, a stowage
plan must be made before the loading of the cargo commences. Stevedoring (loading and discharging
of cargo) must be done according to this stowage plan by a shoregang. A shoregang usually consists of
a foreman and stevedores (longshoreman as they are called in the US). The most important factors
that must be taken into consideration when making up a stowage plan are:
- the stowage factor of the cargo. This factor indicates the volume of the cargo hold occupied
by one ton of cargo and is best explained by this example: one ton of lead will take up less
space than one ton of cotton. According to the type of cargo carried this volume or space can
be defined as:
o bale space: the volume of the cargo hold that can be used for general cargo,
o grain space: the volume of the cargo holds that can be used for dry bulk cargo,
o oil space: the volume of the cargo holds that can be used for liquid cargo (ullage refers
to the remaining 2%. This serves as an expansion space for an increase of volume when
a cargo of oil is heated and will consequently expand).
- trim and draft. By trim is understood the transverse positioning of the floating vessel. To
maintain an even transverse balance, the cargo must be distributed in such a way that a vessel
will not make a list to port or starboard side. Longitudinally, the vessel must not be trimmed
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in such a way that she will be down by the head or down by the stern excessively. Ballast water
is used to improve the vessel’s trim. By ‘full and down’ is meant that the vessel is fully laden
and floating on her loadline.
o When there is no difference between draft fore and draft aft she is floating on even
keel (she is well trimmed).
o When draft aft is greater than draft fore, she is trimmed (or ‘down’) by the stern.
o When draft fore is greater than draft aft, she is trimmed (or ‘down’ by the head).
o When starboard draft is less than port draft, or port draft is less than starboard draft,
she will make a list to port or starboard.
o When draft amidships is greater than draft fore and aft, she is sagging.
o When draft amidships is less than draft forward and aft, she is hogging.
116. Label the following pictures with expressions from the text.
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117. Match the pictures of types of packing with their names. State two examples of types
of goods you would transport in each of these forms of packing.
carton bale container drum crate case
barrel sack
118. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using derivatives of the words in brackets.
a. Around 200 tonnes of ..................................... (explosion) cargo is lying at Mumbai port

premises.
b. This is especially true in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and laboratories where heavy and
sometimes ..................................... (harm) cargo is transported back and forth.
c. A tanker with a ..................................... (corrosion) cargo was parked about a hundred feet
away from the Portage Days Inn.
d. In one incident at Ekurhuleni, a community had to be evacuated because a truck
carrying ..................................... (poison) cargo was burned down.
e. Rescuers felt endangered in their search and retrieval operations after news of
the ..................................... (toxin) cargo was made public.
f. ..................................... (combustion) cargo was the most common cause of ship fires.
g. A truck with ..................................... (radioactivity) cargo was detected in Murmansk Fish Port.
h. If the ..................................... (infection) substances were released during transport, the
transport unit shall be decontaminated before it is re-used.
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4.2. IMDG
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code is the international guideline to the safe
transportation or shipment of dangerous goods or hazardous materials by water on vessel. It defines
classes of hazardous or pollutant cargo. These include:
- Explosives
- Gases
- Flammable Liquids
- Flammable Solids
- Oxidizing Substances
- Toxic & Infectious Substances
- Radioactive Material
- Corrosives
- Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
119. Which of the following symbols is used to depict which of the categories of
dangerous goods above?
................................................. ................................................. .................................................
................................................. ................................................. .................................................
................................................. ................................................. .................................................
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4.3. CARGO DAMAGE
120. Read the following damage reports. Deal with the grammar and vocabulary
exercises. Then summarize in one or two sentences what happened in each case.
121. Fill in the gaps using one of the following verbs.
allowed cover requested

asked for denied was discharging
commenced reopening
A 1,200 ton gearless bulk carrier ............................................................ her cargo of rape seed meal.
Shortly after discharge ............................................................, cargo operations were suspended during
a heavy rain shower. The crew had some difficulties in ............................................................ the hatch
covers and as a result discharge was delayed. Following this incident stevedores
............................................................ that discharge continue during periods of rain. The Master
............................................................ written authorisation and this was reportedly promised by the
stevedores. On the strength of the promise of a letter of authorisation to work in the rain the Master
............................................................ discharge to continue in the rain and made no attempt to
............................................................ the hold during lunch breaks. When a cargo claim for wet
damage was presented by the consignee, the stevedores ............................................................ any
knowledge of a letter of authorisation to permit working during periods of rain.
122. Fill in the gaps using one of the given words or expressions.
at anchor engine room spares

crane hatch unbalanced
deck
On a ship .............................................., a crate containing machinery

spares, reeved with two webbing slings, was being lowered into the
..............................................through the engine
room.............................................. using the ship’s stores
............................................... During the lowering process, a corner of the
base of the crate caught on a section of ducting immediately below the
hatch coaming, became ..............................................and tipped through
the slings, falling to the ..............................................below. The impact
destroyed the crate; however, there were no injuries or damage other
than that the ..............................................were rendered unusable.
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123. Fill in the gaps with the missing words. The first three letters of each missing words
are given.
This incident occurred on a 316 TEU fee.........................

container vessel/bulk carrier immediately after
loa......................... had been completed. On completion of
loading the vessel had a 1° lis......................... to
sta.......................... This slowly increased. Corrective action
was taken, but despite this the list continued to increase. By
the time it had reached approximately 15°, a number of
containers fell off the top tier into the har.........................
waters. The vessel then violently rol......................... to port.
The list increased until the water line had reached the hat......................... coamings and progressive
flooding started to take place. Fortunately more containers fell off the top tier, reducing the list. The
situation was eventually brought under control by dis......................... cargo and the vessel returned to
an even kee..........................
124. Provide definitions or descriptions of the following terms, borrowed from the cargo
damage report texts:
- A gearless bulk carrier

- To suspend cargo operations
- To delay the discharge
- Be reportedly promised
- Stevedores
- A cargo claim for wet damage
- Consignees
- Two slings
- A hatch coaming
- To be rendered unusable
- To occur
- A feeder vessel
- To have a list
- The top tier
- An even keel
85
125. Use the Slovene equivalents of SMCP to help you fill in the gaps in the English SMCP
(section B.3/1.2 Handling dangerous goods, p. 280).
.3 Reporting incidents
.1 .............................................. with bottles/drums/... of IMO Class ... goods were dropped on deck
/into no. ... hold/on ...............................................
.1.1 Liquid/powder/gas is ...............................................
.2 Several drums/barrels/tanks/... are deformed (and ..............................................).
.3 The ... container with IMO Class ... goods is .............................................. out of the door.
.4 Spilling .............................................. of IMO Class ... escaped into the sea/harbour water.
.4.1 Inform the pollution control.
.7 Explosion in no. ... ...............................................
.8 Minor/.............................................. fire in number ... hold.
.8.1 Fire ...............................................
.8.2 IMO Class ... goods re-ignited.
.8.4.1 Operate the general emergency alarm.
.8.4.2 Call the harbour ...............................................
.9 Report injured persons/...............................................
.1 Preveza(e) s steklenicami/valjastimi sodi/... z blagom IMO-razreda je padla /so padle na krov/v

skladišče/na pomol št. ...
.1.1 Tekočina/prašek/plin uhaja.
.2 Številni valjasti sodi/sodčki/tanki/... so deformirani ( in puščajo).
.3 ... kontejner z blagom IMO-razreda ... pušča pri vratih.
.4 Uhajajoče snovi IMO – razreda ... iztekajo/se razsipavajo v morje/pristaniško vodo.
.4.1 Obvestite pristojno okoljevarstveno službo (op. službo za varstvo obalnega morja).
.7 V skladišču št. ... je prišlo do eksplozije.
.8 V skladišču št ... je prišlo do manjšega/večjega požara.
.8.1 Požar je pogašen.
.8.2 Blago IMO-razreda ... se je ponovno vnelo.
.8.4.1 Sprožite preplah v sili.
.8.4.2 Pošljite znak za preplah pristaniškim gasilcem.
.9 Poročajte o poškodovanih osebah/smrtnih primerih.
86
5 MARINE DIESEL ENGINES
5.1. TWO STROKE MARINE DIESEL ENGINES
126. Read the introduction on two-stroke marine diesel engines and to Emma Maersk’s
Wärtsilä RT-flex96C engine65,66. In it, underline all words that are specific to the world of
marine engineering.
The two stroke crosshead engine has long been the favoured main propulsive power unit for most
types of merchant vessels. As the price of oil rose, developments in the design of these engines allowed
them to burn the poorer residual fuels, called HFO. This combined with major improvements in
turbocharger design and waste heat recovery, raised their efficiency and power output, so they were
able to supercede the steam turbine plants which operated at much lower efficiencies.
The Wärtsilä RT-flex96C is a two-stroke turbocharged low-speed diesel engine designed by the Finnish
manufacturer Wärtsilä. It is designed for large container ships that run on heavy fuel oil. Its largest 14-
cylinder version is 13.5 metres high, 26.59 m long, weighs over 2,300 tons, and produces 80,080 kW
(107,390 hp). The engine is the largest reciprocating engine in the world.
The 14-cylinder version was put into service in September 2006 aboard the Emma Mærsk. The design
is like the older RTA96C engine, but with common rail technology. The engine is uniflow-scavenged by
way of exhaust valves that are operated by electronically controlled hydraulics, thus eliminating the
camshaft. This provides maximum performance at lower revolutions per minute (rpm), lower fuel
consumption, and lower harmful emissions levels.
The engine has crosshead bearings so that the always-vertical piston rods creates a tight seal under
the pistons. Consequently, the lubrication of the engine is split: the cylinders and the crankcase use
different lubricants, each being specialised for and dedicated to its role.
127. Provide short answers to the following questions.
a) Which type of engine is most commonly used on most merchane vessels?

b) What type of fuel do theswe engines run on?
c) How many elements raised the efficiency and power out put of these engines?
d) Which are these elements?
e) How can you describe the Wärtsilä RT-flex96C in terms of the number os strokes and speed?
f) Is this a diesel or gasoline engine?
g) Which country are Wärtsilä’a headquarters located in?
h) How many cylinders does the largest version have?
i) What is the difference between the RT-flex96C engine and the older RTA96C?
j) Does this engine have a camshaft?
k) What are the benefits of the common rail technology?
l) Do all engine elements use the same lubrication system?
87
128. Label the following diagram of a Sulzer two-stroke marine diesel engine with the
following terms:
Air inlet ports Crank throw Exhaust valve

Air spring Crankcase Piston
Camshaft Crankshaft Piston rod
Combustion chamber Crosshead Turbocharger
Connecting rod Cylinder
129. What is the function of each of these elements? Here are some chunks that you can
use in your description:
- Travels
- Provides the sliding surface
- Seals the combustion chamber
- Actutates
- Provides the connection between
- Rotates in
- Closes
- Provides pressurised air
- Opens
- Is the sealed space where
88
130. Go back to the description to the introduction on marine diesel engines. Is there any
term that has not been explained yet?
131. Have a look at the data in the table below and write a description of the Wärtsilä RT-
flex96C. You may use the following prompts:
The Wärtsilä RT-flex96C is a turbocharged two-stroke diesel straight engine.
Turbocharged means that it …
The main difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engines is …
In addition to straight engines, which are characterised by …, we also know … These are …
The number of cylinders that a Wärtsilä RT-flex96C may have …
Its bore, which can bne defined as …, is …
Its stroke, which is …, is …
This is a slow-speed engine because its rpm range between …
In addition to slow-speed engines we also know … Their rmps are … for … engines and … for … engines.
The means piston speed for Wärtsilä RT-flex96C is …
The power that is produces is … per cylinder or … in total.
It consumes …
The weight of the crankshaft, which is …, is …
The weight of the piston, which is …, is …, and its height is …
Configuration Turbocharged two-stroke diesel straight engine, 6 to 14 cylinders

Bore 960 mm
Stroke 2,500 mm
Engine speed 22–120 RPM
Mean piston speed 8.5 meters per second
Power Up to 5,720 kW per cylinder, 34,320–80,080 kW (46,020–107,390 bhp) total
Fuel consumption Up to 250 tons of fuel per day.
Crankshaft weight 300 t
Piston weight 5.5 t
Piston height 6m
89
132. Read the description of the two-stroke diesel cycle67. Fill in the gaps with the
following words.
nitrogen cylinder revolve recipricating piston

fuel injector exhaust valve closes forces ports
scavenging strokes droplets top dead centre upward
The two stroke cycle is so called because it takes two ………………………………………… (1) of the piston to
complete the processes needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work. Because the engine is
………………………………………… (2), this means that the piston must move up and down the cylinder, and
therefore the crankshaft must ………………………………………… (3) once.
The crankshaft is revolving clockwise and the piston is moving up the ………………………………………… (4),
compressing the charge of air. By the time the piston is approaching the top of the cylinder (known as
………………………………………… (5) or TDC) the pressure is over 100 bar and the temperature over 500°C.
Just before TDC, fuel is injected into the cylinder by the …………………………………………. (6). The fuel is
"atomised" into tiny …………………………………………. (7). Because they are very small, these droplets heat
up very quickly and start to burn as the piston passes over TDC. The expanding gas from the fuel
burning in the oxygen ………………………………………… (8) the piston down the cylinder, turning the
crankshaft. It is during this stroke that work energy is being put into the engine; during the
………………………………………… (9) stroke of the piston, the engine has to do the work.
As the piston moves down the cylinder, the useful energy from the burning fuel is expended. At about
110° after TDC the ………………………………………… (10) opens and the hot exhaust gasses (consisting
mostly of ………………………………………… (11), carbon dioxide, water vapour and unused oxygen) begin
to leave the cylinder.
At about 140º after TDC, the piston uncovers a set of ………………………………………… (12), known as
scavenge ports. Pressurised air enters the cylinder via these ports and pushes the remaining exhaust
gas from the cylinder in a process known as "………………………………………… (13)".
The ………………………………………… (14) now goes past Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) and starts moving up
the cylinder, closing off the scavenge ports. The exhaust valve then ………………………………………… (15)
and compression begins.
133. Read the text again and explain the operation of a two-stroke marine diesel engine
to a partner, indicating the various phases of the cycle using the engine diagram.
90
5.2. AUXILIARY ENGINES
134. Several auxiliary engines can be found on vessels. Do you know the functions of the
following auxiliary engines and equipment?
- General service pumps

- Ballast pumps
- Fire pumps
- Fuel pumps
- Bilge pumps
- Lubrication oil pumps
- Anchor winch (windlass)
- Mooring winch
- Steering engine
- Exhaust boiler
- Oily water separator
- Incinerator
135. Five among these are shown in the four pictures below. Which?
68
69
91
71
70
136. Read the following auxiliary engines and equipment descriptions. Which piece of
machinery does each paragraph talk about?
137. Then decide if the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not given (NG).
a. A GS pump is a multi-purpose pump. _____

b. Ballast pumps are used only for loading ballast. _____
c. When entering a shoal, ballast will be reduced. _____
d. Each ship only has a single powerful fire pump. _____
e. The main task of marine fuel pumps is to handle the flow of fuel on a ship. _____
f. Different types of fuel can be used on a single ship. _____
g. The bilge tanks or wells collect wastewater from different parts of the ship, including _____
the galley.
h. Bilge water can be discharged overboard in MARPOL non-protected areas. _____
i. In addition to reducing friction between moving engine parts, lubrication has other _____
important functions.
j. One important property of lubrication is its cooling ability. _____
k. The windlass is used to haul in and pay out the anchor. _____
l. Self-tensioning mooring winches will autonmatically adjust the mooring line length to _____
draft and tide conditions.
m. 28 seconds is the maximum time that a steering system can take to change the rudder _____
angle from hard-a-port to hard-a-starboard in the described conditions.
n. The redundancy principle should be applied to the vessel's steering. _____
o. The main fucntion of the steam boiler is to recycle the energy of the heat produced _____
by the exhaust gasses.
p. The OWS is used to clean the bilge water before discharging it into the sea. _____
q. The incinerator burns shipboard waste and other material. _____
r. The use of the incinerator may produce harmful substances. _____
92
A general service pump is sometimes called marine GS pump for short. In fact, it is just a general name
for the marine ballast pump, bilge pump, fire pump and so on. In another word, marine general service
pump can be used as an instead of a marine ballast pump, bilge pump, fire pump and so on72.
Ballast tanks are compartments on a vessel that hold sea water in order to balance the ship and ensure
its stability. Ballast pumps are designed to efficiently transfer vast amounts of sea water into the
marine vessels’ ballast tanks or to empty if necessary i.e. when entering more shallow waters73.
A fire pump on a ship is an essential machinery which helps seafarers to tackle extreme emergency
situations involving fire. In the event of a fire on a ship, it is very important that sufficient water is
available at apt pressure, and an alternate arrangement is made in case one fire pump fails to operate
or its controls are inaccessible. For this purpose, multiple marine firefighting pumps are required on
board74.
Marine fuel pumps are required on board vessels to load fuel oil onto the ship, transfer it from tank to
tank once on board, and feed it to the engine. Vessel engines and boilers are usually powered by
marine gas oil (MGO), heavy fuel oil (HFO) or more recently LSFO (low sulphur fuel oil)75.
A marine bilge pump plays a vital role in the operation of vessels. The mariners clean or do repair work
inside the engine room. Some water or other liquids will run into the bilge wells. These bilge wells
then should be emptied by means of a marine bilge pump. As the water may contain oil, it needs to be
cleaned before pumping overboard76.
The main engine needs a continuous flow of lubrication oil to lubricate all parts inside the engine and
to cool the lower side of the pistons. Lubrication is essential for any kind of machinery onboard ships.
Lubrication of the main engine is responsible for lubricating and cooling the internal parts, which are
acting relative to each other creating friction and heat, resulting into overheating of parts. Lubrication
not only provides cooling and but also the removal of any debris or impurities77.
The efficient working of the anchor windlass is essential to the safety of the ship. Average cable speeds
vary between 5 and 7 m/s during paying out anchor. The windlass must be able to heave a certain
weight of cable at a specified speed. This full load duty of the windlass varies and may be as high as 70
tonnes78.
Mooring winches secure the shipboard end of mooring lines, provide for adjustment of the mooring
line length and compensate for changes in draft and tide79.
As per standard requirements, the steering gear should be capable of steering the ship from 35 degrees
port to 35 degrees starboard and vice-versa with the vessel plying forwards at a steady head-on speed
and summer load waterline within a time frame of maximum 28 seconds. The major power units and
the control systems are to be duplicated so that if one of them fails, the other can easily substitute for
them as standby80.
Exhaust gas boiler (EGB or EGE) or economiser is a smoke tube boiler with steam space, used for heat
recovery from main engine exhaust gasses81.
A ship produces oil and water mixture on a daily basis which needs to be separated from each other,
before discharging the dirty water out of ship using equipment such as oily water separator (OWS).
MARPOL limits the oil content in the bilge water that vessel can legitimately discharge into the sea82.
A shipboard incinerator is a shipboard facility designed for the incineration of wastes or other matter
on board, generated during the normal operation of the ship. Incinerators are predominantly designed
for intermittent operation, hand fired and fed by hand. The ash or vapor can be hazardous83.
93
138. Use the following words to produce word combinations with the sentence chunks
given below.
efficiently tackle heave shallow ensure vital

designed flow compartments discharge heavy tide
essential feed overboard apt friction vast
impurities recovery plying mixture
a) are …………………………………………………… on a vessel

b) to …………………………………………………… vessel stability
c) to …………………………………………………… transfer
d) …………………………………………………… amounts of sea water
e) entering more …………………………………………………… waters
f) an …………………………………………………… machinery
g) to …………………………………………………… extreme emergency situations
h) at …………………………………………………… pressure
i) to …………………………………………………… fuel to the engine
j) …………………………………………………… fuel oil
k) plays a …………………………………………………… role
l) before pumping ……………………………………………………
m) a continuous …………………………………………………… of lubrication oil
n) creating …………………………………………………… and heat
o) removal of any debris or ……………………………………………………
p) to …………………………………………………… a certain weight of cable
q) to compensate for changes in draft and ……………………………………………………
r) the vessel is …………………………………………………… forwards
s) heat …………………………………………………… from main engine exhaust gasses
t) to produce oil and water ……………………………………………………
u) to …………………………………………………… into the sea
v) are predominantly …………………………………………………… for
94
139. Watch the video on the oily water separator84. Complete the following sentence
beginnings.
a. An oily water separator separates ...

b. It must also be able to separate ...
c. These include cleaning products, rust, sewage, other things, and ...
d. After it has been cleaned, the previously oily water is ...
e. In addition to the filter unit, and the oil content monitor and control unit, the third
unit of an oily water separator is the ...
f. A typical property of fuel is that it is ...
g. The first components to be removed are ...
h. In the final stage, these are eliminated: ...
i. Oily water separators must be fitted with an ...
j. Oil content is discharged samples must not be higher than ...
k. What stops the discharge of water if the oil content is too high is an ...
95
6 TEST AND EXAM SAMPLES
6.1. TEST 1 SAMPLE
TASK 1: Fill in the gaps with words or expressions chosen among the ones listed below. Three words
and expressions cannot be used. 20 pts
Freighter Bays Anchorage Fairway Hatch

Stem Gale Aft Displacement Galley
Freeboard Deadweight Bale space Primer Beam
Keelson Forecastle Heaving Boatswain’s locker
Length over all Offing Grain space Propulsion system
1. A full size hanging locker is located …………………………………………………………… on the starboard side.

2. A …………………………………………………………… is the kitchen aboard a vessel, usually laid out in an
efficient typical style with longitudinal units and overhead cabinets.
3. A lookout is a member of the crew stationed on the ……………………………………………………………, or
on the bridge, whose duty it is to watch for any dangerous objects or for any other vessels.
4. A ship's " …………………………………………………………… " is her greatest width.
5. A ship's …………………………………………………………… is its mass at any given time, generally expressed
in metric tons or long tons, usually when she is loaded to its maximum capacity.
6. As described previously, the size of the …………………………………………………………… openings
between different ships may vary significantly.
7. …………………………………………………………… refers to the space available in a ship's hold for the
stowage of general cargo.
8. …………………………………………………………… of containers are numbered lengthwise from bow to stern
with odd numbers for 20' containers and even numbers for 40' containers.
9. Her …………………………………………………………… is 620 feet, her greatest breadth is 65 feet 3 inches,
while she is 43 feet in depth.
10. Ship's …………………………………………………………… comprises at least two motors for the driving of
two variable-pitch propellers and of at least two auxiliary machines.
11. So if your boat remains in the water year-round, you'll have to scrape the bottom and recoat it with
…………………………………………………………… at least every couple of years.
12. The fire is supposed to have begun in the ……………………………………………………………, which
contained ropes and oakum, cotton waste, tar, paint, and oils.
13. The …………………………………………………………… is a longitudinal beam connected to the keel of ship
to strengthen it.
14. The Load Lines Convention contains detailed regulations on the assignment of the
…………………………………………………………… (the vertical distance between the top of the hull and the
waterline) and the specific limitations to which different types of ships may be loaded.
15. The most noticeable feature of …………………………………………………………… are their large cargo
holds.
16. The …………………………………………………………… is part of the physical structure of a wooden boat or
ship that gives it strength at the critical section of the structure, bringing together the port and
starboard side planks of the hull.
17. The vessel travels south-southwest. The wind is blowing parallel to the shoreline and the vessel is
…………………………………………………………… considerably.
18. Upon the arrival of the ship in the …………………………………………………………… of the port, the port
was so full that the vessel could not enter immediately.
19. Vessels of 200 tons and upwards can be loaded in the …………………………………………………………… at
Pakawau, which affords excellent anchorage.
20. With relation to the channels applied to the recommended draught also the safe clearance depth of
the …………………………………………………………… is represented on coastal charts.
96
Task 2: Read the text and decide whether the statements on the following page are true (T), false
(F), or not given (NG). (15 pts)1
A 9000+ TEU container ship was underway when a fire alarm sounded in cargo hold nine and smoke
was seen coming from the hatch in the same area. The general alarm was activated and crew went to
their muster stations. The Master reduced the ship’s speed and altered course to direct the smoke
away from the deck area.
Approximately 16 minutes after the alarm, a two-man team equipped with breathing apparatus (BA)
entered the cargo hold to find the location and extent of the fire. The firefighters saw no flames and
felt no significant heat while searching for the fire. When the air supply was running out after about
20 minutes, they made their way back up without having been able to locate the source of the fire.
Once on deck they briefed the second firefighting team.
The second firefighting team, also with BA gear, entered the hold to continue the search. They
identified a container located between three and four levels down on the starboard side as the
probable source of the smoke. At this point, the crew still had no knowledge of the extent and severity
of the fire, nor the contents of the containers affected. With the information provided by the
firefighting teams, it was decided to deploy the ship’s CO2 extinguishing system. However, the first
attempt to release CO2 failed due to technical irregularities on the main pipeline.
Sometime later, a team entered the fire area with the ship’s special ‘container firefighting equipment’.
However, the power drill was not able to penetrate the container door. It was decided to close the
hold, maintain the cooling, and allow the crew some rest and time to consider alternative approaches.
Later, another attempt was made, this time successful. A spike nozzle was inserted and water injected
into the container; soon after, the fire was considered under control.
During the second day of the incident, smoke and steam in increasing amounts were again observed
coming from the cargo hold. A firefighting team entered to investigate and evaluate the situation.
When they returned, they reported elevated temperatures in the containers adjacent to the one which
was burning. Another three teams entered the hold during the next 12 hours to measure temperatures
and check the water level in the hold. Based on these evaluations, it was decided to cut holes in the
two adjacent containers and flood them with water as well. Since only one special container ‘spike
nozzle’ was available and had already been used, the crew inserted standard fire nozzles into the two
containers.
On the third day after the initial fire, as the vessel made way to a port of refuge, small amounts of
smoke and raised temperatures were reported from cargo hold eight, just forward of the original fire
location. As the vessel approached the port of refuge, four days after the initial fire outbreak, a salvage
team came on board and was immediately put in charge of the firefighting efforts. Once berthed, the
still burning container was discharged.
The fire originated from a container of charcoal that was susceptible to spontaneous combustion and
should have been declared as a dangerous cargo. Mis-declared cargo, in containers and in bulk,
continues to be a risk worldwide.
1
http://www.nautinst.org/en/forums/mars/mars-2016.cfm/201658
97
1. The container ship that the text talks about could carry more than 9,000 40 foot _______
containers.
2. After the crew went to the muster station, the course of the ship remained the _______
same.
3. The first team of two fire fighters were able to feel the higher temperature in the _______
cargo hold.
4. After 20 minutes, the air meter on their BA showed that it was time for them to go _______
back up.
5. The second team of firefighter found out that the probable problematic container _______
was stowed on the left hand side of the vessel.
6. The crew successfully put out the fire immediately after using the CO2 system. _______
7. The crew tried to drill through the wall of the problematic container with a drill, _______
but failed even after several attempts.
8. The fire in the container was thought to have been brought under control using _______
water.
9. On the second day, the temperatures rose in some of the near-by containers, too. _______
10. The same nozzle as the previous day was used to put water in three more _______
containers.
11. On the third day, higher temperatures were measured in a cargo hold aft of the _______
hold with the burning container.
12. In the port, the crew continued to be responsible for fire-fighting operations. _______
13. The burning container was discharged before the vessel completed the mooring _______
operations.
14. The charcoal that caught on fire had been declared as dangerous cargo. _______
15. Cargo that is not declared as it should be may pose a safety risk. _______
98
TASK 3: For each question or statement choose the correct answer among the given options. (10 pts)
1. Self-trimming holds can be found on:
a) bulk carriers b) container ships c) general cargo ships d) Ro-ro ships
2. The Plimsoll Mark indicates:
a) air draft b) underkeel clearance c) loadlines d) masts
3. A LASH ship carries:
a) lighters b) bulk cargo c) dry bulk cargo d) oil, bulk, and ore
4. Which of these words is NOT used to indicate ship’s direction of movement?
a) abaft b) astern c) ahead d) abeam
5. Vertical separations that, together with decks, form ship compartments are called:
a) afterpeak tanks b) bulkheads c) tanktops d) forecastles
6. Which of these indicates volume (and not weight)?
a) GT b) DWT c) cargo carrying d) a, b, and c indicate

capacity volume
7. Which of these does NOT refer to a ship measurement?
a) UKC b) LOA c) LBP d) CPP
8. Which of these is NOT a ship construction element?
a) beam b) frame c) floor d) draft
9. Where can a girder be found?
a) at the bottom, along b) in the ship’s plating c) on the forecastle d) in the galley and
the keel messroom
10. The fore-and-aft line divides:
a) fore from aft b) port from starboard c) abeam from ahead d) bow from midships
99
6.2. TEST 2 SAMPLE
TASK 1: Based on the following scenario, write a VHF distress message. (10 pts)
MV Pearl Head – BFZW, 211 687 000, is in position 37 degrees 15 minutes N/016 degrees 10 minutes
W. Her engine room and bridge are on fire. The vessel is sinking. Crew are abandoning ship. There are
15 crewmembers on board. Six of them have been injured. One crewmember was killed. Two lifeboats
have been launched. Firefighting and medical assistance is required.
100
and expressions cannot be used. (20 pts)
SART EPIRBs GMDSS Wide berth Alter

Fairway Bearing Shoals Uncharted Proceed
Amidships Adrift Gale Forearm Spasms
Tweezers Rendezvous OSC SITREP POSREP
SRRs Space MSI
1 Use … to remove any debris in the skin. ……………………………….
2 To … on course instructs the pilot to follow the previously assigned ……………………………….

course.
3 The vessel was … and the anchor-cable was hanging limp from the ……………………………….
bow.
4 The SAR Mission Coordinator designates the … at another nearby ……………………………….
facility in a position to handle SAR duties.
5 The radar-… is used to locate a distressed vessel by creating a ……………………………….

series of dots on a rescuing ship's radar display.
6 The first four letters of the MAREP are used for the …. ……………………………….
7 The agency provides traffic control to all vessels in the Port's …, ……………………………….
anchorages and berths.
8 The … is the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist. ……………………………….
9 The … is the angle between the location of my vessel and the ……………………………….
magnetic north.
10 The … indicate a place where a sea is shallow. ……………………………….
11 … are established to ensure adequate communication ……………………………….
infrastructure, and efficient distress alert routing.
12 SMCP: Yes, I can make … in position at ... hours UTC / within ... ……………………………….
hours.
13 She was aground …, and all over the ship were pieces of iron ……………………………….
plates, rivets and other wreckage.
14 Lower back … are an involuntary contraction or tensing of the ……………………………….
muscles in that area.
15 If you give another vessel a …, you steer clear of them. ……………………………….
16 Both vessels continued along their intended route without ……………………………….
additional radio communication, believing that the other vessel
would take action to … course.
17 An … obstruction was discovered during routine hydrographic ……………………………….
survey operations.
18 … is information that is broadcast to mariners about weather ……………………………….
warning, or warnings about dangers to navigation.
19 … are satellite tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and ……………………………….
location in distress.
20 "Strong … Warnings" are issued if winds of Beaufort force 9 or ……………………………….
frequent gusts of at least 52 knots are ex16pected.
101
1. How many GMDSS Sea Areas are there?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
2. Which among these is NOT an INMARSAT ocean region?

a. AOR-E b. AOR-W c. POR-W d. IOR
3. A piece of equipment NOT required in GMDSS Sea Area 1 is …

a. VHF b. DSC c. NAVTEX d. INMARSAT
4. A message that indicates that there is a serious danger for the vessel, crew, and
passengers begins with …
a. Mayday b. Pan Pan c. Securite’ d. Routine
5. Which among these is one of the eight message markers?

a. Repeat b. Say again c. Mistake d. Request
6. Which of the following modal verbs is allowed in GMDSS communication?

a. have b. have to c. may d. shall
7. “I read you with signal strength four” means that the communication is …
a. Very good b. Good c. Fairly good d. Barely
perceptible
8. If a vessel has noticed that a vessel in distress is not able to transmit a Distress Alert, she
must transmit a …
a. Mayday b. Mayday relay c. Silence d. Silence fini
mayday
9. An injury that can happen to a muscle is …

a. sprain b. strain c. nausea d. concussion
10. In the MAREP/POSREP, the letter C indicates the …

a. Vessel’s name b. Call sign c. Position d. Dangerous
goods
102
(F), or not given (NG). (15 pts)
The Wealthy River, a Chinese ship, was under pilotage in a dredged channel outside the entrance at
Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and approaching the pilot’s disembarkation position. The American
pilot indicated that the pilot boat was alongside to port. The Chinese captain, who spoke very little
English, misinterpreted this as a command to turn hard to port, and ordered the helmsman to do so.
The vessel, which had been in the center of the channel, swung to port and proceeded towards the
north edge of the channel. Before the situation could be corrected, the ship had left the dredged
channel and grounded almost immediately. The passage had been taking place in the dark. The pilot
had been unable to see the helmsman turn the wheel to port and had been unable to understand the
conversation between master and helmsman in Chinese.
On 22nd July, 1980, a Panamanian bulk carrier, the Seadaniel, was inward bound in the Mississippi River
Gulf Outlet (MRGO), while a German containership, the Testbank, was outward bound, both vessels
with pilots onboard. The channel that the two vessels were navigating was narrow and required them
to pass quite close together. A crew of 33, of which the master and radio officer were British nationals,
and the rest of the crew that was Chinese manned the Seadaniel. The Testbank was manned by a crew
of mixed nationals, but predominantly German.
Pilotage in the MRGO was compulsory for the foreign vessels involved, being undertaken by two pilot's
associations, the Associated Branch Pilots (ABP) and the Crescent River Port Pilots Association (CRPA).
The ABP conduct pilotage from the sea to 33 miles from the entrance and the CRPA then relieve the
ABP and pilot the vessels to New Orleans. This was the pattern followed during this incident.
When the pilots were changing over they discussed various aspects of the ships' characteristics but as
the ABP Pilot had not had any difficulty communicating with the foreign crew and he did not discuss
the language differences with the CRPA pilot. The passage of the Seadaniel continued without incident
until the two vessels approached each other.
As the ships were approaching, the orders given by the pilot on the Seadaniel were not followed as
accurately as he would have liked. This created a situation that resulted in the pilot raising his voice
and the Chinese helmsman becoming upset and failing to understand the instruction given. As the
vessels approached each other, the Seadaniel took an unexpected turn to port due to an erroneous
rudder response to the pilot's starboard rudder order. This resulted in a collision with the Testbank,
raking her down the port side. The probable cause of the incorrect maneuver was the application of
port rudder by the helmsman of the Seadaniel when the pilot had ordered starboard rudder.
103
1. At the time the The Wealthy River accident happened, the vessel had a pilot on ……….
board.
2. The American pilot was required by GMDSS rules to indicate that the pilot boat ……….
was alongside to port.
3. The Chinese captain clearly understood the pilot’s instructions. ……….
4. The Chinese captain spoke to the helmsman in Chinese. ……….
5. The Wealthy River ran aground because she had left the deepened waters. ……….
6. The pilot was a speaker of Chinese. ……….
7. The Seadaniel and Testbank were proceeding in opposite directions. ……….
8. The Seadaniel was manned by a multi-language crew. ……….
9. The Testbank was manned exclusively by a German crew. ……….
10. Every foreign vessel in the MRGO was required to accept a pilot on board. ……….
11. ABP and CRPA pilots assisted navigation along the same route. ……….
12. The CRPA pilot was informed about potential language difficulties. ……….
13. The Chinese helmsman had an emotional response to the pilot’s orders. ……….
14. The Seadaniel maintained her course. ……….
15. The cause for the collision could be defined with certainty. ……….
104
6.3. TEST 3 SAMPLE
TASK 1: Describe the image of a two-stroke marine diesel engine by labelling 10 parts and explaining
their function or operation in a short sentence. (10 pts)
105
TASK 2: Fill in the gaps with words or expressions chosen among the ones listed below. Two words
Resumed Log Commenced Made fast Leaking

Admitted Throughput Liner List Exempted
Pilferage Full and down Stevedores Lee HFO
Stowed Push rod Anchor winch Cargo pumps
Quay Proceed Let go
1 … is used to power the main engine when sailing in the open seas. ……………………………..
2 … length at this terminal is 350 metres. ……………………………..
3 A shore gang usually consists of a foreman and several ….. ……………………………..
4 A stowage plan must be made before the loading of the cargo has ……………………………..
….
5 Before the pilot embarks, the ship has to make a …. on the port ……………………………..
or starboard sides.
6 By … is meant that the vessel is fully laden and floating on her ……………………………..
loadline.
7 Cargo ... increased in the port in the recent years. ……………………………..
8 Every event on the ship has to be entered in the ship’s …. ……………………………..
9 Fuel is … into the combustion chamber during the compression ……………………………..
stroke.
10 SMCP: What is the pumping capacity of the ….? ……………………………..
11 SMCP: Liquid/powder/gas is …. ……………………………..
12 SMCP: Pilotage at Outer Pilot Station has been …. ……………………………..
13 SMCP: You are … from pilotage. ……………………………..
14 SMCP: You have permission to … by yourself (or wait for the pilot ……………………………..
at AL-1 buoy).
15 The berth is a place in port where the vessel is …. ……………………………..
16 The cargo must be distributed in such a way that a vessel will not ……………………………..
make a … to either side.
17 The cylinder … is the removable part of the cylinder that provides ……………………………..
a sliding surface for the piston.
18 The first mate has to make sure that the cargo will be properly ……………………………..
loaded and ….
19 Casting off orders: …. sternline! Slack away sterline! Heave away ……………………………..
sternline!
20 The theft of a small or large amount of cargo can be referred to ……………………………..
as ….
106
1. Perishable goods will probably be handled at the terminal for …

a Cars. b Bulk cargoes. c Fruit. d Timber.
2. In 2014, the quantity off handled cargo … by 3 %.

a Rise b Rose c Raise d Raised
3. The verb that means “pull the mooring line aboard” is …

a Heave to b Heave away c Heave up d Heave alongside
4. The verb that means “lift the anchor” is …

A Heave to b Heave away c Heave up d Heave alongside
5. The mooring line that lies at a right angle to the quay is a …

a Head line b Stern line c Breast line d Spring
6. “Single up fore and aft!” means that the number of lines fore and aft must be …
a Reduced b Increased c Zero d Equal
7. The volume of the cargo hold that can be used for general cargo is called … space.
a Oil b Grain c Bale d Container
8 When draft fore is greater than draft aft, the vessel is …

a Hogging b Sagging c Down by the d Down by the
head. stern.
9 IMDG stands for International Maritime … Goods Code.

a Dunnage b Dangerous c Damaged d Dented
10 Which of the following types of packing might be (unwantedly) loose or slack?

a Barrel b Bale c Crate d Case
11 In a large two-stroke diesel engine, the connecting rod connects the cross head and the …
a Crankshaft b Camshaft c Piston rod d Piston
12 In a large two-stroke diesel engine, the push rod connects the camshaft and the …
a Cam b Rocking lever c Exhaust valve d Cylinder
13 In engine operation, BDC means …

a Backup domain b Bottom dead c Business data d Best drilling
controller centre catalogue chemicals
14 What indicates the lowest temperature at which a fuel can still be handled is the …
a Flash point b Pour point c Cloud point d Freeze point
15 The pumps that are used to trim the vessel are the …
a Fire pumps b Fuel pumps c Ballast pumps d General service
pumps
107
(F), or not given (NG). (10 pts)
MAN Powers Antarctic Icebreaker: 32/44CR main engines with integrated SCR systems guarantee Tier
III emissions in sensitive environment
MAN Diesel & Turbo has been selected to supply the main engines to a new, icebreaking, supply-and-
research vessel for the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). The 2 × 16V32/44CR main engines – each
producing 9,600 kW – were chosen for their highly reliable and fuel-efficient design that will serve in
an environment with a demanding operational profile, including temperatures down to -30 degrees
and extended mission times. The vessel is being procured by Serco Defence through DMS Maritime
(prime contractor) and will be designed and built by Damen Shipyards Naval Shipbuilding (DSNS).
This complex vessel will form an integral part of the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) programme for
the next three decades. Handover to AAD is scheduled for April 2020. The new icebreaker will succeed
the old research vessel ‘Aurora Australis’ and will have greater icebreaking and cargo capacity,
increased endurance and operational flexibility, a high standard of environmental performance and
state-of-the-art research, rescue and resupply capabilities. Features onboard will include a moon pool,
drop-keel, multi-beam bathymetric and scientific echo sounders, fisheries sonar systems, hydrophones
and underwater cameras to support a wide range of scientific research in the Southern Ocean and
Antarctica.
Lex Nijsen – Head of Four-Stroke Marine – MAN Diesel & Turbo, said: “We are delighted to be able to
add such a prestigious reference to the 32/44CR’s CV. It is an engine that already enjoys popularity in
a broad spectrum of market segments, but for it to be employed in such an unspoiled yet extreme,
demanding environment with such stringent environmental requirements is testament to its many
positive attributes.”
In addition to the engines and their related plant equipment, MAN Diesel & Turbo will also supply its
in-house-designed Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system to ensure the environmentally friendly
footprint of this new, state-of-the-art vessel in the pristine Antarctic environment. The compact and
well proven SCR system is available in a wide range of sizes and covers the entire MAN portfolio of
medium-speed engines. A special feature of the system is its communication with the engine control
system that optimises the temperature for the SCR system at individual load-points.
The AAD utilises combined sea, air and continental transport capabilities to undertake wide-ranging
marine, ice and aviation-based research activities, personnel transfer, station operation and resupply,
and waste management and removal.
108
1 MAN Diesel & Turbo will provide an AAD vessel with the main and auxiliary engines. ………
2 Total propulsion power will be 9,600 kW. ………
3 The two main advantages of these engines are reliability and low fuel consumption. ………
4 When this vessel enters service, Aurora Australis will be decommissioned. ………
5 This essentially is an icebreaker with no research equipment on board. ………
6 These engines have been specifically designed for icebreakers. ………
7 These engines are in line with French and US environmental standards. ………
8 The SCR system built into these engines is shared with other engine makers. ………
9 The SCR system is interfaced with the main engines control system. ………
10 The AAD is exclusively dedicated to marine research. ………
109
6.4. FINAL EXAM SAMPLE
Stowage plan Lashing Bearing Tows Jettison

Freeboard Draft Fore-and-aft Piston Shipping
Gale Stem EPIRB Stern Unmoored
Crew Bilge HFO Deballasted
Alter Grabs SART Settling
1. The vessel is …………………………………….. and leaves the port, completing her 180o turn.
2. …………………………………….. refers to rope or other material that is used for fastening something to
something else.
3. While it is still unclear what caused the damage, investigators rule out any human error by the
……………………………………...
4. Dry bulk cargo is loaded and discharged by cranes with …………………………………….. or by pumps.
5. A tug is a vessel that assists other vessels with entering or leaving the port,
…………………………………….. an oil rig to its position or assists with a salvage operation.
6. Circulars are good source of information on new safety technologies and amendments introduced
in the …………………………………….. industry.
7. The extreme fore end of the vessel is called ……………………………………...
8. The imaginary line from stem to stern is called the …………………………………….. line.
9. By …………………………………….. is meant the distance between the deckline and the waterline.
10. In order to correct the excessive trim to the ship’s bow, the port and starboard number 1 double
lined tanks were to be ……………………………………...
11. These four countries jointly helped develop the 406 MHz …………………………………….., an element of
the GMDSS designed to operate with Cospas-Sarsat system.
12. SMCP: I will …………………………………….. course to starboard and pass astern of you.
13. My position is …………………………………….. 180 degrees from the Salamina Light, distance 2 miles.
14. SMCP: Warning! Do not …………………………………….. IMO-Class cargo!
15. SMCP: What is the latest …………………………………….. /storm warning?
16. Therefore, a …………………………………….. must be made before the loading of the cargo commences.
17. The pressure created by the combustion of the fuel drives the ……………………………………..
downward.
18. …………………………………….. is merely a residue that remains after the refinery process of crude oil.
19. From the bunkertank the preheated HFO is first passed to the …………………………………….. tank.
20. …………………………………….. pumps are used to drain superfluous liquids such as fresh and salt water,
sweating water, oils, etc. from the holds.
110
Task 2: Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or not given
(NG). (10 pts)
201742 Collision while both OOWs sitting in their chairs
As edited from UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) official report 27-2016
A small oil bunker barge was loaded and underway. Manned only by the Master and a deckhand, the
vessel was proceeding on autopilot at 9.5 knots with the Master on the bridge. He observed several
AIS targets on the vessel’s ECS display and noted the nearest CPA was predicted to be one nautical
mile. He adjusted the autopilot to 350° and then left the bridge. Once on the stern deck he noticed a
general cargo vessel approaching from astern but was neither surprised nor alarmed. Soon after, he
returned to the bridge and sat on a chair on the port side of the wheelhouse.
Meanwhile, the general cargo vessel was approaching the barge’s port side at a speed of 14.5 knots
with the autopilot set to 034°. The OOW was sitting in the bridge chair on the starboard side of the
bridge. There was good visibility and smooth seas.
After about eight minutes, with each OOW sitting in their respective chairs, the cargo vessel’s bow
struck the bunker barge’s port side. The bunker barge was driven sideways and within seconds had
heeled over 90º to starboard. Seawater rushed into its bridge, accommodation areas and engine room
through the vessel’s open weathertight doors.
The Master escaped from the

flooded bridge through an open
window; meanwhile, the
deckhand, who was in the mess
room, was fully submerged in
seawater. About 15 seconds
later the barge broke free, rolled
back upright and passed down
the cargo vessel’s port side. As
the barge came upright, the
Master found himself clinging to the bridge roof. The deckhand was washed out of the mess room and
over the ship’s side as the floodwater rushed back out though the open door. He grabbed hold of the
top edge of the bulwark to prevent himself being swept completely overboard. Soon the deckhand
was able to climb back over the bulwark onto the vessel’s upper deck. The barge, in danger of sinking,
was eventually towed to a nearby port.
Some of the findings of the official report include:
● A proper lookout was not being kept on either vessel.
● Complacency and poor watchkeeping prac ces were systemic on board the cargo vessel. A lack of
mentorship and direction from the vessel’s Master contributed to this situation.
● Lone watchkeeping was a normal practice for both vessels. The risks associated with this had not
been properly assessed.
● The bunker barge’s crew did not have the competence necessary to operate a small coastal tanker;
the vessel was also not provided with an effective safety management system.
111
1 When the accident happened, the barge was moored in the port. ……….
2 The crew consisted of two members. ……….
3 The Master noticed a general cargo vessel in front of their barge. ……….
4 The Master on the barge and the OOW on the general cargo ship were sitting on the ……….
same side of the bridge.
5 The weather at the time of the accident was fair. ……….
6 The bunker barge was flooded. ……….
7 The accident happened in the English Channel. ……….
8 Both the Master and the deck hand of the barge survived the accident. ……….
9 Poor seamanship practices could be observed on both vessels. ……….
10 On each vessel the OOW was always accompanied by a lookout. ……….
112
A wharf, typically one built parallel to the shoreline, is the …

a. Quay b. Pier c. Basin d. Terminal
A vessel that has known ETA, ETD, and ports of call is a …

a. Liner b. Tramp c. Tug d. High-speed craft
The foremost and aftermost spaces of the vessel are the …

a. Cofferdams b. Peak tanks c. Holds d. Engine rooms
"…" is used to indicate direction at a right angle to the fore-and-aft line.

a. Abeam b. Aloft c. Abaft d. Astern
Strong … separate the holds from each other.

a. Barriers b. Pillars c. Bulkheads d. Walls
By … is understood the distance between the extreme fore-end and the extreme aft-end of the
vessel.
a. LBP b. LOA c. CPP d. VLCC
By … is meant the extreme breadth of the vessel.

a. Width b. Keel c. Beam d. Deck
… is the entire volume of all the enclosed spaces.

a. GT b. DWT c. NT d. FPP
Next to the keel, these are the most fundamental part of a ship’s structure.
a. Forecastles b. Plates c. Ribs d. Frames
113
The GMDSS sea area about 100 NM from the coast is Sea Area …
a. A1 b. A2 c. A3 d. A4
… is an international, automated system for instantly distributing maritime safety information (MSI).
a. VHF b. NAVTEX c. INMARSAT d. COSPAS
A/an ... message indicates that there is a serious danger for the vessel, crew, and passengers.
a. Distress b. Urgency c. Safety d. Routine
One of these is NOT a message marker:

a. Information b. Alert c. Instruction d. Advice
According to SMCP, only one of these verbs can be used in maritime communication. Which?
a. May b. Have to c. Must d. Should
In a PAN PAN call, your position has to be repeated …

a. Once b. Twice c. Three times d. Four times
If a vessel has noticed that a vessel in distress is not able to transmit a Distress Alert, she must
transmit a …
a. Silence Fini b. Mayday Relay c. Received Mayday d. Received Mayday
Supplementary
In a vessel reporting system, the first four letters (Alfa/Bravo/Charlie/Delta) are used for the ...
a. Full-form SITREP b. Short-form c. MAREP d. POSREP
SITREP
SMCP: Make a starboard … for the pilot boat.

a. Law b. Lee c. Loo d. Let
The ... of a liquid indicates the lowest temperature at which a fuel can still be handled.
a. Ignition point b. Flesh point c. Pour point d. Cloud point
Before the fuel is passed to the daily service tanks the water and impurities are drained off from the
... tank.
a. Ballast b. Settling c. Mixing d. Buffer
114
TASK 4 – NAVTIKI: Write a message transmitted on VHF based on the following information. Note
that the letters have to be spelled out. Use message markers. 10 pts
MV Pearl Head, 211 687 000, VRSE, in position 36 degrees N/075 degrees 25 minutes W, is on fire. Fire
has been located in the engine room and in no. 2 hold. The vessel is sinking and the crew are
abandoning her. The crew consists of 18 members, six of whom have been injured.
TASK 4 – STROJNIKI: Describe the operation of a two-stroke marine diesel engine. Make sure you
mention at least 10 different engine parts and describe their function and/or operation. 10 pts
115
7 RESOURCES
1 https://safety4sea.com/emma-maersk-faces-months-out-of-service/
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zskbBNb5LXI
3 Van Kluijven, P.C. 2003. The International Maritime Language Programme. An English course for students at
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carrier-ulcc/
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13 http://www.ttsgroup.com/Products/Side-rolling-hatch-cover-for-OBO-vessels/
14
https://www.damen.com/en/news/2018/03/third_new_damen_tug_taken_into_service_by_kotug_smit_towa
ge
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16 http://www.polandatsea.com/polish-companies-to-supply-sar-vessels-for-vietnam/
17 https://www.exxonmobil.com/en/marine/marine-industry/sectors/offshore-supply-vessels
18 https://www.123rf.com/photo_76811634_pilot-tender-pioneer-in-the-port-of-ijmuiden.html
19 http://shipmanagementinternational.com/van-oord-contracts-damen-for-dp2-cable-laying-vessel/
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project/
21 Videotel. Personal Safety on Bulk Carriers.
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26 http://www.shipstructure.org/case_studies/carla/
27 http://www.shipstructure.org/case_studies/carla/
28 http://www.iacs.org.uk/document/public/explained/Class_WhatWhy&How.PDF
29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vph0PzK0Y-0&t=2s
30 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vph0PzK0Y-0
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35https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dCfJZ9r2-
E&feature=PlayList&p=3BE1B89C618A74DC&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=7
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the-2004-amendments_fig2_280880592
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61
https://luka-kp.si/eng/terminals
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64 Videotel. Watchkeeping in Port.
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11.html
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12.html
70 https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/ows/oily-water-separator-construction-and-working/
71 https://dieselship.com/uncategorized/ship-windlass/
72 http://silipump.com/application/general-service-pump/
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74 https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/guide-to-fire-pumps-on-ship/
75 https://www.castlepumps.com/pump-application/marine-fuel-pumps/
76 http://silipump.com/application/marine-bilge-pump/
77 https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/ships-main-engine-lubrication-system-explained/
78 http://generalcargoship.com/deck-machinery-anchor-windlass.html
79 https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/mooring-winches
80 https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/understanding-steering-gear-ships/
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83 https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/shipboard-incinerator
84 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4RHA9ym5Kk
117

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A JOURNEY INTO

Dr. Violeta Jurkovič, Associate Professor Portorož, 2019

A ______ Emma enters the Mediterranean with a delay of 5 hours.

B ______ Emma enters the Port of Algeciras at the Strait of Gibraltar.

C ______ Emma Maersk and her voyage plan are described.

Ocean (with unpredictable weather).

E ______ Emma passes through the Suez Canal.

Emma’s crew does maintenance work while waiting to leave again.

convoy cannot enter the Canal because of a storm.

I ______ Environmental issues are briefly presented (bilge discharge, garbage

management, CO2 in commercial shipping, heat recovery system).

J ______ In the engine room, there is a problem with a damaged cylinder.

and leaves the port, completing her 180o turn.

M ______ The bilge tanks are inspected.

P ______ There is a fire drill.

Q ______ There is a problem with a generator cooler/condenser.

a. Bow _____ Maximum breadth of the vessel.

a) Where did the accident happen?

Emma Maersk Faces months out of service1

a. P2 ……………………. a person who works or explores underwater

a) A merchant ship transports ...

TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO AND/OR PASSENGERS

General Cargo Ships

General cargo is cargo that has been packed in

Bulk cargo is unpacked cargo of one

Liquid cargoes such as crude oil, petroleum,

Cargo that has been containerized is carried by

On a Ro/Ro ship cargo is rolled on and rolled off

Refrigerated-cargo vessels (Reefers)

Refrigerated-cargo vessels are ships that carry

Heavy-load vessels have been designed to lift and

Timber is a raw material from which wood-

Cargo ships that carry both general cargo, bulk

A tug is a vessel that assists other

A supply boat supplies oil rigs with stores, spare

A pilot tender (or pilot launch) is a small boat

A cable layer lays cables on the bottom of the

A dredger deepens out harbours and ports,

Liner _______ Bow, stern, or side ramps

Attend safety meetings Know your duties

………………………………………………………………………………………: Safety drills on various scenarios are

………………………………………………………………………………………: Safety meetings are held onboard ships to

………………………………………………………………………………………: There is nothing better than to get trained

………………………………………………………………………………………: Keep a regular track of safety circulars sent

………………………………………………………………………………………: In case you have doubts while performing

………………………………………………………………………………………: If you come across any suspicious thing,

………………………………………………………………………………………: If your superior or co-worker asks you to

………………………………………………………………………………………: Follow your SAFETY FIRST rule to warn

………………………………………………………………………………………: Know your duties inside-out; these would

a. To perform … _____ … the safety of the ship

17. Read the text on the General Arrangement Plan23.

The foremost part of the

On the poop deck there is a second set of .........................................(23). The

a) The compartments .............................................................. (form) by vertical separations.

A longitudinal and transverse _____ spaces of the vessel

Vessel Particulars created 22nd Sep. 2010

[1] M/T: Alforat

Owner: IRAQI OIL TANKER COMPANY, IRAQ

[9] Length Overall 137.76 m

Freeboard / Draught / Deadweight / Capacity

[16] [12] [17]

[18] Air Draught: 36.40 m

Picture 1: Picture 2: Picture 3:

Picture 4: Picture 5: Picture 6: