1

‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬

‫ﺍﻷﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫‪pH‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻭﺗﻳﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ‫•‬
‫‪pH‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪pOH‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟـ ‪ pOH‬ﻭ ﺍﻟـ ‪pH‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪pH Scale‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﻭ ﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ – ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫•‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻥ؟‬
‫• ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻥ ﺟﺳﻳﻡ ﻣﺷﺣﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻔﻛﻛﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺷﺣﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (+‬ﺃﻭ )‪ (-‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻛﻭﻧﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺃﻧﺗﺟﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫• ﻳﺗﺄﻳﻥ ) ﻳﺗﻔﻛﻙ ( ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺗﺄﻳﻧﺎ ً ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺎ ً ﻟﻳﻌﻁﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ) ‪ :H+‬ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ (‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ )‪(OH-‬‬

‫• ﻣﻌﻁﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ‪:‬‬

‫)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪(1‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪H+ + OH-‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻗﻠﻳﻝ‬

‫• ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺅﺧﺫ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺻﻐﺭ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻳﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁﺎ ً ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺍً ﻣﻊ ﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳﻳﺟﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺯﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺟﺯﻱء ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺄﻳﻥ‬

‫ﺟﺯﻱء ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻣﺗﺄﻳﻥ‬
‫‪8‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫• ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﻓﻙ ﺍﺭﺗﺑﺎﻁﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﺎﻫﻣﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ﻟﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺫﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺳﺟﻳﻥ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺯﻱء ﻣﺎء ﺁﺧﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺟﺯﻱء ﻣﺎء ﻣﺟﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ )‪ (H3O+‬ﻭﺃﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ )‪(OH-‬‬

‫‪2 H2O‬‬ ‫‪H3O+ + OH-‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
Water also has a slight tendency to
"fall apart" or to "dissociate".

10
 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻮﺗﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫• ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﺣﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺟﺯﺉ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ‬
‫)‪. (H3O+‬‬
‫• ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻳﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻛﺣﻣﺽ ﻭﻛﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻭﺗﻳﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻡ ﺟﺩﺍً ﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻔﻮﺗﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬

‫• ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺩﻯ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺩﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻳﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫• ﻣﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A + B‬‬ ‫‪C + D‬‬

‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ )‪ (Keq‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ )‪ (C and D‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬
‫)ِ ‪ ( A and B‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫]‪[C] [D‬‬
‫= ‪Keq‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[A] [B‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪:Keq‬‬ ‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺩﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺳﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻫﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻭﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻷﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺑﻐﺽ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺩﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺑﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ (1‬ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪ 0‬ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ °25‬ﺱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﺎ ً ‪ 1‬ﻟﻛﻝ ‪ 710‬ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻲ ﺗﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺣﻅﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪HO‬‬ ‫‪H+ + OH-‬‬ ‫) ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪( 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬

‫• ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ﻫﻭ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪H+ + OH-‬‬

‫] ‪[ H+ ] [OH-‬‬
‫= ‪Keq‬‬
‫] ‪[H2O‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ ° 25‬ﺳﻳﻠﻳﺯﻳﺔ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻫﻭ ‪55.5M‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻳﺎ ً ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﺍﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺟﺩﺍً‬
‫ﻟـ )‪ (OH-‬ﻭ )‪ (H+‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 1 x 10 -7M‬ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬

‫] ‪[ H+ ] [OH-‬‬ ‫‪10-7 × 10-7‬‬

‫= ‪Keq‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪55.5M‬‬ ‫‪55.5M‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬
‫] ‪[ H+ ] [OH-‬‬
‫= ‪Keq‬‬
‫‪55.5M‬‬
‫• ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪(55.5M)(Keq) = [H+] [OH-]=KW‬‬
‫• ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ‪ KW‬ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺿﺭﺏ )‪(55.5M)(Keq‬‬
‫• ‪ Kw‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء( ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ ° 25‬ﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ 1.8 x 10-16 M = Keq‬ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ ° 25‬ﺱ‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪(55.5M)(Keq) = [H+] [OH-]=Kw‬‬
‫• ]‪(55.5 M) (1.8x10-16M) = [H+] [OH-‬‬
‫]‪99.9x10-16M2 = [H+] [OH-‬‬

‫• ‪1.0x10-14M2 = [H+] [OH-] = Kw‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ]‪ [H+] [OH-‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ ° 25‬ﺱ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ً ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪. 1x10-14M2‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺗﺭﺍﻛﻳﺯ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑﻁ ﻟـ ‪ H+‬ﻭ ‪ OH-‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ pH‬ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ pH‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ H+‬ﻭ ‪ OH-‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪KW = [H+] [OH-]=[H+]2‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪[H+] = √ KW‬‬ ‫√ =‬ ‫‪1x10‬‬‫‪-14M2‬‬

‫‪[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Keq for the Reversible Ionization of H2O‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﺟﺯﺉ ﺃﻣﻔﻭﺗﻳﺭﻱ ﻹﻧﻪ ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ OH- , H+‬ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻅﺭﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ‪H+‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻥ ‪ M 10-7x1‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ OH-‬ﺳــﻭﻑ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ M 10-7x1‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺻﺣﻳﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﺎ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ H+‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ‪، HCl‬ﺍﻟـ ‪OH -‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺽ ﺟﺩﺍً‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ﻧﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪H+‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓﻧﺎ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ OH-‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺻﺣﻳﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪? NaOH‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ‪ H+‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ‪0.1M‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء‬
• Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[Kw ]
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬
[H+]=
[OH- ]
1X10-14M2
=
0.1M
10-14M2
=
10-1M
= 10-13M 24
 ‫ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ ‪pH‬‬
‫• ‪ : pH‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻟﺏ ﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ‬

‫• ﺍﻟـ ‪ pH‬ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﺣﺎﻣﺿﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟـ ‪ pOH‬ﺗﻘﻳﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫• ]‪pH = log ------- = - log [H+‬‬
‫]‪[H+‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻷﻳﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺎء ‪ Kw‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠـ ‪pH Scale‬‬

‫• ‪Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1×10-14 M2‬‬

‫‪25‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ pOH‬ﻭ ‪pH‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﻑ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫]‪1 x 10 -14 = [ H+][OH-‬‬ ‫•‬

‫• ﻋﻧﺩ ﺃﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻟﺏ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪14 = pH + pOH‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟـ ‪ pH‬ﻟﻠﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻡ ‪7.4‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
 ‫‪pH Scale‬‬

‫‪10-1 M H+‬‬ ‫‪10-7 M H+‬‬ ‫‪10-14 M H+‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

‫‪27‬‬
 pH Scale

pH =

[H+] =

28
 pH
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
[H+] pH [OH-] pOH •
(M) (M)

100 (1) 0 10-14 14 •

10-2 2 10-12 12 •
10-13 13 10-1 1 •

29
 pH
Scale

30
 ‫‪pH‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ 5 25‬ﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ‬
‫‪1.0 x 10-7 M = H+‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟـ ‪ PH‬ﻟﻪ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪-:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪PH = log‬‬ ‫‪-------‬‬ ‫)‪= log (1x107‬‬
‫‪1x10-7‬‬
‫‪= log 1.0 + log 107‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0 + 7‬‬
‫‪= 7.0‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
 pOH

pOH ‫ [ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـ‬OH-] •

1
pOH = log -------
[OH-]

pOH = - log [OH-]

32
 ‫ﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺣﻣﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫‪pH‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪>7‬‬ ‫‪<7‬‬
‫‪pOH‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪<7‬‬ ‫‪>7‬‬
‫]‪[H+] = [OH-‬‬
‫]‪[H+‬‬ ‫‪1x10-7= M‬‬
‫]‪[H+] < [OH-] [H+] > [OH-‬‬

‫]‪[OH-] = [H+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫]‪[OH-‬‬ ‫‪= 1x10-7 M‬‬
‫]‪[OH ] > [H+] [OH-] < [H+‬‬

‫‪33‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫]‪ [H+‬ﻭ ]‪[OH-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪pH‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﻳﺔ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺎء ﻧﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪pH‬‬

‫)ﻣﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ(‬ ‫‪Scale‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫‪35‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻭﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬

‫ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﻭﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺭﻓﻭﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ )‪(H+‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ)‪. (H+‬‬

‫• ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﻟﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻭﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫• ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ )ﻣﺛﻝ ‪ (HCI , H2SO4‬ﺗﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺗﻔﻛﻙ ﻛﻠﻳﺎ ً‬
‫)‪ (100%‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺎﺗﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﻗﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺿﻳﺔ )‪. (low pH‬‬

‫‪HCL + H2O‬‬ ‫‪H3O+ + CL-‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺗﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻭﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺛﻝ ) ‪ (KOH, NaOH‬ﺗﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻛﻠﻳﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﻧﺩ ‪ pH‬ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ‪] :‬ﻣﺛﻝ ‪ [ Ca (OH)2‬ﺗﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺟﺯﺋﻳﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ )ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ( ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺽ ﻭﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻳﻔﻬﻡ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻭﻻﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻫﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ )‪(H+‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ )‪(H+‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ‪H+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ‬

‫=‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫‪39‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺻﻳﻐﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ‪H+‬‬

‫) ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ (‬ ‫) ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ (‬

‫‪40‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ‬ ‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ‪H+‬‬

‫‪HA‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪H2 O‬‬ ‫‪H3O+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪A-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ‬

‫‪41‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻳﺳﻣﻭﻥ ﺑـ‪:‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻣﺿﻲ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬

‫‪42‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫‪HCL + H2O‬‬ ‫‪H3O+ + CL-‬‬

‫ﻳﻛﻭﻧﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ•‬ ‫‪ HCL‬ﻭ ‪CL-‬‬

‫• ‪ CL-‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﺽ ‪HCL‬‬
‫• ‪ HCL‬ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪CL-‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫‪HCL + H2O‬‬ ‫‪H3‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪CL‬‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻧﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺯﻭﺝ‪HCL‬‬ ‫‪H3O+‬‬ ‫‪ H2O‬ﻭ‬

‫‪ H2O‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﺽ ‪H3O+‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪CL-H O‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫‪H‬‬‫‪3‬‬‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ‪ H+‬ﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ(‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ‪ H+‬ﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ(‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ(‬
‫‪45‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ‬

‫ﻛﻝ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻭ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫‪46‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ‬
‫‪HA +‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪HB‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺑﺭﻭﻧﺷﺗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻔﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬

‫‪47‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫)ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻳﻙ( ‪CH3COOH‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻳﺕ ‪CH3COO-‬‬

‫)ﺃﻣﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ( ‪NH4 +‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻭﻧﻳﺎ ‪NH3‬‬

‫)ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﻙ( ‪H2CO3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻛﺭﺑﻭﻧﻳﺕ ‪HCO-3‬‬

‫‪48‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻳﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﻙ )‪ (CH3COOH‬ﻭﺍﻫﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ‪H+ (1) :‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺃﻳﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺗﻳﺕ‬
‫) ‪ - (CH3COO-‬ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ )‪ - (H+‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺽ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻳﻙ‪:‬‬

‫)ﺃﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻳﺕ ‪ - CH3COO-‬ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻳﺗﻳﻙ ‪(CH3COOH:‬‬
‫ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻁﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪CH3COOH‬‬ ‫‪H+ + CH3COO-‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬

‫• ﻭﻛﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻳﻔﻘﺩ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻪ ﻟﻳﻔﻘﺩ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻣﺽ )‪ (HA‬ﻟﻳﻔﻘﺩ ‪ H+‬ﻭﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ‬
‫)‪ (A-‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ )‪ (Keq‬ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪HA‬‬ ‫‪H+ + A-‬‬
‫] ‪[ H+ ] [A-‬‬
‫= ‪Keq‬‬
‫] ‪[HA‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ ﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻟﻸﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ ‪Ka‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ‪ (1) :‬ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭﻣﻳﻙ‬ ‫•‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺗﻳﻙ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ )‪ (1‬ﺃﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﻳﺕ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ‪Dihydrogen phospate H2PO4+,‬‬
‫)‪ NH4+ (2‬ﺃﻳﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪51‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻣﺎﺽ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ pKa‬ﻟﻪ‬ ‫• ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‬

‫• ﻗﻭﺓ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ‪ (i) :‬ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﻊ ‪Ka‬‬

‫)‪ (ii‬ﻋﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ‪pKa‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪pKa = log ------- = - log Ka‬‬
‫‪Ka‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ – ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ‬
‫• ﻭﻛﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﺗﻌﻁﻲ ‪ OH-‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﻌﻁﻲ ‪. OH-‬‬
‫• ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‪ (B‬ﻟﺗﻌﻁﻲ ‪ OH-‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (HB+‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﺍﻹﺗﺯﺍﻥ )‪ (K‬ﻟﻠﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻛﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪B + HOH‬‬ ‫‪HB+ + OH-‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻥ ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺗﺭﻧﺔ ‪2‬‬

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 ‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ – ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ‬
‫]‪[HB+][OH-‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫]‪[B][H2O‬‬
‫• ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻳﺭﻣﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ‪Kb‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ‪ (1) :‬ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺗﺎﺳﻳﻭﻡ ‪KOH‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺩﻳﻭﻡ ‪NaOH‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ‪ (1) :‬ﺍﻷﻣﻭﻧﻳﺎ ‪NH3‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﻛﺳﻳﻝ ﺃﻣﻳﻥ ‪NH2OH‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﻣﺎ ﺛﻭﺍﺑﺕ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ – ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ pKb‬ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫• ﻗﻭﺓ ﺗﺄﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﻊ ‪ Kb‬ﻭ ﻋﻛﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ‪pKb‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪pKb = log ------- = - log Kb‬‬
‫‪Kb‬‬

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