Scheme of valuation Mechanics of Machines ( 15ME32T)

1. Definiion of kinematic link 02

Three types of links (1 marks each) 03

2. Self closed & force closed pair with example ( 2 1/2 marks each) 05

3. 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages ( 3 + 2) 05

4. Sketch + Explanation (3+2) 05

5. Sketch + explanation (3+2) 05

6. Sketch + explanation (3+2) 05

7. Naming the 2 followers according to type of motion 01

Sketches of two types ( 2 + 2 ) 04

8. Explanation of 5 terms ( 1 mark each) 05

9 2 types of vibrations ( 2 1/2 marks each) 05

10. (a) Sketch + Explanation ( 3 + 3 ) 06

(b) Any two differences ( 2 marks each ) 04

11. Sketch + explanation (5+5) 10

12. (a) 2 definitions ( 1 mark each ) 02

(b) Velocity ratio equation 01
Determination of 2 pitch circle diameters 02
Determination of exact no. of teeth of two gears 02
Determination of exact value of two pitch circle diameters 02
Determination of exact centre distance 01

13. Ratio of belt tensions 02

Velocity of belt 01
Determination of T1 & T2 using power equation and ratio of tensions 03
mass of belt 01
Centrifugal tension 01
Determination of width of belt using maximum tension equation 02

14. Determination of value of C using uniform wear equation 02

Axial thrust 02
Mean radius value 01
Torque transmitted 03
Power transmitted 02
15. (a) Explanation 03
(b) Determination of Torque transmitted 02
Power transmitted 02
No. of collars using uniform pressure equation 03

16. (a) Explanation of Static and dynamic balancing ( 2 1/2 marks each ) 05
(b) Sketch + explanation ( 2 + 3 ) 05

17. Determination of 4 centrifugal forces ( m.r) 02

Sum of horizontal components ΣH 02
Sum of vertical components ΣV 02
Resultant force R 01
Magnitude of balancing mass m 01
Angle of Resultant θ 01
Angle of balancing mass θ' 01

For Graphical method:

marks of ΣH and ΣV is for force polygon. 04
(All other marks remains same)

18. (a) 4 definitions ( 1 mark each ) 04

(b) Displacement diagram with explanation ( 4 + 2 ) 06

19. Displacement diagram 04

Base circle and marking of various angles 01
Marking points as per the displacement diagram 02
Drawing the cam profile 03

Kumar K
Selection Grade Lecturer
G.Pt, Arakere
9844431325
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Model Answers
Mechanics of Machines (15ME32T)
1. Kinematic link: Each part of the machine which moves relative to some other part of the machine is called as
kinematic link or an element. A link may consist of several parts which are fasten3ed together so that they
cannot move relative to each other.
There are 3 types of links; Rigid link, Flexible link and Fluid link
A Rigid link is that which does not undergo any deformation while transmitting motion.
A Flexible link is that which partially deforms but does not affect the transmission of motion.
A fluid link is the one which is formed by a fluid and the motion is transmitted through this fluid.

2. Self closed pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected together mechanically such that relative motion
occurs between them, then it is called as self closed pair.
Forced closed pair: When the two elements of a pair are not connected together mechanically, but kept in
contact by means of an external force and relative motion occurs between them, then it is called as force closed
pair.

3. Advantages of V-belts over flat belts:

(i) V- belts are more compact due to lesser distance between the pulleys.
(ii) The drive is positive since the slip is negligible.
(iii) The drive is smooth since the V-belts are made endless and they are free from joints.
(iv) V-belts have the ability to cushion the shock when machines are started.
(v) High velocity ratio can be obtained.
Disadvantages :
(i) They cannot be used for longer distances
(ii) The construction of grooved pulleys for V- belts is complicated compared to flat pulleys.
(iii) V-belts are not as durable as flat belts.
(iv) Centrifugal tension prevents the usage of V-belts at speeds below 5 m/s and above 50 m/s.

4. Reverted gear train:

When the axes of the first driver gear and the
last follower gear are co-axial, then the gear
train is called as reverted gear train. The
arrangement is as shown in the figure. Gear
1 is the first driver which drives gear 2.
Gears 2 and 3 are mounted on the same shaft
and they form a compound gear. Gear 3
drives the last follower i.e., gear 4, which
rotates in the same direction as that of first
driver. This type of gear train are used in
automotive transmissions, lathe back gear,
clocks etc.

5. Limiting angle of friction:

Consider a body of weight W resting on a horizontal
plane. Let F is the frictional force which is acting
opposite to the applied force P. In the limiting case,
when the body just begins to move, it is in
equilibrium under the action of these 3 forces. The
reaction R is equal and opposite to the resultant of P
and W and is inclined at an angle ϕ to the normal
reaction. This angle ϕ is known as the limiting angle
of friction. It can be defined as the angle which the
resultant reaction R makes with the normal reaction
RN.
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6. Cylindrical Cam with reciprocating

follower: In cylindrical cam, the follower
reciprocates in the direction parallel to the
axis of the cam. The cylindrical cam has a
groove on its surface as shown in figure and
the follower rides in that groove. As the cam
makes rotary motion, the follower makes
reciprocating motion parallel to the axis of
the cylindrical cam.

7. Classification of followers :

According to the path of motion of followers,

they are classified as
(i) Radial followers and
(ii) Offset followers.

(i) Radial followers: When the motion of the

follower is along an axis passing through the
centre of the cam, then it is known as Radial
follower.

(ii) Offset followers: When the motion of the

follower is along an axis away from the axis
of the cam centre, then it is known as Offset
follower.

8. (i) Period : It is the time interval after which the motion is repeated itself. It is usually expressed in seconds.
(ii) Cycle: It is the motion completed in one time period.
(iii) Frequency: It is the number of cycles completed in one second. The unit of frequency is Hertz, which is
equal to one cycle per second.
iv)Amplitude: It is the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on the vibrating body measured
from its equilibrium position.
(v)SHM: Simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion in which the restoring force on a moving object
is proportional to the displacement magnitude, acting towards the equilibrium position. OR
Simple harmonic motion of a particle is a type of periodic motion in which the acceleration is proportional to
the displacement and always directed towards the equilibrium position.

9. Transverse vibrations: When the particles of

the shaft or disc moves approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as Transverse vibrations.
In such a case, the shaft bends alternately and
bending stresses are induced in the shaft.
Longitudinal vibrations: When the particles
of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis
of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as
Transverse vibrations. In such a case, the shaft
expands and contracts alternately and hence
tensile and compressive stresses are induced in
the shaft. Longitudinal Transverse
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10. (a) Beam engine: Beam engine is the

inversion of four bar chain and it is also
known as crank and lever mechanism. This
mechanism converts rotary motion into
reciprocating motion. It consists of 4 links as
shown in figure. When the crank rotates about
the fixed point, the lever oscillates about the
point D. the end of the lever is connected to a
piston rod and the piston reciprocates inside
the cylinder.

(b) Difference between machine and a structure:

(i) The parts of a machine move relative to one another, whereas the members of a structure do not move
relative to one another.
(ii) The machine transforms the available energy into some useful work, whereas in a structure, no energy is
transformed.
(iii) The links in a machine may transmit both power and motion, whereas only forces are transmitted among
the members of a structure.

11. Crank and slotted lever mechanism: This mechanism is an inversion of single slider crank chain and most widely
used in shaping and slotting machines. In this mechanism, link AC is fixed and the link CB is the crank, which rotates
uniformly about the point C. the sliding block which is attached to the crank forms another link and it slides inside the
slot of the slotted lever. The slotted lever forms another link and it oscillates about the fulcrum point A. The slotted lever
AP is connected to a connecting rod which carries the ram and the cutting tool. As the crank rotates, the slotted lever
oscillates and the connecting rod makes reciprocating motion.
The two extreme positions AP1 and AP2 of the slotted lever are tangential to the crank circle. Forward motion or
cutting stroke takes place when the crank rotates from CB1 to CB2 through an angle β and return motion is executed with
the crank rotation from CB2 to CB1 through an angle α.
Time for cutting stroke β β
Since the crank rotates with uniform angular speed, we can write = =
Time for return stroke 𝑎 360−𝛽

12. (a) (i) Circular pitch: It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle of a gear from a point
πD
of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is denoted by pc and given by pc = T
(ii) Diametral pitch: It is the ratio of number to teeth of the gear to the pitch circle diameter of that gear.
T
It is denoted by pd and given by pd = D
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12. (b) Given Data: x = 650 mm; N1=390 rpm; N2=130 rpm; pc=25mm;
Let d1 and d2 be the pitch circle diameters of first and second gears.
and T1 and T2 be the number of teeth on first and second gears.
Velocity ratio is given by N1 / N2= d2 /d1 = 390/130 = 3 or d2 =3d1. -- (i)
Centre distance between shafts is given by x = (d1 + d2) / 2.
650 = (d1 + d2) / 2. or (d1 + d2) =1300. – (ii)
From (i) and (ii) , we get the diameters as d1 = 325 mm and d2 = 975mm.
We have T1 =πd1 / pc = π x 325 / 25 = 40.85. Take T1 = 41.
T2 =πd2 / pc = π x 975 / 25 = 122.5. Take T2 = 123.
Exact pitch circle diameters are d1 = T1.pc / π = 41 x 25 / π = 326.14 mm.
d2 = T2.pc / π = 123 x 25 / π = 978.41 mm.
Exact centre distance x = (d1 + d2) / 2 = ( 326.14 + 978.41 ) / 2 = 652.275 mm.

13. Given data: P = 8 KW; d = 1.25 m; N=250 rpm; θ = 1650. µ = 0.25; σ = 1.5 MN/m2; ρ = 1Mg/m3; t = 10 mm;
Ratio of Tensions is given by T1 // T2 = e µθ = e (0.25x165xπ/180) = 2.06. -- (i)
Velocity of the belt ; v = πdN / 60 = (π x 1.25 x 250) /60 = 16.36 m/s.
Power transmitted is given by P = ( T1 – T2).v
8x1000 = ( T1 – T2).16.36 or ( T1 – T2) = 488.99 N. --(ii)
From (i) and (ii) , we get the tensions as T1 = 950.32 N and T2 = 461.32 N.
Mass of the belt is given by m = area x length x density
= b x (10/1000) x 1 x (1 x 106/1000) = 10 b.
Centrifugal tension is given by Tc = mv2 = 10b x (16.36)2 = 2676.5 b
Maximum tension in the belt is given by Tmax = T1 + Tc Also we have Tmax = σ.b.t
Therefore T1 + Tc = σ.b.t
950.32 + 2676.6 b = 1.5 x 106 x b x (10/1000) or b = 77.1 mm

14. Given data : d1 = 280mm or r1 = 140mm; d2 = 180mm or r2 = 90mm; p = 0.12 N/mm2;

N = 2500 rpm; µ = 0.3; n = 2
For uniform wear conditions, we have p.r2 = C or 0.12 x 90 = C or C = 10.8 N/mm.
Axial thrust is given by W = 2 π C ( r1 –r2) = 2 x π x 10.8 x ( 140 – 90 ) = 3394.29 N.
Mean radius of frictional surfaces is given by R = (r1 + r2 ) / 2 = ( 140 +90 )/2 = 115mm = 0.115m.
Torque transmitted is given by T = n.µ.W.R = 2 x 0.3 x 3394.29 x 0.115 = 234.21 Nm.
Power transmitted P = 2πNT / 60 = 2 x π x 2500 x 234.21 / 60 = 61340.71 W = 61.34 KW.

15.(a) Co-efficient of friction: Consider a body of weight W resting on a horizontal plane. Let F is the frictional
force which is acting opposite to the applied force P. The magnitude of this frictional force is given by
F = µ.RN , where RN is the normal reaction. In the above equation, µ is called as the co-efficient of friction
which is defined as the ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction; µ = F/RN.

(b) Given data: N = 125 rpm; W = 140 KN; d1= 350mm; d2 = 250mm; p = 0.4 N/mm2; µ=0.08;
Given d1= 350mm hence r1 = 175mm; d2 = 250mm hence r2 = 125mm.
For uniform pressure conditions, Torque is given by
T = 2/3.µ.W.( (r13 – r23) / (r12 – r22)) = 2/3 x 0.08 x 140 x 103 x ((1753-1253)/ (1752-1252))
= 1695555.55 N.mm = 1695.55 N.m
Power Absorbed P = 2πNT/60 = 2 x π x 125 x 1695.55 / 60 = 22194.75 W = 22.19 KW
Intensity of uniform pressure is given by p = W / (n.π .(r12 – r22))
i.e., n = W / (p.π .(r12 – r22)) = 140 x 103 / (0.4 x π x (1752 – 1252)) = 7.42 = 8
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16.(a) Static and Dynamic balancing:

In balancing of a rotating masse by two masses at different planes, following two conditions of equilibrium
are satisfied.
(i) The net dynamic force acting on the shaft should be zero. This requires the line of action of all
centrifugal forces lie on the same axis of rotation. This condition is called Static balancing.
(ii) The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the shaft should be zero. It means the algebraic sum
of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
The conditions (i) and (ii) put together gives Dynamic balancing.

(b). Balancing of single rotating mass:
Consider a disturbing mass m1 attached to a shaft,
rotating ω rad/s as shown in the figure. If r1 is the
radius of rotation, then the centrifugal force exerted
by this mass on the shaft is given by
FC1 = m1.ω.r1. ---- (i)
This centrifugal force acts radially outwards
producing a bending moment on the shaft. In order
to counteract the effect of this force, another mass
m2 is attached in the same plane of rotation as that of
m1, so that the centrifugal force of this balancing
mass is equal and opposite to that of m1.
Centrifugal force due to m2 is given by
FC2 = m2 .ω.r2.----(ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we get m1.ω.r1 = m2 .ω.r2
OR m1. r1 = m2 . r2

17. Given data: m1 = 210 kg; r1 = 0.25 m. θ1 = 00.

m2 = 320 kg; r2 = 0.20 m. θ2 = 00 + 600 = 600.
m3 = 250 kg; r3 = 0.28 m. θ3 = 600 + 500 = 1100.
m4 = 240 kg; r4 = 0.24 m. θ4 = 1100 + 900 = 2000.
r = 0.25 m.
The product of mass and radius of rotation (centrifugal forces) is given by
FC1 = m1. r1 = 210 x 0.25 = 52.5 kg.m; FC2 = m2. r2 = 320 x 0.20 = 64.0 kg.m
FC3 = m3. r3 = 250 x 0.28 = 70.0 kg.m; FC4 = m4. r4 = 240 x 0.24 = 57.6 kg.m
Analytical method: The sum of horizontal components is given by
ΣH = FC1.cosθ1 + FC2.cosθ2 + FC3.cosθ3 + FC4.cosθ4 = 6.43 kg.m
The sum of vertical components is given by
ΣV = FC1.sinθ1 + FC2.sinθ2 + FC3.sinθ3 + FC4.sinθ4 = 101.5 kg.m
The resultant force R = √( ΣH 2 + ΣV2) = √(6.432 + 101.52) = 101.7 kg.m
The balancing mass is given by R = m.r or m = R/r = 101.7 / 0.25 = 406.8 kg.
Angle of Resultant ; θ = tan-1(𝛴𝑉/𝛴𝑉) = tan-1(101.5/6.5) = 86.370.
Angle of balancing mass; θ1 = 180 + θ = 180 + 86.33 = 266.370.

Graphical method: Draw the force polygon for
the centrifugal forces as shown below.
Take a scale of 10 kg.m = 1 cm.
From the force polygon, we get Resultant AE = 10.17 cm.
Hence R = 101.7 kg.m and θ=860.
Magnitude of balancing mass ;
m = R/r = 101.7 / 0.25 = 406.8 kg.
Angle of balancing mass ; θ1 = 180 + 86 = 2660.
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18.(a) (i) Base circle: It is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
(ii) Pitch circle: It is the circle drawn from the centre of the cam through pitch points.
(iii)Pressure angle: It is the angle between the direction of follower motion and the normal to the pitch curve.
(iv) Lift or stroke: It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to topmost position.

(b) Displacement diagram : The displacement to get the displacement diagram. Repeat the
diagram when the follower moves with uniform same for the outstroke also.
acceleration and retardation is as shown below.
Mark the lift or stroke on Y-axis and the angular
displacement of the cam for outstroke and
return stroke on the X-axis. Divide the angular
displacement θo into any even number of parts
as 1,2,3… and divide the stroke into same
number of even number of parts as a,b,c… Join
Aa to intersect 1 at B , Ab to intersect 2 at B
and so on. Draw smooth curve through A,B,C..

19. Cam profile construction:

Given data: Outstroke = 900 with SHM; Dwell = 300; Return stroke = 600 with uniform velocity;
Minimum cam radius = 40 mm; Lift or stroke = 50 mm.

Displacement diagram: Scale : X-axis: 1cm = 200.

Kumar. K
Sel.Gr. Lecturer , G.Pt, Arakere
Phone: 9844431325