MOMENT-AREA

METHOD
Bonifacio | Eleda | Gogola | Lorio
 OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss the background of

Moment-Area Theorem
2. Derive the main formulas behind
the Moment-Area Method
3. Apply the formulas to the given
types of sample problems
4. Discuss and apply the concept of
the Theorem of Three Methods
 BEAM DEFLECTION

- Refers to the degree to which a

structural element is displaced
due to the forces and loads
being applied to it.

F
BEAM DEFLECTION
 METHODS OF DETERMINING
BEAM DEFLECTION

Conjugate-Beam Method Moment-Area Method

Double-Integration Method Strain-Energy Method

(Castigliano's method)

Method of Superposition Unit-Load Method

(Principle of Virtual Work)
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Founders

Cristian Otto Charles Erza

Mohr Greene

German civil American civil

engineer who engineer who
originally developed formally stated the
the idea for the two concept of the
moment-area moment-area
theorems theorems in 1873
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Definition

This method provides a semi graphical

technique for determining the slope of the
elastic curve and its deflection due to
bending. This is particularly advantageous
when used to solve problems involving
beams, especially those subjected to a
series of concentrated loadings or having
segments with different moments of inertia.
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Things to consider

1. Strain
2. Bending (Flexural Stress)
3. Hooke’s Law
4. Equations of Equilibrium
5. Curvature
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Assumptions

1. Plane sections doesn’t change in length and doesn’t

experience shear deformation

2. The beam’s moment of inertia and the material’s

modulus of elasticity are constant

3. The material is linear and obeys Hooke’s Law

4. There is no twisting or torsion occurring along the beam

5. The cross-section of the beam is constant along the

x-axis
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Assumptions

Real-life structures never meet these

assumptions exactly, but usually approximate
them well enough for the theory to be fairly
accurate.

In practice, many engineers forget these

assumptions and often apply the theory
appropriately, the conservative nature of
structural design (e.g load factors), however,
compensates for this, and structural failures due
to design error rarely occur.
DERIVATION
Linear Strain
DERIVATION
Hooke’s Law
 DERIVATION
Equations of Equilibrium
 DERIVATION
Moment Curvature Relationship

Deflection-differential equation
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Theorem 1

The change in slope between any two

points on the elastic curve equals the area
of the M/EI diagram between these two
points.
DERIVATION
Theorem 1
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Theorem 2

The vertical deviation of the tangent at point A on the

elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended
from another point B equals the “moment” of the area
under the M/EI diagram between the two points A and
B. This moment is computed about point A (the point
on the elastic curve), where the deviation is to be
determined.
DERIVATION
Theorem 2
 MOMENT-AREA METHOD
Additional Info

You can use trigonometry to solve for the deflection

along with the slope at A and B by extending a tangent
line between two points where the slope is 0 since
calculating for the tangential deviation gives the
deflection directly.
 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
M/EI DIAGRAM

01. Determine the support reactions and draw the beam’s M/EI
diagram

If the beam is loaded with concentrated forces, the M/EI diagram

02. will consist of a series of straight line segments, and the areas and
their moments required for the moment-area theorems will be
relatively easy to compute

If the loading consists of a series of concentrated forces and

03. distributed loads, it may be simpler to compute the required M/EI
areas and their moments by drawing the M/EI diagram in parts,
using the method of superposition.
 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
MOMENT-AREA THEOREMS

01. Apply Theorem 1 to determine the angle between two tangents,

and Theorem 2 to determine vertical deviations between these
tangents

02.
Realize that Theorem 2 in general will not yield the displacement of
a point on the elastic curve. When applied properly, it will only give
the vertical distance or deviation of a tangent at point A on the
elastic curve from the tangent at B

03. After applying either Theorem 1 or Theorem 2, the algebraic sign of

the answer can be verified from the angle of deviation as indicated
on the elastic curve
 SIGN CONVENTION

1. POSITIVE VALUES

If the net area of the BMD is positive (mostly sagging),

then:

● the change in slope

between two points is
measured
counterclockwise from the
tangent of the first point
(Mohr’s First Theorem);
● the deflected position of
the member lies above
the produced tangent
(Mohr’s Second Theorem).
 SIGN CONVENTION

2. NEGATIVE VALUES

If the net area of the BMD is negative (mostly hogging),

then:

● the change in slope

between two points is
measured clockwise from
the tangent of the first
point (Mohr’s First
Theorem);
● the deflected position of
the member lies below the
produced tangent (Mohr’s
Second Theorem)
 DETERMINATE STRUCTURE

Determinate structures are analysed just by the use of

basic equilibrium equations.

ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0 ΣM=0

By this analysis, the unknown reactions are found for

the further determination of stresses

EXAMPLE: simply supported beams, cantilever beams,

single and double overhanging beams, three hinged
arches, etc.
Application to Determinate Structures

Sample Problem
 Determinate Structure

A 600-lb/ft uniformly distributed load a applied to the left half of

the cantilever beam ABC in the Figure below. Determine the
magnitude of force P that must the applied as shown so that the
displacement at A is zero
 Determinate Structure
SOLUTION:

Bending Moment Diagram:

the moment
caused by P

the moment
caused by the
distributed load

*The area under the diagram can be divided into four shapes:
rectangle (1), triangles(2&3) and parabola (4)
 Determinate Structure

Elastic Curve:

it satisfies the boundary conditions (δc = θc = 0) and

the requirement the δA = 0. Because the slope of the
elastic curve at C is zero, the tA/C is zero

Therefore, from the second moment-area theorem, we

obtain …
 Determinate Structure

Using the four

subareas shown in
the Figure. Compute
the first moment of
the bending moment
diagram about A, (
the constant EI
cancels)
 Indeterminate Structure
A structure is termed as statically indeterminate, if it can
not be analysed from principles of statics alone, i.e.
Σ H = 0, ΣV=0, Σ M = 0

Examples of indeterminate structures

Fixed beams, continuous beams, fixed arches, two

hinged arches, portals, multistoried frames, etc.

Special methods like strain energy method, slope

deflection method, moment distribution method, column
analogy method, virtual work method, matrix methods, etc
are used for the analysis of redundant structures.
 Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

● Equilibrium conditions are

fully adequate to analyze ● Conditions of equilibrium are
the structure. not adequate to fully analyze
● Bending moment or shear the structure.
force at any section is ● Bending moment or shear
independent of the force at any section depends
material property of the upon the material property.
structure.
 Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

● The bending moment or ● The bending moment or

shear force at any shear force at any section
section is independent depends upon the
of the cross-section or cross-section or moment of
moment of inertia. inertia.
● Temperature variations ● Temperature variations
do not cause stresses. cause stresses.
 Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate Structures

Determinate Structures Indeterminate Structures

● Stresses are caused due to

● No stresses are caused
lack of fit.
due to lack of fit.
● Extra conditions like
● Extra conditions like
compatibility of
compatibility of
displacements are required
displacements are not
to analyze the structure
required to analyze the
along with the equilibrium
structure.
equations.
Application to Indeterminate Structures

Sample Problem
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 Indeterminate Structure

T
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
INTRODUCTION

● Clapeyron derived the Three Moment

Theorem in the year 1857 for the purpose
of “ability to analyse beams in many
structures is crucial to efficient design
● Initially derived for the very general case
of spans with different flexural rigidities,
span lengths and support levels
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
HOW WAS IT DEVELOPED?

Consider
the How to
following SOLVE?
two internal
spans of an
arbitrary
continuous
beam
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
HOW TO SOLVE?

FIRST:

Calculate two vertical

intercepts

Which will result in:

Eqn. 1

Eqn. 2
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
SOLVE FOR USING THOSE TWO EQUATIONS

After Solving
Eqn. 1

Eqn. 2
We Get

NOTE:

Is negative since it is upwards

 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
SOLVE FOR USING THOSE TWO EQUATIONS

Add the two equations and we get:

Since EI is common we have::

Eqn. 3
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
DETERMINE THE 1ST MOMENT AREA OF THE 2 FINAL BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM IN
TERMS OF THE FREE AND REACTANT BENDING FREE MOMENT DIAGRAMS

Eqn. 4

Reactant BMD has been broken into a

rectangular and triangular parts we have:

Eqn. 5
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
INTRODUCE EQUATION 4 AND 5 TO EQUATION 3

Eqn. 3
Eqn. 4

Eqn. 5

We Have
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
USING ALGEBRA TO SOLVE FOR THE EQUATION

And we have……...
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

The Three Moment Equation

 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
DETAILS ABOUT THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

The Three Moment Equation

Eqn. 6

The term in the brackets represents the total

angular discontinuity At B if A, B and C
were pinned supports
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
USE EQUATIONS 1 AND 2 WITH MOHR’S THEOREM TO FIND THE EQUATIONS FOR

Eqn. 1

Eqn. 2

Eqn. 7
Application of the Three Moment Theorem

Sample Problem
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example

Analyse the given beam shown in Figure 5.28(a) by the

three moment equation. Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagram
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example

First, we must first illustrate the simply supported moment diagram

on AB, BC, and CD
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example

Since the Also the moment

Support A is at D is MD =
simply (-20)(2)
supported = -40kNm
therefore MA = 0
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example

Then, we need to apply the three moment theorem to span AB and BC

Three
Moment
Equation
Just Substitute

OR 6MB+MC=-456
EQN. 1
 THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example

MD =20kNm

Then, we need to apply the three moment theorem to span BC and CD

Three
Moment
Equation
Just Substitute

OR MB+5MC=-556
EQN. 2
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS
Example
 Thank you for
listening, have
a good day!
 References
● http://web.ncyu.edu.tw/~lanjc/lesson/C3/class/Chap06-A.pdf
● Book: Structural Analysis: Eight Edition by R.C. Hibeller
http://www.civilittee-hu.com/uploads/1/Structure/book8th.pdf
● Book: Structural Analysis III by Dr. C. Caprani
http://www.colincaprani.com/files/notes/SAIII/5%20-%20Moment-Area%20Method.pdf
● Youtube Channel: Calvin Rans, 8.1 Moment Curvature Relationship
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUPb-U1iC7E
● Youtube Channel: ENG1001atMonash, 7.2 - Beams: Simple Beam Theory, Derivation
of Euler Bernoulli and Bending Stress Formulae
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbcNglXxHFw
● Youtube Channel: structurefree, Flexure Formula (Part 2) - Mechanics of Materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITwBg_JT5nw
● Youtube Channel: The Efficient Engineer, Understanding the Deflection of Beams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvBqCeZllpQ