Review on the Set of Real Numbers

Zero = Z0 → additive identity element for

addition
→ central number of the R/median R
→ represents nothingness
→ symbol is 0
The set of zero is with one element.

Natural Numbers (N)

N = {1, 2, 3,...}
→ positive integers or non–negative and non
zero-integers
→ the smallest element is 1
→is also known as the Counting Numbers
Negative Integers (Z-)
_
Z = { -1, -2,-3,...}
→ the biggest element is -1.
→ it goes to negative infinity (excluding values in
between the form (-)a/b where the denominator will not
yield to 1

Whole Numbers (W) = Zo and Z+

W = { 0,1,2,3,...}

Integers (Z)= Z- U Z0 U Z+

Non-Integral (Z’ OR Zc)

Examples: 3.1, 0.3333 = 1/3, ¾=0.75

Rational Numbers (Q) = Z U Z’

Irrational Numbers
Examples: square root of 5; square root 3
pi

Real Numbers R = Q U Q’

Set is a well-defined collection of objects

Ex. Set of integers
Set of green leafy vegetables
Set of students enrolled in Math 101 with EDP
code 97473
2 ways in writing a set:
1. Listing Method
→ elements in a set are enumerated
A = { a, e, i, o, u}
A = {..., -2, -1, 0 , 1, 2,...}
2. Rule Method/Descriptive Method
→ done by stating rules/descriptions
/characteristics of the elements
A = {vowels}
A= {set of integers}
A= {x/x is an integer}
Classification of Sets according to its Cardinality:
Cardinality refers to the number of elements in the set

Types of Sets
FINITE SET- A set with the number of its elements can
be assigned with any counting/natural/positive integers.
Finite Set- is a set with a finite cardinality of its elements
> is a set with the number of elements can be assigned to
a positive integer
> elements can be counted i.e. the number of elements in
the set is a counting number

Empty Set {}
→ a set with NO element
Universal Set
→ a set which contains ALL elements under investigation
Equal Sets
A=B if A and B have the same members
Equivalent Sets
A←→B if A and B have the same cardinality.
Meaning, the two sets have the same number of
elements.
A = {primary colors}
B= { , , ,}
Therefore, A ←→ B.

Subsets
Proper Subset (A⊂B)

A⊂B if all the elements in A are in B, but A has

fewer elements than B.

Improper Subsets

*{} –null set is an improper subset of any sets.

* The set itself is an improper subset.

A⊆B if all the elements in A are in B and A =B