I.

Parabola
II. Ellipse
III. Hyperbola

2/4/2016 7:18:30 PM 3
PARABOLA
A Parabola is a locus of a point which moves so
that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called
focus and to a fixed straight line called directrix.
Y-axis
Where,
V(0,0) a = distance from
a a LR vertex V to focus F
X-axis
d f d = distance from point
Directrix to directrix
P(x,y) f = focal distance
General Equations
Y-axis
1. Axis parallel to
the y-axis:
X-axis
Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 O(0,0)

Y-axis
2. Axis parallel to
the x-axis:
X-axis
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 O(0,0)
Standard Equations
Vertex V at origin (0,0) Y-axis
y2 = 4ax

1. Axis along x-axis

opens to the right X-axis
O(0,0)

Y-axis
y2 = -4ax
2. Axis along x-axis
opens to the left
X-axis
O(0,0)
Standard Equations
Vertex V at origin (0,0) Y-axis
x2 = 4ay
3. Axis along y-axis
opening upward X-axis
V(0,0)

Y-axis
4. Axis along y-axis x2 = -4ay
opening downward V(0,0)
X-axis
Standard Equations
Vertex V at (h,k)
Y-axis (y-k)2 = 4a(x-h)
1. Axis along x-axis
opens to the right
V(h,k)
(Opens to the right if a is positive)
O(0,0) X-axis
−D
a=
4C
2. Axis along x-axis Y-axis
(y-k)2 = -4a(x-h)
opens to the left
V(h,k)
(Opens to the left if a is negative) O(0,0)
X-axis
−D
a=
4C
Standard Equations
Vertex V at origin (h,k)
Y-axis
3. Axis along y-axis
opening upward (x-h)2 = 4a(y-k)
(Opens Upward if a is positive) V(h,k) X-axis
O(0,0)
−D
a=
4A
Y-axis
4. Axis along y-axis (x-h)2 = 4a(y-k)
opening to the left
V(h,k)
(Opens Downward if a is negative) X-axis
O(0,0)
−D
a=
4A
Eccentricity of a Parabola, e:
- is the ratio of the distance to the focus to the f
distance to the directrix. Note: f = d. e= =1
d
Latus Rectum of a Parabola, LR:
- Is a line that passes through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of the conic. LR = 4a

When the equation given is a general equation rather than

standard equation, the vertex V(h,k) of the parabola and its focal
length or focal radius “a” can be calculated by converting the
general equation to standard using the process known as
completing the square.
The following formulas can be obtained:

For Axis Horizontal: Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

E2 − 4CF −E −D
h= k= a=
4CD 2C 4C

For Axis Vertical: Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

−D 2
D − 4AF −D
h= k= a=
2A 4AE 4A
I. PARABOLA: y = 2x2 – 7x + 5
Past Board Problems 2x2 – 7x – y + 5 = 0
For Axis Vertical: Ax2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
1. Find the equation of the
−D − (−7) 7
axis of symmetry of the h= = =
2A 2(2) 4
function y = 2x2 – 7x + 5. 2 2
D − 4AF (−7) − 4(2)(5)
a. 7x + 4 = 0 b. 4x + 7 = 0 k= =
4AE 4(2)(−1)
c. 4x - 7 = 0 d. x - 2 = 0 9 7 9
k=- ; V( , - )
Solution: 8 4 8
−D −(−7) 7
Y-axis a= = = (Opens Upward)
4A 4(2) 8
y = 2x2 – 7x + 5 7
h = x = (For Axis of Symmetry)
4
4x = 7
X-axis Thus,
7 9
V( , - )
4 8 4x – 7 = 0 4x – 7 = 0
2. Compute the focal length y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0
and the length of latus For Axis Horizontal: Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
rectum of parabola 2 2
E − 4CF (−6) − 4(1)(25)
y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0. h=
4CD
=
4(1)(8)
= -2
−E −(−6)
a. 2 , 8 b. 4 , 16 k= = = 3 ; V(-2,3)
2C 2(1)
c. 16 , 64 d. 1 , 4 −D −8
a= = = -2 (Opens to the left)
4C 4(1)
Solution:
LR = 4a = 4(-2) = -8
Y-axis Note: The negative sign denotes the
y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0 opening of a parabola.
Thus,
V(-2,3) LR = 8 a = 2 & LR = 8
X-axis
a=2
 64 m
3. An arch 18 m high has V(0,0)
the form of parabola with a 8m
vertical axis. The length of a (-32,-8)
32 m 32 m
(32,-8)
horizontal beam placed 18 m
across the arch 8 m from (-x,-18) x x (x,-18)
the top is 64 m. Find the 2x = ?
width of the arch at the
x2 = - 4ay ; (Opening Downward)
bottom. @ P(32,-8); x = 32, y = -8
a. 86 m b. 96 m (32)2 = - 4a(-8)
a = 32 m
c. 106 m d. 76 m @ P(x, -18); y = -18
Solution: x2 = - 4(32)(-18)
x = 48 m
Thus,
2x = 2(48) = 96 m
4. Find the location of the y2 + 4x – 4y – 8 = 0
focus of the parabola y2 + For Axis Horizontal: Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
4x – 4y – 8 = 0. 2 2
E − 4CF (−4) − 4(1)(−8)
h=
4CD
=
4(1)(4)
=3
a. (2.5, -2) b. (3, 1)
−E −(−4)
c. (2, 2) d. (-2.5, -2) k= = = 2; V(3, 2)
2C 2(1)
Solution: a=
−D −4
= = -1 (Opens to the left)
4C 4(1)
Y-axis y2 + 4x – 4y – 8 = 0 Then,
F(h-a, k)
F(2,2)
a
V(3,2) Thus,
X-axis F(3-1, 2) → F(2, 2)
5. A parabola has its focus Since,
at (7,-4) and directrix directrix is y = 2 (Axis is Vertical)
y = 2. Find its equation. F(7,-4) → F(h, k-a)
-4 = k – a ; h=7
a. x2 + 12y – 14x + 61 = 0 k=a–4
b. x2 – 14y + 12x + 61 = 0 Then,
a = y – k = 2 – k = 2 – (a – 4)
c. x2 – 12y + 14x + 61 = 0 a=6–a
d. None of the above a = 3 ; k = -1 (y > k)
(Opening Downward)
Solution:
And,
Y-axis V(h,k) → V(7,-1)
y=2 x + 12y – 14x + 61 = 0
2
Thus,
a=3 X-axis (x – h)2 = -4a(y – k)
V(7,-1)
(x – 7) 2 = -4(3)(y + 1)

x2 – 14x + 49 = -12y – 12
x2 – 14x + 12y + 61 = 0
ELLIPSE
An Ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that so that
the sum of its distance to the fixed points (foci) is constant
and is equal to the length of the major axis (2a).
Y-axis
Major Axis
When the point is located along
Major Axis = 2a the minor axis as shown in the
P(x,y)
d1 d2 following figure:
V1(-a,0) C(0,0) V2(a,0) b
LR X-axis Y-axis
F1(-c,0) F2(c,0) b d1 = a
P(x,y)
d2 = a
c
V1
d1 b d2 V2
a Minor Axis X-axis
D F1 c C F2
directrix

General Equations
Ax2 + Cy2 Dx + Ey + F = 0 Note: d1 + d2 = 2a
 Standard Equations:
a
b Center, C(0,0):
c
Major axis is horizontal:
The relationship between a, b Y-axis
& c is:
x2 y2
V1 C V2
b2 + c2 = a2 F1 F2 X-axis
+ =1
a 2 b2
with a is always greater than b.
If D & E = 0, center is at the Major axis is horizontal:
origin (0,0). Y-axis V1

If either D or E, or both D & E ≠ F1

0, center is at (h,k). C X-axis

F2 x2 y2
+ =1
b2 a2
V2
Standard Equations:
Center, C(h,k): Eccentricity of an Ellipse, e:
Major axis is horizontal: - is the ratio of the distance to
Y-axis the focus to the distance to the
V1 C(h,k) V2 directrix. Note: f = c & d = a
F1 F2
x−h 2 f c a
2
+ X-axis
e= = <1 d=
a
y−k 2 d a c
=1
b2 Latus Rectum of an Ellipse, LR:
Major axis is horizontal:
Y-axis V1
- Is a line that passes through
F1 the focus and perpendicular
C
to the axis of the conic.
x−h 2 X-axis
+ F2 2
b2 2b
y−k 2
V2 LR = a
 The following formulas can be obtained:
General Equation: Ax2 + Cy2 Dx + Ey + F = 0

−D −E
h=
2A
k=
2C C = a2 − b2

a = C When, C > A a = A When, A > C

b = A When, C > A b = C When, A > C

II. ELLIPSE: Y-axis
Past Board Problems a a
b a
1. The lengths of the major 2b = 8
F1(-c,0) F2(c,0)
X-axis
b
and minor axes of an
c c
ellipse are 10 m and 8 m, 2a = 10
respectively. Find the
distance between the 2a = 10 ; a = 5 a
foci. b
2b = 8 ; b = 4
Then, c
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
Solution: c = a2 − b2 = 52 − 42 = 3
Thus,
Distance between foci, 2c:
2c = 2(3) = 6 m
2. An ellipse with an Y-axis
a a
eccentricity of 0.65 and a
b
has one of its foci 2 units 2b = 8
F1(-c,0) F2(c,0)
X-axis
b
from the center. The
c=2c=2
length of the latus rectum 2a = 10
is nearest to
a. 3.5 units b. 3.8 units c c 2
e= ; a= = = 3.0769
a e 0.65
c. 4.2 units d. 3.2 units Then,
Solution: b = a2 −c2

a b = (3.0769)2 −(2)2 = 2.338

b
Thus,
c 2 2
2b 2(2.338)
LR = a = = 3.55 u
3.0769
3. Find the major axis of 4. The length of latus
the ellipse x2 + 4y – 2x – rectum for the ellipse
8y + 1 = 0. x2 y2
+ =1 is equal to:
64 16
a. 32 b. 10 c. 4 d. 6
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
Solution:
Solution:
x2 + 4y – 2x – 8y + 1 = 0
x2 y2
General Equation: From, + =1
a 2 2
Ax2 + Cy2 Dx + Ey + F = 0 b
Then, a2 = 64 ; a = ±8
a= 𝑪= 𝟒=±2 b2 = 16 ; b = ±4
Thus, Thus,
Major Axis = 2a = 2(2) 2 2
2b 2(4)
LR = a = = 4 units
= 4 units 8
5. The major axis of the 1
a a
e=
elliptical path in which the 60
earth moves around the sun
is approximately 186,000,000 c c
Perigee
miles and the eccentricity of
Apogee = a + c a-c
the ellipse is 1/60. Determine
the apogee of the earth.
2a = 186,000,000 ;
a. 93,000,000 miles
a = 93,000,000 mi
b. 91,450,000 miles Then,
c. 94,335,100 miles 1
c = ae = 93,000,000
d. 94,550,000 miles 60
c = 1,550,000 mi
Solution: Thus,
Apogee = a + c = 94,550,000 mi
HYPERBOLA
A Hyperbola is a locus of a point which moves so that so
that the difference of the distances to the fixed points (foci) is
constant and is equal to the length of the transeverse axis
(2a).
Y-axis
c
directrices Conjugate axis b
V2
a
Transverse axis
b F1 C F2
X-axis
V1
D
a
assymptote
c
 Transverse axis – is the axis that passes through the foci,
vertices and the center of the hyperbola.
Conjugate axis – is the one that is perpendicular to the
transverse axis.

General Equations
Y-axis
1. Transverse Axis - Conjugate axis
directrices
Horizontal: V2
Ax2 – Cy2+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
Transverse axis
b F1 C F2
X-axis
V1
D
a
assymptote
c
Length of Transverse 2. Transverse Axis –
Axis, 2a: Horizontal:
Cx2 – Ay2+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
2a = 2 C a= C
F1(-2,2.73)
Length of Conjugate
c c = 1.73
Axis, 2a: a
C(-2,1) b
c = 1.73
2b = 2 A b= A X-axis

F1(-2,-0.73)
 c
Standard Equations b

Center C at (0,0): a

1. Transverse Axis -
c
Horizontal b
a

x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2

2. Transverse Axis –
Vertical
c a
y2 x2 b
X-axis
− =1
a2 b2
 c
Standard Equations b

Center C at (h,k): a

1. Transverse Axis -
c
Horizontal b
a
2 2
(x−h) (y−k)
− =1
a2 b
2

2. Transverse Axis –
Vertical
c a
2 2 b
(y−k) (x−h) X-axis
− =1
a2 b
2
III. HYPERBOLA: 9x2 – 4y2 – 36 + 8y = 4
Past Board Problems General Equation:
Ax2 – Cy2 Dx + Ey + F = 0
1. Find the eccentricity of
Then,
the curve 9x2 – 4y2 – 36
a= C= 4=±2
+ 8y = 4.
b= A= 9=±3
a. 1.80 b. 1.92
c. 1.86 d. 1.76 c = a2 +b2 = 22 +32 = 13
Thus,
Solution:
c 13
e=a= = 1.80
2
c b c
a b
a
2. How far from the x-axis is x 2 – 2y2 + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0

the focus F of the hyperbola General Equation:

x – 2y + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0?
2 2 Ax 2 – Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Then,
a. 4.5 b. 3.4 −D −4
h= = = -2
c. 2.7 d. 2.1 2A 2(1)
−E −4
Solution: k= = =1
2C 2(−2)
F1(-2,2.73) b= C=± 2
c = 1.73
a= A= 1=±1
c a
C(-2,1) b c = 1+2 = 3
c = 1.73
c 3
X-axis
e = = = 1.73
a 1
F1(-2,-0.73)
From the figure,
D1 = 1 + c = 1 + 1.73 = 2.73
D = 1 – c = 1 – 1.73 = -0.73
3. The semi-transverse axis of c
b
x2 y2
the hyperbola – = 1 is x2 y2 a
9 4 – =1
9 4
a. 2 b. 4 From Standard Form:
c. 3 d. 5 x2 y 2
– =1
Solution: a 2 2
b
Then,
a2 = 9
c b a = ±3
a Thus,
Semi-transverse axis = a = 3
Semi-transverse axis
4. What is the equation of the x2 y2
asymptote of the hyperbola – =1
9 4
x 2 y2 From Standard Form:
– =1?
9 4 x2 y 2 c
– =1 b
a. 2x – 3y = 0 b. 3x -2y = 0 a 2 2
b a
c. 2x – y = 0 d. 2x + y = 0 Then,
a2 = 9 ; a = ±3
Solution:
b2 = 4 ; b = ±2
y=±ax
b Thus,
The Assymptote equation,
c b 2
b y=±ax=± x
a 3
±3y = 2x
2x ±3y = 0
Assymptote
5. 4x2 – y2 = 16 is the equation 4x2 – y2 = 16
of a/an Transforming it into a
a. Parabola b. Hyperbola standard form of the locus,
c. Circle d. Ellipse x2 y 2
– =1
4 16
Solution: which is an equation of a
hyperbola.
Thus,
4x2 – y2 = 16 is a Hyperbola
THE END