International Journal of Construction Management

ISSN: 1562-3599 (Print) 2331-2327 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjcm20

Proposing building information modeling-based

theoretical framework for construction and
demolition waste management: strategies and
tools

Sakshi Gupta, Kumar Neeraj Jha & Gayatri Vyas

To cite this article: Sakshi Gupta, Kumar Neeraj Jha & Gayatri Vyas (2020): Proposing building
information modeling-based theoretical framework for construction and demolition waste
management: strategies and tools, International Journal of Construction Management, DOI:
10.1080/15623599.2020.1786908

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1786908

Published online: 01 Jul 2020.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1786908

Proposing building information modeling-based theoretical framework

for construction and demolition waste management: strategies and tools
Sakshi Guptaa,b, Kumar Neeraj Jhaa and Gayatri Vyasc
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India; bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Amity
School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, Haryana, India; cDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of
Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
Waste generated throughout the construction and demolition (C&D) process has become a great chal- Building information
lenge and hindrance toward the sustainable development as it creates environmental degradation. modeling; construction and
Proper management of the construction and demolition waste is a complex process and requires a lot of demolition waste; waste
management; framework;
analytical thinking. This necessitates developing some strategies and tools for the minimization of waste. strategies; tools;
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a new technology worldwide which has varied construction industry
applications. The aim of this work is to explore the C&D waste management (C&DWM) strategies and
tools which could help in minimizing the C&D waste (C&DW) at the source as well as design stage itself
by utilizing BIM platform. The limitations of the BIM-based tools for C&D waste management have been
recognized to give a clear understanding and future requirements for developing the tools to cater to
those limitations. A BIM-based theoretical C&D waste management framework has been proposed includ-
ing the strategies leading to logistics and economic analysis. Furthermore, the results provide valuable
information for the practitioners to make suitable decisions on how to utilize BIM platform for C&DWM at
various stages of the project especially the design stage.

Introduction facilitated by digital, machine-readable documentation about a

Construction industry is an excessive exploiter of main resources
and a vast producer of wastes and on these lines the industry is
essential to conform to the sustainability aspects. With the pas-
sage of time, the construction industry has continuously seen its
projects becoming complicated to manage due to complexity,
inadequate responses from the architecture, engineering and con-
struction (AEC) industry and increased complications of the sup-
ply chain as well as the contractual provisions. Along with this,
the difficulty comes from growing need to build smart and sus-
tainable buildings. This urges to use materials which are sustain-
able in nature and may be obtained by reuse or recycling. With
the rapid industrialization and development of infrastructure
over the last two decades, the environmental impacts of
construction and demolition (C&D) activities have drawn lot of
consideration from both academia and industry. Effective con-
struction and demolition waste management (C&DWM) practi-
ces must be followed to curb the waste generation problem with
the growing awareness of environmental sustainability (Wong
and Zhou 2015). C&D materials waste which includes building
material, debris and rubble, etc. are produced when there is new
construction taking place or when existing structures are being
renovated or demolished (MoEFCC 2016; Jain et al. 2018). These
structures comprise of all buildings (residential and non-residen-
tial) and projects related to public works such as road, bridges,
dams, etc. (Abdelhamid 2014).
Building information modeling (BIM) has been defined in the
BIM Handbook (Eastman et al. 2011) as “a verb or adjective
phrase to describe tools, processes, and technologies that are
building, its performance, its planning, its construction and later
its operation”. The consequence of BIM is a building information
model which is an integrated system built on an organized and
reliable data. It is an important innovative and transformational
technology presenting substantial benefits to the construction
industry (Ginzburg 2019). The widespread acceptance of BIM
has revolutionized the design, construction, delivery, and oper-
ation of the building projects throughout the world (Eastman
et al. 2011). BIM has previously been practised (RIBA 2013) for
some years in the construction industry but was extensively
accepted only a few years ago by governments, local authorities,
and private organizations (Ghaffarianhoseini et al. 2017).
Talking about the developing nations particularly India; it is
still at the early commencing stage of the implementation of
BIM (Ahuja et al. 2020). The advantages of BIM in various kinds
of construction projects are widespread and are usually familiar-
ized by the stakeholders involved in the project (Gu and London
2010). Since waste generation is an ever-growing menace and
requires some steps to be taken, the utilization of BIM tools
could prove to be useful. Regardless of the prospects to minimise
C&D waste (C&DW) at the design stage, existing waste manage-
ment tools such as NETWaste, DoWT-B, SMARTWaste, etc. are
really not useful to architects and structural designers (Osmani
et al. 2008). There are several studies which have identified BIM
as a potential platform for designing out waste but none of them
have actually given any explicit information on utilization of
BIM for such purpose (Liu et al. 2011; Porwal and Hewage 2012;
Ajayi et al. 2015; Ahuja et al. 2020).

CONTACT Sakshi Gupta sg.structures18@gmail.com; sakshi.gupta@civil.iitd.ac.in

ß 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 S. GUPTA ET AL.
Based on the literature, it can be seen that BIM is relatively a
new and untapped field in C&DWM especially in India but has
a vast possibility with day-to-day computing powers and techno-
logical advancements. The objectives of the present work are
as follows:
i. An assessment of the extant literature to comprehend the
state-of-the-art on C&D waste management and related
concepts in the construction industry.
ii. To explore the various strategies and tools for C&D waste
management and understand the utilization of such strat-
egies to tackle the C&D waste.
iii. To assess the different tools related to C& D waste manage-
ment strategies and explore their features and limitations
related to BIM.
iv. To propose a BIM-based C&DWM theoretical framework
taking into consideration all the strategies for C&D
waste management.
The theoretical framework is the result of literature review
covering even the economic analysis which will act as a decision
aid tool for feasibility of the framework. BIM is not utilized as
there is an absence of specialized technical expertise, improper
training to use BIM, and above all most of them are not even
aware of its methodology, especially in India. These days BIM
has been emphasizing to offer more chances for construction
waste minimization (Liu et al. 2011; Porwal and Hewage 2012)
but no existing BIM software tools exhibit the waste prediction
and minimization functions to its full extent. Thus, the limita-
tions of the BIM-based tools for C&DWM have also been identi-
fied to give a clear understanding and future requirements for
developing the tools which could cater to those limitations.
Managing C&DW in an efficient manner is a critical element so
as to save the environment, natural resources, economy, civiliza-
tion, etc. Through the research gaps, it has been found that inte-
gration of BIM for C&DWM is extremely significant in the
current scenario of construction industry because of the unsus-
tainable nature of the construction industry (mainly in India)
especially in terms of C&DWM. As a solution to mitigate the
problem of C&DW, the present work tends to introduce a theor-
etical framework to tackle the C&DW using BIM tools and tech-
nologies. This study will help to cater to the necessity for the
advancement of BIM-based tool for simulating various forms of
C&DWM; especially at the design stage. This would help in inte-
gration of waste management strategies into BIM platform offer-
ing an influential collaboration, which would in-turn favour the
recreation of added building performances.
Methodology
An extant literature review was undertaken and due to the
uniqueness of BIM technology, the last 20 years’ work was taken
into consideration. After going through the titles and abstracts
some papers were excluded from the list of research papers and
articles considered in the study. An exploration was performed
to categorize the papers related to only C&DWM and BIM,
C&DWM strategies/tools, BIM-based C&DWM, and BIM based
tools for C&DWM. Based on a literature review and the gaps in
literature, a theoretical framework for BIM-based C&DWM has
been proposed. The detailed methodology of the work has been
presented in the subsequent sections throwing light on the vari-
ous C&DWM strategies and tools along with the basis of the
proposed theoretical framework.
3. C&DWM strategies and tools
Many researchers have worked in the field of C&DWM and
came out with various strategies and tools to minimize or tackle
the C&DW at several stages of the project. Waste management
has become an important part of each project delivery process
for all countries in the world. Ekanayake and Ofori (2004) char-
acterized the waste minimization strategies into planning and
control. Strategy based on planning focused on basically the pre-
ventive measures rather than remedial measures. Planning strat-
egies that embrace waste minimization are quality design,
effective construction scheduling, and site layout. The study also
discovered that the key causes of design waste are design changes
during construction work is being carried out, inexperienced
designers, and absence of dimensional coordination (Ekanayake
and Ofori 2004).
In Hong Kong, the waste management mapping model
(WMMM) was proposed by Shen et al. (2004) which proposed
that a C&DWM plan must be acquainted earlier before the
beginning of the construction activities. Similarly, various other
studies proposed different strategies and tools such as waste
management performance assessment tool (WMPAT) based on
excel and visual basic. Osmani (2013) conducted a study that
recognized the main causes of design waste with respect to their
sources and origin, amid the building’s lifecycle especially in the
design phase. Various investigations to mitigate the production
of waste during design stage have been carried out (Faniran and
Caban 1998; Osmani et al. 2008; Won and Cheng 2017; Akinade
et al. 2018).
The detailed strategies and tools that have been found out through
various studies have been discussed in the subsequent sections.
3.1 C&DWM strategies
A C&DWM strategy consists of a wide-ranging strategy such as
reduce, reuse, recycle, disposal or landfill. Efficient waste man-
agement strategies require segregation of all wastes at source
which are produced during the C&D process and then decreas-
ing it to the smallest possible quantity. In the recent years, sev-
eral researchers and organizations have been carrying out related
researches and have proposed various waste management strat-
egies. In the year 1998, Faniran and Caban categorized the strat-
egies for C&DWM as reducing, reusing, recycling, or disposal/
landfilling (see Figure 1). Based on the model as shown in
Figure 1, many C&DWM strategies have been anticipated such
as waste disposal charging structure, sorting- on-site and off-site,
prefabrication, site waste management plans, demolition, etc.
When ‘reducing’ and ‘reusing’ become impractical, recycling
(recover) becomes the best option. Recycling of waste diminishes
the requirement of mining raw materials which in-turn affects
biodiversity and leads to depletion of materials (Poon 2007). If
recycling is also not a possible option, then the waste needs to
be disposed-off into the landfill which impacts the environment
drastically.
In the UK, diverse strategies have been implemented at vari-
ous Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) plans of work
encompassing tactical description, preparation and brief, concept
design, established technical design, construction, hand-over and
in-use stages which have been categorized as follows (see
Figure 2) (WRAP 2011a, 2011b; RIBA 2013; Akinade et al. 2015;
Akinade et al. 2018):
i. Sorting and recycling (Construction stage)
ii. Reuse and recovery (Construction and post-construction stage)

Figure 1. Waste management hierarchy (Faniran and Caban 1998).
Figure 2. Existing waste management strategies (RIBA 2013; Ajayi et al. 2015).
iii. Utilization of waste prediction tools (Design stage)
iv. Site waste management plan (Pre-construction and
design stage)
v. Design for flexibility and deconstruction (Design and
post-construction stage)
vi. Off-site construction (Design and construction stage)
vii. Waste efficient procurement (Construction stage)
viii. Legislative and tax measures (Construction stage)
ix. Sorting and recycling requires either on-site or off-site
sorting of the C&DW. This waste is recycled for construc-
tion purposes at the same site or for off-site or recycled
for other sectors. Waste recycling strategy has been recog-
nized to avert waste landfilling which is the most detri-
mental treatment of waste from the environment point of
view in the construction industry. Recycling is imple-
mented after the waste has arisen and then leads to sort-
ing the waste into recyclable or non-recyclable during the
construction activities and at the recycling sites (Manfredi
et al. 2009).
x. Material reuse and recovery is generally from the same
projects, industrial waste or other construction projects. It
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 3
is a dynamic method to divert waste from landfill sites which
are degrading the environment. C&D materials have been
extensively reused for land reclamation, surfacing of the
roads and even as recycled aggregates in concrete.
Akbarnezhad et al. (2014) suggested a few features based on
earlier studies that can be utilized with BIM to provide the
benefits for the reusing and recycling strategy at the end-of-
life of the building. The various attributes are recyclability,
reusability, geographic coordinates, condition-related and
structural, handling, installation as well as disassembly.
xi. Off-site construction considers prefabrication of compo-
nents, pre-casting of structural elements and design for
off-site construction (Yin et al. 2019). Off-site construction
and BIM technology bring advantages like reduction in
material waste and is looked upon as a capable construc-
tion technique for reducing the construction waste (Jaillon
et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2015). This has been validated by
studies in Hong Kong, where 52% (avg.) reduction in con-
crete waste (Jaillon et al. 2009) and 70% of reduction in
concrete usage was achieved by utilizing off-site construc-
tion methods.
4 S. GUPTA ET AL.
Figure 3. BIM-based strategies for C&DWM (Akinade et al. 2018).
xii. Flexibility and deconstruction involves dimensional coord-
ination and standardization, design for material optimiza-
tion and design for deconstruction (DfD). It is one of the
established strategy for C&DWM. It is seen that satisfac-
tory planning for the buildings’ end- of-life is important
while taking into consideration the deconstruction at the
design and construction phases. This would guarantee a
large amount of material and component reuse, thus
diverting considerable amount of demolition waste (DW)
from landfill (Akinade et al. 2015).
xiii. Site waste management plan (SWMP) gives the pre-construc-
tion measures already taken, reusing and recycling targets
and other waste diversion and minimization measures.
xiv. Legislative and tax measures generally include imposing of
landfill tax, sustainable design appraisal tool (e.g.
BREEAM) and other levies and fines.
xv. Utilization of waste tools is usually for waste prediction,
comparing design options and improving the waste effi-
ciency. It includes the utilization of various tools, generally
at the design stage, for prediction of probable waste gener-
ating from construction processes (Ajayi et al. 2015). To
predict the construction waste, various models have been
used such as BWAS, Netwaste, DoWT-B, etc., (Ekanayake
and Ofori 2004; Solıs-Guzman et al. 2009; WRAP 2011b).
xvi. Waste efficient procurement is an important phase for con-
struction waste management (CWM) planning in projects
including strategies like just in time delivery (JIT), reduced
material packaging, and enhanced supply chain
collaboration.
While evaluating industry stakeholders’ prospects on utiliza-
tion of BIM technology for designing out C&DW, five BIM
strategies were highlighted for CW Analytics (Akinade et al.
2018). These are summarized in Figure 3. Akinade et al. (2018)
stressed upon the necessity of utilization of BIM for C&DW
minimization. The study also revealed that no existing C&DWM
tool is BIM compatible in spite of a number of advantages of
BIM utilization in enhancing building process performances. The
study also helped in refining the consideration of BIM function-
alities and a need to improve the effectiveness of the prevailing
C&DWM tools. The study found that exploiting the existing
technological potentials into BIM would definitely benefit in
achieving extraordinary C&DW analysis performance. The major
problems revealed in the study are clashes, uncertainty in cost
and time, waste, and risks which ascend basically due to lack of
communication, coordination, and collaboration. Certainty in
time, decrease in the amount of material waste and enhanced
project quality are some of the other benefits of BIM. Therefore,
the necessity to implement BIM for effective coordination of par-
ticipating project teams can be seen and taken up for fur-
ther studies.
Thus, different researchers have come out with different strat-
egies but the most common one are the 3R’s and ultimately
landfilling which have been more sophisticatedly characterized
by the researchers. The researchers are still finding out the way
to decrease the amount of waste at the design stage itself by
implementing the various strategies.
3.2 C&DWM tools
There are numerous waste management tools and practices that
have evolved with time. Various studies (WRAP 2011a, 2011b;
Akinade et al. 2018) revealed that recent research trends in
C&DWM can be characterized into five different broad catego-
ries (Please refer Tables 1 and 2). Table 1 categorizes the differ-
ent C&DWM tools and the different tools that are a part of each
category as mentioned. Table 2 is depicting the areas of applica-
tion of various C&DWM tools and it is clear from the table that
most of the tools are area-specific and cannot be generalized.
The five broad categories are as follows:
a. Waste management plans and guides (WMP&G) which are
the written records or guides that help in achieving the aim
of managing (reducing, recycling, recovering or disposing)
the C&DW during the lifecycle of the construction projects.

Table 1. Construction and demolition waste management (C&DWM) tools.
Waste management plans and guides (WMP&G)
Waste prediction tools
GIS-enabled waste tools
Waste quantification models
Collection of waste data and audit tools
Table 2. C&DWM tools with their application areas.
S.No. Category (References)
1 Waste management plans and guides
(Poon et al. 2004; Ekanayake and Ofori
2004; WRAP. 2008)
2 Waste data collection tools (BRE
2007, 2008)
3 Waste estimation tools (WRAP 2009,
2011a, 2011b)
4 Environmental assessment tools
(Akinade et al. 2015, 2018)
b. Waste prediction tools were technologically advanced to
support the practitioners to predict the probable waste out-
put of the building construction projects. They have the
ability to estimate the construction wastes before the actual
waste occurs with varying degree of accuracy. They capture
and then analyze the building design specifications to gener-
ate waste estimate with the recognition of the most suitable
construction materials. For instance, more precise estima-
tion of waste is done by NWT and DoWT-B but these can
be utilized only after bill of quantity (BOQ) has been gener-
ated (WRAP 2011a, 2011b).
c. Waste quantification models offer practices to quantify the
amount of waste produced from building projects. There is
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 5
 Cost effective waste management plan (Mills et al. 1999)
 Site waste management plan –SWMP (WRAP. 2008)
 Material logistics plan (WRAP. 2007)
 Design out waste guide (WRAP. 2009)
 Procurement guide (WRAP. 2010)
 Demolition protocol
 Smartwaste (Mcgrath 2001)
 Net waste tool -NWT (WRAP. 2011)
 Design out waste tool for buildings - DoWT-B (WRAP. 2011a)
 Web-based construction waste estimation system – WCWES (Li and Zhang 2013)
 DeconRCM (Banias et al. 2011)
 Demolition and renovation waste estimation (DRWE) tool (Cheng and Ma 2013)
 BREMap (BRE 2009)
 GPS-GIS system (Li et al. 2005)
 IRP-based barcode system (Akinade et al. 2016)
 GIS-BIM supply chain management system (Irizarry et al. 2013)
 Waste index (Poon et al. 2004)
 Building waste assessment score –BWAS (Ekanayake and Ofori 2004)
 Environmental performance score –EPS (Shen et al. 2005)
 Component-globe indices (Jalali 2007)
 Stock flow model (Bergsdal et al. 2008)
 Spanish model (Solıs-Guzman et al. 2009)
 Material flow analysis model (Cochran and Townsend 2010)
 Universal waste ratio (Akinade et al. 2016)
 System analysis model (Akinade et al. 2016)
 BIM-based deconstructability assessment score (Akinade et al. 2015)
 On-line waste control tool (Formoso et al. 1999)
 Waste management planning online tool (Mcdonald and Smithers 1998)
 CALIBRE
 Webfill (Chen et al. 2003)
 ConstructClear (BlueWise 2010)
 SmartStart (BRE 2007)
 SmartAudit (BRE 2008)
 True cost of waste calculator (BRE 2010)
 Site Methodology to Audit, Reduce and Target Waste- SMARTWaste (Mcgrath 2001)
Tool Application area
Site waste management plan -SWMP United Kingdom (UK)
Designing out waste guide UK
Demolition protocol UK
SMARTAudit UK
SMARTWaste UK
Waste index Hong Kong
Building waste assessment score Singapore
Environmental performance score China
Net waste tool -NWT UK
Designing out waste tool for buildings UK
-DoWT-B
Demolition and renovation waste Hong Kong
estimation –DRWE
Building deconstruction UK
assessment tool
BIM-based deconstructability International (can be generalized)
assessment score – BIM-DAS
multi-dimensional nature of waste generation factors, but
most of the models depend on accumulating waste indices
and volumetric information. The reliability of most of
these is questionable as nearly all of them were estab-
lished without satisfactory consideration for exhaustive
material information and waste causing factors. Majority
of them are area or country specific and cannot be
applied globally.
d. Collection of waste data and audit tools: Collection of the
required data is one of the vital features of C&DWM. A
number of tools have been developed for waste data collec-
tion having information about the type of construction,
quantity, type and source of waste produced in a building
6 S. GUPTA ET AL.
project but none of them gives the exact information, cor-
rect in all aspects.
e. GIS-enabled waste tools: Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) captures and analyses geographical data for providing
photographic image for location-based services. For
instance: in the city of Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu, India), the
municipal officers working in the area of solid waste man-
agement must be clear about the purpose as well as their
role for managing the cities effectively with the support of
GIS system (Shoba and Rasappan 2013). Similarly, other cit-
ies, towns, etc., have utilized GIS-based waste tools for effi-
cient waste management.
Table 2 indicates clearly that the waste management plans
and guides were mostly developed and applied in the United
Kingdom (UK) only and is not generalized. It is area-specific
and therefore, needs a generalized study to be carried out.
Similarly, the other categories of the tools are area-specific except
the BIM-DAS tool which is internationally applied and can be
generalized. The above mentioned studies have identified
C&DWM tools as the main driver for effective execution of
waste management practices. Though many literature have been
studied but as such no study actually assesses the existing
C&DWM tools critically in terms of their functionalities and
performances. The limitations of various tools include the fol-
lowing (WRAP 2008, 2009, 2011a, 2011b; BRE 2008; Akinade
et al. 2015, 2018):
 Wastes from the C&D processes are not segregated.
 Waste data is not properly labelled.
 Current CDW estimation tools are based on accumulating
waste indices and volumetric information and not multi-
dimensional nature of waste generation factors.
 Detailed material data and construction methodology
are missing.
 Detailed demolition techniques are missing and the material
after demolition is not put to proper use.
Therefore, the above-mentioned tools mainly support in the
benchmarking and decision-making areas instead of the tackling
the C&DW in terms of quantification and minimization.
BIM-based C&DWM
One of the most important features of C&DWM is to forecast
the amount of waste as it is critical for C&DWM. From the lit-
erature studied, it is clear that the design decisions have several
ripple effects throughout the buildings’ lifecycle (Faniran and
Caban 1998; Ekanayake and Ofori 2004; Osmani et al. 2008).
The design decisions affect the project performance indicators
like cost, time, amount of material, air quality, daylight visibility,
labour force, etc. The best solution for C&DWM is found to be
the prevention of waste from the design phase itself such as clash
detection, design validation, etc. (Cheng and Ma 2013; Cheng
et al. 2015). BIM technology has been progressively explored for
C&DWM as BIM models permit fast and consistent recovery of
the actual and correct project information.
Porwal and Hewage (2012) recognized a BIM-enabled analysis
for reducing the reinforcement bar waste in the design phase
itself. Project data from AEC disciplines in the BIM model was
utilized as a communication centre among several design teams,
and then reduce the probable rebar waste by augmenting the
algorithm. To reduce rebar waste, the design teams could intro-
duce appropriate variations in the design. Similarly, other
researchers also worked for diminishing the amount of C&DW
in the design stage (Liu et al. 2015; Cheng and Ma 2013)
In addition, study conducted by Won and Cheng (2017) iden-
tified in the design and construction phases that the unsuitable
design and unforeseen variations are the key producers of
C&DW. BIM was capable of reducing the design error, rework,
and unexpected variations, and showed that it could avoid waste
by 4.3-15.2% from the construction.
There are various other studies which have made an effort to
manage wastes during demolition stage of the project. Cheng
and Ma (2013) established a BIM-based model for predicting the
demolition waste (DW) by taking out the data on volume and
materials basis from each building element. This information
helped in calculating the amount of DW so as to forecast the
requirement of the number of trucks and the cost for delivering
the waste. In addition, researchers presented a BIM-based DW
management system which was utilized to deliver consistent data
related to material. This was done either by reviewing the mater-
ial properties or quantity take-off, prior to demolition phase.
Similarly, a BIM-based database system for DW was established
and BIM material data libraries were utilized for analysing the
categories for construction material.
Akbarnezhad et al. (2014) established a BIM-based model for
assessing several options for handling the deconstruction waste
related to the economic and environmental benefits. Since all the
building components cannot be reused or recycled, this model
was envisaged to balance between the economic and the environ-
mental benefits and provide sustainability aspect. Also, it was
found out by a group of researchers in UK that deconstruction
and renovation stage in a construction project contributes to the
enormous quantity of waste in comparison to new construction
(Akinade et al. 2016). In this way by improving the BIM applica-
tion, renovation or deconstruction waste can be reduced to a
great extent (Eastman et al. 2011; Akbarnezhad et al. 2014).
Akinade et al. (2015, 2016) adopted a mathematical modeling
approach to develop BIM-based Deconstructability Assessment
Score (BIM-DAS) for measuring the level of building decon-
structability during design stage and establishing a benchmark
for effective deconstruction requirement.
Guerra et al. (2019) carried out a research based on automatic
assessment on BIM and compared it with purchasing records for
an educational building. This was carried out specifically for con-
crete and drywall. The method envisaged by the researchers
acquired an evaluation of the amount of generated waste, in the
pre-construction stage. However, there was a drawback of this
work that BIM did not provide any explanation for the obtained
results. Therefore, BIM could not be used to forecast wastes in
other projects thereafter.
According to Xu et al. (2019), the material data along with its
quantity could be obtained by implementing BIM allowing the
project participants to enhance the technologies, tools and proc-
esses involved in various phases of the project viz. planning, pro-
curement and construction and demolition phases to manage
C&DW effectively. In a review by Kabirifar et al. (2020), it is
noticed that there are a few studies that have mentioned regard-
ing the BIM-based C&DWM but none of the studies have actu-
ally carried out any extensive work/research in this field.
There is an increasing but restricted amount of literature
exploring how BIM can be applied for C&DWM (Lu et al. 2011;
Ginzburg 2019) and consequently, its application is still debat-
able. Utilization of BIM for C&DWM differs as it can be used as
a modern design tool to help designers or to help contractors to
assess various C&D schemes (Lu et al. 2011; Jin et al. 2017,
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 7

Table 3. BIM compliant tools, their features and limitations (WRAP 2011a; Cheng and Ma 2013; Akinade et al. 2015).
Tool
Demolition and Renovation
Waste Estimation (DRWE)
BIM-based Deconstructability
Assessment Score (BIM-DAS)
Design-out Waste Tool for
Buildings (DoWT-B)
Features
 Contains detailed volume data of each element
category and material type.
 Estimates total inert and non-inert volumes of
demolition and renovation (D&R) waste.
 D&R waste disposal charging fee can be estimated.
 Estimates total amount of pick-up trucks for D&R waste.
 Result: Embodied energy estimation, carbon foot
printing, end-of-life impact estimation, material recovery
assessment, whole-life environmental impact
assessment, lifecycle costing.
 Area-specific and cannot be generalized.
 Mathematical modelling method based on the building
design’s BOQ.
 Studies and relates the BIM-DAS score of 3 case studies
of a building model with main materials i.e. steel,
timber, and concrete.
 Uses prefabricated building elements and
demountable connection.
 A guide for monitoring building construction towards
end of life sustainability.
 Assists in understanding how BIM functionalities could
be utilized for enhancing the efficiency of prevailing
C&DWM tools and BIM software.
 Result: end-of-life impact estimation, estimation of
building deconstructability, material recovery
assessment, optimization of material selection.
 Can be generalized.
 Identifies prospects to design-out waste in
buildings projects.
 Records design solutions and calculates the effect of the
solutions, such as project costs savings, waste sent to
landfill and embodied carbon (energy estimation).
 Compares the performance of various projects
or designs.
 Provides a suggestive waste prediction for site waste
management plan (SWMP).
 Result: Embodied energy estimation, carbon foot
printing, material recovery assessment, optimization of
material selection, end-of-life impact estimation, whole-
life environmental impact assessment.
 area-specific and cannot be generalized.
Limitations
 D&R waste volume adjustment factors are missing.
 Default recycling rate of demolition materials is missing.
 New construction waste is not included in the system.
 Construction activities are not included.
 Parameters such as soil type and construction
methodology are missing.
 Area specific and cannot be generalized.
 Not applicable on all project types.
 Cannot show the variations in the building components
used during the renovation stage and the existing
buildings designed without BIM technology.
 Categories of factors such as material handling, building
design methodology, design quality, construction
methodology, etc. are missing.
 Need to evaluate the residual performances of
building elements.
 Apart from deconstructability, there are no other
building performance indicators explored (such as time,
cost, sustainability, etc.)
 It is based on the assumption of equal weighting for
model parameters which is unreasonable.
 A quantitative survey research is required.
 There is only a score given by the study but BIM-DAS is
not integrated into the current BIM software like
Autodesk Revit as a plug-in.
 Cannot be used for quantifying rates.
 It is a decision making tool and not a design tool.
 It does not tell the user which design solutions
to pursue.
 It does not give the impact individual solutions will
have on wastage.
 Area specific and cannot be generalized.
 Within a single project, it does not permit the users to
alter and compare the specification.
 Historic waste data missing.
 Other parameters such as soil type, construction
methodology, design quality, competence of site
workers are missing.

2019). However, even with these attempts by various researchers,
gaps still continue in the literature which has been addressed in
the present work.
BIM compliant tools for C&DWM: Features and
limitations
In the recent years, growing consideration on C&DWM has led
to the development of mechanized platforms that support the
construction industry experts in decision-making. Although there
are various waste management tools that have evolved over the
years but they are not useful for designers and contractors. This
is because they are not providing complete information about
the prediction and reduction of waste at design stage and are not
interoperable with existing BIM software (Bilal et al. 2015).
There are many tools for C&DWM but not all are BIM compli-
ant. The tools are:
 Design-out Waste Tool for Buildings (DoWT-B) (WRAP 2011a)
 Demolition and Renovation Waste Estimation (DRWE)
(Cheng and Ma 2013)
 BIM-based Deconstructability Assessment Score (BIM-DAS)
(Akinade et al. 2015).
According to Kabirifar et al. (2020), it is indicated that there
are many tools for C&DW minimization and have gained
attention among the researchers in the past few years but none
of them are fully BIM compliant. The features and the limita-
tions of the BIM compliant tools have been discussed in details
in the Table 3.
Discussion
On the basis of the results obtained from various studies, a BIM-
based C&DWM theoretical framework has been proposed in the
present study as shown in Figure 4. It defines the waste manage-
ment, demolition, and renovation plan. The BIM-based theoret-
ical framework to tackle the C&DW would help in reducing the
amount of materials required in construction. The visualization
of the final structure will improve the contractors’ as well as
other stakeholders’ understanding of what is being built. Since
the visualization would happen before the actual work starts at
the construction site, any kind of rework could be undoubtedly
avoided and subsequently reduced.
Proposed theoretical framework
A significant proportion of the total waste generated in the world
corresponds to the construction waste which has been reported
by various studies. Solutions for lowering the amount of C&DW
8 S. GUPTA ET AL.

Figure 4. Proposed theoretical framework for BIM-based C&DW management.

generation have posed various challenges in the construction Based on building information and allied data, predicting and
industry and still have been the greatest concern for any country. visualizing the design models could help in understanding the
This proposed theoretical framework will help in reducing the various questions related to C&DW such as why it is generated
amount of C&D (material) waste during the design stage itself. in such enormous amounts at different stages of the project or

why isn’t there any method to reduce the amount of such waste
and many other questions. Also, it will allow for a more in-depth
analysis than just a simple evaluation of waste generation rate. It
is clear from Figure 4, that once the specifications, details, and
drawings are obtained as per the client, contractor, and other
requirements, a BIM model can be constructed using various
BIM-compliant software or more specifically BIM authoring,
analysis and automation tools which comprises of Autodesk
Revit, Autodesk Civil 3 D, Tekla Structures, and Bentley
AECOsim; and BIM analysis tools including Navisworks, BIM
360, Bentley’s ProjectWise, Revizto, and VEO, etc. The accuracy
and reliability of the historic data will challenge the physical
structure enhancement projects. The following shall be included
for the steps related to BIM (see Figure 4).
Generating a BIM execution plan, defining milestone deliver-
ables, developing plug-in for process automation, defining BIM
guidelines and roadmaps. This would provide a project base
point for all parties involved in the project. Various processes
could be reviewed to cater the technological advancements and
BIM applications, which are extremely required for more effect-
ive operations and ownership in a project.
The parametric modeling competence of BIM models would
then allow for accomplishment of varied steps and tasks. As the
design takes place, the following are taken into consideration: cli-
ent requirements, contractor requirements, facility management
requirements (when it would be in use), end-of-life or decon-
struction or demolition requirements, quantity take-off, cost,
construction schedule and design validation. After that if any
design improvement is required then it is being carried out for
finalizing the design and digital fabrication including the site
utilization and other updates related to refurbishment. This step
would provide connectivity of waste management processes with
BIM. As the model becomes ready, one can utilize the quantity
take-off feature and find the quantity of each material which
would be taking into consideration the as maintained model
with site waste management plan, component classification,
quantity extraction, and waste sorting plan to finally arrive at the
deconstruction/demolition plan, schedule and cost management.
The BIM-based quantity take off is an easier, faster, cheaper
and more accurate means of extracting the data when compared
to traditional quantity take-off methods. The volume of waste
from the structural elements of the building will be recovered
from the 3 D BIM model allowing stakeholders to visualize the
BIM model quantities and can also be exported into an excel
sheet. The various waste materials are identified and divided
among each plan related to construction, demolition, and reno-
vation wastes as shown in Figure 4. The wastes produced during
the building lifecycle are included: construction (during con-
struction, clash detection, change order, design improvement,
renovation) as well as deconstruction/demolition. This data
would help in improving the waste plans by signifying the level
of focus in details. Renovation waste is nothing but the waste
generated by selecting one small part of the building instead of
the complete demolition and hence, is one of the components of
demolition/deconstruction waste plan itself. The waste is then
identified and selection of suitable strategy takes place such as
sorting and recycling, reduce, reuse or recovery, disposal, etc.
The disposal part further goes to either landfilling or relocation
which further goes to logistics. In case of sorting and recycling,
the waste is segregated into recyclable and non-recyclable waste;
the recyclable waste can be recycled off-site or be used in the
project itself while the non-recyclable waste goes directly to the
logistics. The recycled waste which has been recycled off-site can
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 9
be relocated and sent to other projects for further use. In case of
reduce, reuse and recover strategy, the waste material is either
reused in work itself or being used off-site which further goes to
the logistics. After the logistics, the cost as well as economic
evaluation or analysis is performed. The need for data exchange
among C&DWM processes has been recognized throughout the
proposed framework and this could be done by capturing it
within the prevailing BIM standards. This would permit
C&DWM tools to exploit BIM standards for waste analysis.
Thus, it is being acknowledged that the BIM technology will
enhance a project’s capabilities from its initiation to the end. In
fact, the data generated during the design phase will signify real
value for researchers who want to research the C&DW manage-
ment area. Thus, this proposed theoretical framework explored
the workability and utility of BIM technology in the field
of C&DWM.
Conclusion
From the literature and the discussion presented in the previous
section, it is found that the process of implementation of BIM-
based C&DWM has not been well established and documented.
The allied problems with unproductive C&DWM are still persist-
ent and it requires a lot of efforts to tackle such problem where
BIM will play a major role. In spite of the indications from pre-
ceding studies that BIM has the possibility for waste reduction,
no clear directions were laid in accomplishing it. This gap in lit-
erature has hindered the exploitation of BIM platform capabil-
ities for C&DWM and there is an incomplete research on the
expansion as well as assessment of such tools and methodologies
during the design stage. It has been seen that limited research
efforts have been made in the field related to the use of BIM for
C&DWM in India. Also, there aren’t any guidelines or definite
rules for the utilization of BIM for C&DWM in India. Therefore,
there is a requirement for a framework related to BIM for
C&DWM. There is an excessive requirement to consider as
much C&DWM tools as possible especially based on BIM tech-
nology in future practical efforts to efficiently manage C&DW.
This paper would add a new perspective in assessing the BIM-
based C&DWM plans. Since BIM is a comparatively new tech-
nology and has limited use and awareness especially in India,
therefore, the proposed framework along with the exploitation of
information technology advancements would help in developing
a collaborative platform for BIM-based C&DWM for any given
construction project in which it would be utilized upon. Various
strategies have been explored in the present study which indicate
that the combination of the strategies would be helpful in
C&DWM and attain the required objective. The different tools
were assessed for C&DWM and their limitations were presented.
This clearly indicated that overcoming the various challenges of
software interoperability among C&DWM tools and BIM soft-
ware will help the practitioners to develop model on the basis of
the framework for BIM-based C&DWM; thereby helping in the
reduction of C&DW at the design stage itself. This will aid in
reducing the material waste due to rework, inappropriate design,
design changes, etc. In spite of the sharp growth in implementa-
tion of BIM for various purposes, it is not a common practice
for end-of-life situation of the buildings as none of the tools are
completely BIM-compliant. A BIM-based theoretical framework
for C&DWM has been proposed so as to cater the needs to cut
the amount of material waste at the design stage itself.
It is uncertain whether the Indian construction industry has
employed any BIM compliant tool for C&DWM (Rajendran and
10 S. GUPTA ET AL.
Gomez 2012; Akinade et al. 2016; Ahuja et al. 2020). Against the
background and the limitations of BIM-compliant tools, it is
required to find data on exploring the C&DW in India and how
can they be managed using BIM tools. This recommends the
necessity for a BIM-based design tool for identification of prob-
able causes of C&DW and to support in design optimization.
The emphasis of such tools would be to capture and collate the
information about designing-out waste and improved compre-
hension of the influences of design strategies on the waste pro-
duction. This will further help to develop the managerial
strategies by utilizing BIM application. The study, thus, will help
BIM software and C&DWM tools developers by providing
deeper comprehension of what is essential to boost the construc-
tion industry for extensive implementation of BIM-based
C&DWM. Further testing of the framework would be carried
out by taking a case study-based analysis and the interviews with
the stakeholders besides identifying the potential market for the
proposed framework. Subsequently, the economic analysis to
prove the feasibility of the framework would be carried out. This
framework would help in enhancing the efficiency and reduce
the amount of waste which includes reducing waste in design
and production, improved on-site collaboration and novel pros-
pects for enhancing the sustainability. To conclude, the present
work reviews the current research discrepancies within the up-
to-date status of BIM-based C&DWM discipline by recognizing
main gaps, which elucidates the way towards future investigation
in the area of C&DWM and BIM.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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