ACTA MECHANICA

Acta Mechanica 156, 145-161 (2002)

9 Springcr-Verlag 2002

Green's function approach to unsteady thermal

stresses in an infinite hollow cylinder of
functionally graded material
K.-S. Kim, Incheon, Korea, and N. Noda, Hamamatsu, Japan

(Received July 30, 2001; revised September 5, 2001)

Summary. A Green's function approach based on the laminate theory is adopted for solving the two-
dimensional unsteady temperature field (r, z) and the associated thermal stresses in an infinite hollow
circular cylinder made of a functionally graded material (FGM) with radial-directionally dependent prop-
erties. The unsteady heat conduction equation is formulated as an eigenvalue problem by making use of
the eigenfunction expansion theory and the laminate theory. The eigenvalues and the corresponding
eigenfunctions obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem for each layer constitute the Green's function
solution for analyzing the unsteady temperature. The associated thermoelastic field is analyzed by making
use of the thermoelastic displacement potential function and Michell's function. Numerical results are
carried out and shown in figures.

1 Introduction

A functionally graded material (FGM) is characterized by continuously changing material

properties due to a graded composition from one surface to the other surface. For non-homo-
geneous materials such as FGMs, the governing equations of the unsteady temperature field
and the associated thermoelastic field in an infinite hollow circular cylinder are presented in
complex forms according to position dependent material properties. Therefore, the theoretical
treatment for these equations is difficult, and an exact solution is almost impossible to obtain.
Tanigawa [1] reviewed some basic problems for nonhomogeneous structural materials.
Obata and Noda [2] discussed unsteady thermal stresses in a functionally gradient material
(FGM) plate, and Obata et al. [3] analyzed the two-dimensional unsteady thermal stress in a
F G M hollow circular cylinder by using the Laplace transformation and the perturbation
method. Ootao and Tanigawa [4] treated three-dimensional transient thermal stress analysis
in a nonhomogeneous hollow sphere, and Tanigawa et al. [5] studied transient heat conduc-
tion and thermal stress problems of a nonhomogeneous plate by use of the Laplace transfor-
mation and multi-layers approximation approach.
On the other hand, the Green's function approach for homogeneous materials has been
well known. Carslaw and Jaeger [6] explained the use of Green's functions in the solution of
the equation of conduction in their book, Parkus [7] described the Green's function for tem-
perature, and Boley and Weiner [8] discussed the Green's function technique in their book.
However, there is little work about Green's function for nonhomogeneous materials such as
FGMs. Diaz and Nomura [9] used a Green's function approach for two-dimensional elastic
problems. Nomura and Sheahen [10] used a Green's function based on the Galerkin method
146 K.-S. Kim and N. Noda

to analyze steady thermal stresses in a two-dimensional F G M plate. Kim and Noda [11] used
a Green's function based on the Galerkin method to analyze the three-dimensional transient
temperature for thermal stresses of a functionally graded material. Kim and Noda [12] used a
Green's function based on the laminate theory to analyze the three-dimensional heat conduc-
tion equation of functionally graded materials.
Many workers have studied the thermal stress problems in homogeneous cylinders
subjected to nonstationary heating, because there are many practical applications in modern
engineering. Many kinds of transient thermal stress problems in homogeneous cylinders are
treated in several books, e.g., by Parkus [7], Boley and Weiner [8], and Nowacki [13]. But
there is little work done to determine the thermal stresses in nonhomogeneous cylinders such
as F G M cylinders. Obata and Noda [14] discussed steady thermal stresses in a hollow circular
cylinder and a hollow sphere of FGM. Ootao, Akai, and Tanigawa [15] studied three-dimen-
sional transient thermal stresses in a nonhomogeneous hollow circular cylinder due to a
moving heat source. Tanigawa et al. [16] treated the one-dimensional transient thermal stress
problem for nonhomogeneous hollow circular cylinders.
In this paper, we discuss the Green's function technique based on the laminate theory for
an infinite hollow F G M cylinder subjected to temperature variations along both r- and z-axis.
Since almost all FGMs are materials whose compositions are dependent on a function of one-
directional position from a metal surface to a ceramic surface, it is assumed that the thermal
properties of FGMs are dependent on the one-directional position. As for the analytical treat-
ment, introducing the analytical technique for the laminate theory and taking into account
the bounds that the number of laminae becomes sufficiently large, the unsteady temperature
solution for a two-dimensional F G M hollow circular cylinder with an infinite length is formu-
lated by the Green's function approach based on the laminate theory. An approximate solu-
tion of the eigenfunction expansion method for each layer is substituted into the governing
equation to yield an eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunc-
tions resulting by solving an eigenvalue problem for each layer constitute the Green's function
solution for obtaining the two-dimensional unsteady temperature distribution. The associated
thermoelastic field is analyzed by making use of the thermoelastic displacement potential
function [17] and Michell's function [18].
As an example, a F G M hollow circular cylinder with an infinite length, which is made of
zirconium oxide and titanium alloy, is selected. Numerical results, such as the temperature
distribution and the thermal stress distribution, are shown in the figures.

2 Analysis

We consider the two-dimensional unsteady temperature field and the associated thermoelastic
field in an infinite hollow circular cylinder (r, z) made of a functionally graded material whose
thermal properties vary with the radial coordinate r. The inside and outside radii of the
hollow circular cylinder are ra and rb, respectively, and it has an infinite length in z-direction.
We assume the thermal condition that the inside and outside surface are heated to To + Ta(z)
and To + Tb(z), where To, T~(z) and Tb(z) are the initial temperature, and an arbitrary even
function at r = r~ and r = rb, respectively. Assuming that the number of laminae becomes
sufficiently large and the thermal properties of each layer are constants, we consider a lami-
nated medium consisting of L layers in the temperature field and the associated thermoelastic
field.
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 147

2.1 Two-dimensional steady temperature

Assuming that the thermal properties are dependent on the r-directional position and that the
temperature is independent of the hoop direction position, the solution of the steady-state
heat conduction equation for the i-th layer is assumed to be [19]:
oo
T~(r, z) = f {/0(/3r) A~ + Ko(/3r) B~} cos (/3z) d/3, (1)
0

where T/~( = T](r, z, ~) - To) and/3 are the temperature difference from the initial state and a
parameter, respectively.
Thus, we can obtain the steady state solution Ti~(r, z) by using the continuous conditions
of temperature and heat flux at the interfaces, and the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions
at the inside and outside surface as:
TlS:Ta(Z) at r=r~, (2.1)
Ti~=T[+l at r=ri, i=1,2,... (L-l), (2.2)
OTi ~ ate+ 1
ki~f-r =ki+l~- r at r=ri, i=l,2,...,(L-1), (2.3)
TL~=Tb(z) at r=rb, (2.4)
where ki is the thermal conductivity of the i-th layer.

2.2 Two-dimensional unsteady temperature

The governing equations of the unsteady-state problem in the absence of a heat source and
the initial conditions for each layer are given as

100i
~720i -- /~i Ot at ri-t <_ r < ri , i = 1, 2 , . . . , L (3)

Oi(r,z,O)=Fi(r,z)=-Ti~(r,z) at ri_l<_r<_ri, i=1,2,...,L (4)

where
g72_ 02 0 02
Or2 F ~Or 40z2 ,
and 0i and Ai are the temperature change and the thermal diffusivity of i-th layer, respectively.
Using the eigenfunction expansion theory and the separation of variables, we can obtain the
solution of Eq. (3) as [19]

z, = cos ( g z ) e-(4
rn,=l 0 (5)
at ri_z<r<ri, i = 1,2,... , L ,

where c~(/3) are constants to be evaluated. Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (3) yields an eigen-
value problem,

0 o~m
rOr r +~i~=O at ri-1 < _ r < r i , i=1,2,...,L, (6)
148 K.-S. Kim and N. Noda

where a ~ and ~p~,,~are eigenvalues and eigenfunctions to be evahmted, respectively. Applying

the initial conditions of Eq. (4) to Eq. (5), the coefficients c,~(fl) are obtained as

~(~) _ 2 1 ~ kj /~A/, ~') ~ ( ~ ' ) cos (Z~') a/d~', (7)

7r ~,,~ j=l ~ J 0 r=-rj-i

where the norm N,~ is defined as

rj

7"=-7"j_1

Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (5) and introducing Green's function, the solution of Eq. (3)
yields

Oi(r,z,t) = ~ f r'Gij(r,z, t l / , S , t ' ) [ t , = o F j ( r ' , S ) d r ' d z / , (9)

j=l 0 r:ri-~

where Gi~(r, z, t lr', z', t')lt,=0 is defined as

oo

~,tS,=0 . . . . .
0
(lO)

2.3 Determination of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues

The general solution ~{~,, of Eq. (6) can be written as [19]:

= r +DimYo cxm r at ri.l_<r<r,i, i=l,2,...,L, (11)

where J0 and Y0 denote the Bessel function of the first and second kind of order zero, respec-
tively, and C{,~ and D{~ are coefficients to be evaluated.
Applying the continuity conditions of temperature and heat flux at the interfaces to
Eq. (11), the simultaneous equations for Ci,~ and D~,~ are written in matrix form as

D{,~ = LP21 P22 J k Di+l,~ ' ' '

where

1
Y0 ~ ~
DET

1
PJ.2-
DET

1
P~_I-
DET
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 149

P~2 = - -
DET
1 ~]r / "~i OZm O~rn
- - J1 ~ ri) O~m

Therefore, the eigenvalues c~,~ are determined from Eq. (12) and the homogeneous boundary
conditions at the inside and outside surface, and the corresponding eigenfunctions for all
layers are determined from Eq. (12).

2.4 Thermal stress analysis

We consider the unsteady thermal stresses in a F G M hollow circular cylinder due to the two-
dimensional unsteady temperature change along both the r- and z-axis. We assume that the
mechanical boundary conditions are traction free and that there is symmetry along the z-axis
as follows:

(Trr(ra,z) : ( T r ~ ( r ' a , z ) = 0 at r=r~, 0<z<co, (13.1)

~.~(r~, ~) : ~,.~(r~, ~) = 0 ~t r = r~, 0 < ~ < ~. (13.2)

When the material properties are functions of the r-directional position, the two-dimen-
sional basic equation for the thermal stress of a F G M hollow circular cylinder without exter-
nal forces is as follows:

A2A2Mi(r,z)=O at ri-i < _ r < r i , i=1,2,...,L, (14)

V2r = 1l +- ' {vic h { T i S ( r , z ) + O i ( r , z , t ) } at ri l <_r<_ri, i=l,2,...,L, (15)

where Mi(r, z) and r z, t) denote Michell's function [17] and Goodier's thermoelastic dis-
placement potential function [18], respectively, and c~i and ui are the coefficient of linear ther-
mal expansion and Poisson's ratio of the i-th layer, respectively.
Considering the form of the temperature, we can obtain the solution of Eq. (14) as:

Mi(r , z) = e~ [/r0(/3r)/~i @ K0(/~T) ~/ @ r~rl(/3 r) P/n t- 'Pf(l(/3r) @i] sin (/3z) d/3, (16)
0

where I0, K0, I1 and K1 are the modified Bessel functions, respectively, and Ei (/3), Fi (/9), Pi (fl)
and Qi (/3) are coefficients to be evaluated.
Finally, we can obtain the solution of Eq. (15) as

\1 - ~,~ ~ ~ {r~rl (/3r) A~ - rK1 (/3r) B~} cos ( 9 4 g/3

0

(17)
o~:l OZm
0
150 K.-S. Kim and N. Noda

Thus, we can obtain the thermal stresses and displacements in the i-th layer as:

(~.)~ = 2G~ [Oz (18.1)

~iA2M~- Or2 j + Or2 1-~

~iA2M{ rot J ~ rcOr 1 - ~i ai(Ti~ + 0{) , (18.2)

( ~ ) ~ - - 2 ~ [ ~ {(2 - -~) A~M~ - o~Mi]

- o~r 1 +,,~ ~(T,~ ~ + 0{)] (18.3)
J ~ Oz 2 1 - ,{ J

( ~ ) i = 2Gi [ ~ { ( 1 - ui) Zl~Mi - - - cOz2 j -I- O-~zJ , (18.4)

O@ O~ M~
(18.5)
(uJi- Or OrOz'

O@
(~)~ : ~ + 2(1 - ,,~) a 2 ~
02M~
- - - (18.6)
C~Z2

where Gi is the shear modulus.

The unknown coefficients Ei, Ei, Pi, Q{ given in Eq. (16) are determined so that Eqs. (18)
should satisfy the mechanical boundary conditions given in Eqs. (13) and the following conti-
nuity conditions of stresses and displacements:
(a~'~')i----(~<)i+I at r = ri, i = i, 2,... , (L - 1) (19.1)

(Grz)i :- (Crrz)i+l at r : ri, i : 1, 2 , . . . , (L - 1) (19.2)

(~,)~ : (~,)~+~ at r = r~, i : 1 , 2 , . . . , (L - 1) (19.3)
(~)~ = (~)~+~ ~t r = ~, i : 1, < . . . , ( L - 1). (19.4)

3 Numerical results and discussion

Numerical calculations are carried out for a FGM hollow circular cylinder with an infinite
length made of zirconium oxide and titanium alloy. The material properties, the volumetric
ratio of the metal, V~ = (1 + / ~ -/~)M, and the porosity as a function of the position
P = Ap(/~ - / ~ ) (1 +/~a - - -~) are used in Ref. [1], respectively. /~ denotes the dimensionless
position defined by/~ = r/(rb - r~).
As an illustrative example, we consider that the inside and outside surfaces of the cylinder
are subjected to partial heating as follows:
T~(~)=T0+Tlcos(~2/2) at ~=~a(=r~/(rb-~)), 0<~<1,
Tb(~)=T0+T2oos(~/2) at }t=i~b(=~/(r~-r~)), 0<~<1,
Ta(~)=Tb(z)=To at /{=/~=/~b, Z_>I,
where To, T1 and T2 denote the initial and arbitrary temperatures, respectively.
For the numerical calculations, we used the dimensionless quantities as follows:

T = (T - To)/To, ~ = ~/(~b - r ~ ) , ~ = ~t/(rb -- r~) ~ ,

where 2P, 2, ~- and , ~ denote the dimensionless temperature, the dimensionless position in the
z-direction, the Fourier number and the thermal diffusivity of the metal, respectively.
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 151

Fig. 1. Unsteady dimensionless tem-

perature distribution with dimension-
less position at r = 0.01 (T1 = 0.5 K,
T 2 - 1 . 5 K, To = I.0 K , ~ a =5, M = I,
P = O)

Fig. 2. Unsteady dimensionless tem-

perature distribution with dimension-
less position at -r = co, (T1 = 0.5 K,
2/72=1.5 K, % = 1.0 K , / ~ a - 5, dldr= 1,
P = o)

Figures 1 and 2 show the dimensionless temperature distribution of a F G M hollow circu-

lar cylinder with dimensionless position. After checking the convergence o f the series in the
temperature solution, the truncated numbers o f the series are selected as m = 50, and the
number of layers L - 50 is used in Eq. (9).
Tables 1 and 2 show the convergence o f the thermal stresses with the number o f layers L
at two kinds of the F o u r i e r number, respectively. The convergence of the steady solution is
faster than that o f the unsteady solution, but the convergence of the solution at the small
F o u r i e r number r = 0.01 requires m a n y layers in order to achieve a high degree of accuracy.
Tables 3 and 4 show the convergence of the thermal stresses with the number o f eigenva-
lues m at two kinds o f the F o u r i e r number, respectively. The convergence of the steady and
unsteady solution is very fast, and the effect o f the number of eigenvalues is small in compari-
son with that o f the number o f layers. When the truncated numbers of series a n d the number
of layers are selected as ra = 50 and L = 150, it can be considered that sufficient convergence
for the solution is achieved.
Figures 3 - 6 show the variation of the unsteady thermal stress distribution versus the
dimensionless radial position for different values of the F o u r i e r number in a two-dimensional
Table 1. T h e r m a l stresses versus the n u m b e r o f layer L for three k i n d s o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s p o s i t i o n at ~- cc ( m = 50, ~/] = 0.5 K, T2 = 1.5 K, R~ = 5, M = 1, P = 0)
bO

The n u m b e r o f Layer L 20 30 40 50 60 70 200

~. 0.045271137 0.045264406 0.045262016 0.045260906 0.045260302 0.045259 937 0.045259053

R - R~ = 0.5 ~ 0.014427 843 0.014442862 0.014448 104 - 0 . 0 1 4 4 5 0 528 - 0 . 0 1 4 4 5 1 844 -0.014452638 ....0.014454 566
~=0.1 ~00 0.283 979244 0.284 105 355 - 0 . 2 8 4 149 517 0.284 169 957 - 0 . 2 8 4 181 060 0.284 187 753 0.284204012
~z~ 0.106 809 319 0.106 590268 0.106 513 606 0.106478 126 0.106458 856 0.106447 237 0.106419 010
~,~. 0.024767040 0.024770704 0.024772309 0.024773148 0.024773636 0.024773 943 0.024774730
R - R . = 0.9 ~.~ 0.000098926 0.000091202 0.000088389 0.000087057 0.000086324 0.000085879 0.000084785
E, = 0.1 ~oo - 1.217 867 640 - 1.218 056 500 1.218 122237 1.218 152 585 - 1.218 169 046 - 1 . 2 1 8 178 963 1.218 203 025
~ - 0 . 0 7 5 228 745 0.075 582 517 0.075 706 154 0.075 763 344 - 0 . 0 7 5 7 9 4 399 0.075 813 119 - 0 . 0 7 5 858 584
~ 0.016 610 350 0.016 619 632 0.016 622 697 0.016 624085 0.016 624 830 0.016 625 277 0.016626 358
R - R ~ = 0.9 ~r~ 0.000581864 0.000526077 0.000 506921 0.000498131 0.000493378 0.000490 520 0.000483 603
0.5 ~oo 0.806291871 0.806 427588 0.806 475019 0.806496959 -0.806508873 0.806 516054 - 0 . 8 0 6 533 494
~ - 0 . 0 9 6 9 6 8 104 0.097 215 604 -0.097 302261 0.097 342 374 - 0 . 0 9 7 364 163 - 0 . 0 9 7 377 300 0.097 409214

Table 2. T h e r m a l stresses versus the n u m b e r o f layer L for three k i n d s o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s p o s i t i o n at v- = 0.01 ( m = 50, 771 0.5 K, T2 = 1.5 K , / ~ - 5, M 1, P 0)

The n u m b e r o f Layer L 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

~.,,~ 0.004993104 0.004990594 - 0 . 0 0 4 9 8 8 527 0.004986461 -0.004984220 0.004982 670 0.004981273

/~ - / ~ 0.5 ~ 0.012591238 -0.012591227 0.012591213 -0.012591198 -0.012591235 0.012591227 0.012591219
~=0.1 ~oo - 0 . 8 3 7 109 164 - 0 . 8 3 7 111 976 0.837 114472 0 . 8 3 7 116 967 - 0 . 8 3 7 079045 0 . 8 3 7 0 8 0 632 0.837082 052
~ - 0 . 3 9 7 967 100 0.397 969 486 0.397 971 604 0.397 973 722 - 0 . 3 9 7 935 164 0.397936448 - 0 . 3 9 7 937 588
~,,,. 0.015 217 566 0.015 209 815 0.015203 439 0.015 197 063 0.015 192 009 0.015 187 265 0.015 182 997
/~-/~a 0.9 a~ 0.004 602714 0.004 603 002 - 0 . 0 0 4 6 0 3 225 0.004603 448 - 0 . 0 0 4 603 595 0.004603 742 - 0 . 0 0 4 603 869
~=0.1 ~o~ 0.231 291 254 -0.231 290902 0.231 290 581 0.231 290 259 -0.231 251084 0.231 250902 0.231 250 700
~ 0.719 269 231 0.719 265404 0.719 262397 0.719 259389 0.719 296 978 0.719 294 766 0.719 292 840
~z
a~ 0.011 202 18t 0.011 197 504 0.011 193 656 0.011 189 808 0.011 186 776 0 . 0 l l 183 912 0.011 181 335
/~ - ~ 0.9 ~.~ --0.016 801 288 0.016 802408 0.016 803 254 0.016 804 100 - 0 . 0 1 6 804736 -0.016805269 - 0 . 0 1 6 8 0 5 728
Z
~ = 0.5 ~oe 0.099 245 271 -0.099 244 772 -0.099 244 350 0.099 243 925 --0.099 215631 0.099215 349 - 0 . 0 9 9 2 1 5 069
Z
9
~z 0.502 750 634 0.502 747 960 0.502745 843 0.502 743 721 0.502 770 644 0.502 769 089 0.502 767 734
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 153

Table 3. Thermal stresses versus the number of eigenvalues m

for three kinds of dimensionless position at ~- = oo (L = 50,
T1 = 0.5 K, T2 = 1.5 K,/~a -- 5, M = 1, P = 0)

The number of 10 50
Eigenvalues m

(7~,. 0.045 260 906 0.045 260 906

R R~ - 0.5 o-,-~ -0.014450528 -0.014 450 528
z=0.1 (7o0 -0.284169957 -0.284 169 957
(7~ 0.106 478 126 0.106478 126

o>~. 0.024773 148 0.024773 148

R-Ra -0.9 (7r~ 0.000 087 057 0.000 087 057
~--0.I (70o - 1.218 152585 -I.218152585
(7~z - 0.075 763 344 - 0.075 763 344

(7~. 0.016624085 0.016624085

R Ra 0.9 o-~ 0.000498 131 0.000498 131
z=0.5 (700 -0.806496959 -0.806496 959
o-~ 0.097 342 374 - 0.097 342 374

Table 4. Thermal stresses versus the number of eigenvalues m for three kinds of dimensionless position at
T=0.01(L 150, T ~ = 0 . 5 K , T 2 = 1 . 5 K , R o = 5 , M - 1 , P = 0 )

The number of 10 20 30 40 50
Eigenvalues m

o% -0.004 990 571 -0.004 990 594 0.004 990 594 -0.004 990 594 -0.004 990 594
R - R~ = 0.5 (7~z 0.012591250 -0.012591227 -0.012591227 0.012591227 -0.012591227
z=0.1 (7oo 0.837114726 -0.837111976 -0.837111976 -0.837111976 -0.837111976
(7z~ 0.397972296 0.397969486 -0.397969486 0.397969486 -0.397969486

G~ 0.015209839 0.015 209 815 0.015209815 0.015209815 0.015209815

/~ - / ~ a = 0.9 ~7.rz -0.004 603 013 0.004 603 002 -0.004 603 002 0.004 603 002 -0.004 603 002
z=O.l (7oo -0.231288 367 0.231290902 -0.231 290902 -0.231 290902 -0.231290902
(Tzz 0.719268 104 0.719265404 0.719265404 0.719 265 404 0.719 265 404

~Tr~ 0.01l 197520 0.011 197504 0.011 197504 0.011 197504 0.01l 197504
/~-/~a = 0.9 cr~.~ -0.016802477 0.016802408 -0.016802408 0.016802408 -0.016802408
z=0.5 ~00 -0.099242961 0.099244772 -0.099244772 0.099244772 0.099244772
crzz 0.502 749 858 0.502 747 960 0.502 747 960 0.502 747 960 0.502 747 960

FGM a n d h o m o g e n e o u s h o l l o w c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , respectively. I n t h e s e figures, t h e d i s t r i b u -

t i o n a n d v a l u e s o f h o o p stress (7oo a n d axial stress (7zz are similar, b u t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e
r a d i a l stress (7r~ a n d s h e a r stress (7~z are d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e m , a n d t h e s e v a l u e s are m u c h s m a l -
ler t h a n t h o s e o f (7oo a n d (7zz a t t h e s a m e F o u r i e r n u m b e r . T h u s , h o o p stress (7oo a n d axial
stress (7~z a r e t h e g o v e r n i n g stresses in a F G M a n d h o m o g e n e o u s h o l l o w c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r , a n d
it is s h o w n t h a t t h e s e u n s t e a d y c o m p r e s s i v e stresses a t the c e r a m i c side a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t
o f t h e s t e a d y state.
Figures 7-12 s h o w t h e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l u n s t e a d y t h e r m a l stress d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h t h e
d i m e n s i o n l e s s p o s i t i o n f o r t h e F o u r i e r n u m b e r s T = 0.01 a n d ~- = e~, respectively. H o o p stress
(7oo a n d axial stress (Tz~ a t t h e h e a t e d s u r f a c e are c h a n g e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a c c o r d i n g to t h e v a r i a -
154 K.-S. K i m and N. N o d a

0.10 -
0.06 -
0,06,
~lT
0.04 '
(MPa)
0.02 --
0.00 --

-0.02 1
-0.04
r\ -~ -=- ~O - : --C}- " --~: -01
-0,06
-0,08 --~--- --A-- : Z"-~"CO
-0.10 1
o'.o 012 0',4 o16 0.'8 1'.o
R - R.
;=0.1

0.05
0.06 1
0,04
O'rf
0.03
(MPa) 0.02
0.01
0.00
-0.01 1
-0.02
-0.03
-0,04
-0.05
-0.06
010 0.'2 014 016 0.'~ 116
R- Ra
;=0.5
0.03 -
0.02 9

( M P a ) O.Ol

0.00
-0.01
-0.02

-0.03
o'.o 0'2 0'4 o'.6 0% 1'o
R- Ra
c ;--0.9
Fig. 3. Thermal stress ~r~- o f a F G M and h o m o g e n e o u s hollow circular cylinder (T1 = 0.5 K, T2 - 1.5 K,
R~ = 5, P = O)
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 155

0,04 -

0.02 -

0.00 -
(MPa)

-0.02 -

-0.04

~ =" - 0 [" +: " + : -01

-0.06 | --<)-- ---O--: r=O.1
/-~- -A-: r=oo
-0.06 ' j

olo o12 o., o16 o.'~ ~~o

R- R~

z=0.1

0.05,
O'rz
0.00 -
(MPa)
-0.05-

-0.10-

-0.15-

-0.20 ~

-0.25
o~o o12 o), 0)8 o)e 1)o
R- Ra
z=0.5

0 . t 5 --

O'rz 010 9

(MPa) 0.05 -

0,00 -

-O.O5 -

-0.10,

-0.15 ,

-0.20.

40.25
o% o~2 o',, o'.6 o; 1'.o
R- R,

e z=0.9
Fig. 4. Thermal stress ~rz of a F G M and homogeneous hol]ow circular cylinder (T1 = 0.5 K, T2 = 1.5 K,
/ ~ = 5, P = O)
156 K.-S. K i m a n d N. N o d a

1.0

0.~

GO0 o,o

(MPa) -o.s
- 1 .O --

-I .5 9

-2.0 9 -G-- - - B - - : r = 0.01 ~,"

--(>- --O--: r=0.1
-2,5,

-3,0 ! , , ,, ,

0.0 0'.2 0?4 016 0.18 '

1,0

R- I~ a
w

a z=O.l
1.0

0.5
CIo0
0.0
(MPa)
-O.S

-1 .O

-1,5

-2.0

-2.5
o:o o12 oi. 0 .'6 0 . '8 '
1.0

R - Ra
b ;--o.5
05
0.4
0 . 3 -.~
0'00 0 . 2 ,s
0.1,~
(MPa)
0.0"
-0.1
-0.2 "
-0.3 -
-0.4 "
-0.5 -
-0.6 -
-o.~ '
olo o12 oi, o16 o.'8 ,io
R- R.

~=o.9
Fig. 5. Thermal stress croo of a F G M and h o m o g e n e o u s hollow circular cylinder (T1 = 0.5 K, T,~ = 1.5 K,
k~ = 5, P = 0)
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 157

1.0 -

0.5-

(~zz
0.0,
(MPa)
-0.5 9

-I .0,

-1.5 9

-2.0,
--&-- --A~ : r = CO

-2.5
o',o 0.2 o'.4 o,6' 0J8 I',o

R- R a

z=O.l

1.0-

0.5,
O'zz

(MPa) 0.0-

-0.5 '

-1.0,

- 1 ~5 -

-2.0
olo oh d, d~ o~ ,io
R- R~
-;=o.5
0.5
0.4.

0.3
0"zz 0.2
0.1
(MPa)
0.0
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3 -
-0.4 ,s

-0.5 -
-O.6 ,s

-0.7 -

o'o oI~ d, oI~ o% ,1o

R- R~
~=0.9
Fig. 6. Thermal stress a~z of a F G M and homogeneous hollow circular cylinder (T1 = 0.5 K, T2 = 1.5 K,
P~ =5, P = 0 )
158 K.-S. Kim and N. Noda

Fig. 7. Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions cr~Twith
dimensionless position at ~-= 0.01
(T~=0.5K, T2=l.SK, /~=5,
M=I,P=0)

Fig. 8. Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions ~r~ with
dimensionless position at z = 0.01
(Tt=0.5K, T~=I.SK, /~=5,
M=I,P=0)

Fig. 9. Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions o00 with
dimensionless position at ~-= 0.01
(TI=0.5K, T2=l.5K, f~a=5,
M--= 1, P = 0)
Green's function approach to unsteady thermal stresses 159

Fig. 10. Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions cruz with
dimensionless position at ~-= 0.01
( T 1 - 0 . 5 K , T2=1.SK, /~a=5,
M=I,P=0)

Fig. 11, Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions c~00with
dimensionless position at ~-= eo
(T~=0.5K, T2=1.5K, 2 ~ = 5 ,
M=I,P=0)

Fig. 12. Two-dimensional unsteady

thermal stress distributions cr~.~with
dimensionless position at T = eo
( T I = 0 . 5 K , T2=l..SK, /~a=5,
M=I,P=0)
160 K.-S. Kim and N. Noda

tion of the dimensionless time, while radial stress cr,.~, and shear stress cr,.z on the internal posi-
tion are changed significantly. That is, the maximum compressive hoop and axial stress were
produced on the ceramic surface at a very small time, while the maximum tensile radial stress
occurs on the internal position of the cylinder.

3 Conclusions

A Green's function approach for analyzing the unsteady temperature field and the associated
thermoelastic field in a two-dimensional F G M hollow circular infinite cylinder with one-
directionally dependent properties is proposed. Green's functions for analyzing the tempera-
ture field are formulated by using the laminate theory and the proper eigenfunction expan-
sion. The eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions for each layer satisfy the continu-
ity conditions of temperature and heat flux at the interfaces. The associated thermoelastic
field is formulated to satisfy the continuity conditions of thermal stresses and displacements
at the interfaces with Michell's function and the thermoelastic displacement potential func-
tion. Therefore, by a comparison of the numerical results with the number of layers, we show
that the proposed method is simple and accurate. The proposed method has a potential of
being used to aid the calculation of the optimum material distribution in a F G M hollow circu-
lar cylinder.

References

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Authors' addresses: Dr. K.-S. Kim, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Inha Technical College,
253 Yonghyun-dong Nam-ku, Incheon, 402-752, Korea (E-mail: kuiseob@true.inhatc.ac.kr); Prof.
N. Noda, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku Hamamatsu,
432-856l, Japan (E-mail: tmnnoda@ipc.shizuoka.ac.jp)