Energy 73 (2014) 484e496

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Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy

Temperature distribution and classical entropy generation

analyses in an asymmetric cooling composite hollow cylinder
with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and
internal heat generation
Mohsen Torabi*, Kaili Zhang
Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Entropy generation rate is directly related to exergy destruction and is therefore to useful energy. This
Received 4 February 2014 study investigates temperature distribution and local and total entropy generation rates within a com-
Received in revised form posite hollow cylinder with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat generation.
27 April 2014
The internal heat generation is considered constant but different for inner and outer materials. Two cases
Accepted 10 June 2014
are examined: (a) constant temperature boundary conditions and (b) asymmetric convective cooling
Available online 3 July 2014
boundary conditions for inside and outside surfaces. The general solution for the system of equations is
analytically found, and constant parameters are numerically calculated for each case. Moreover, complete
Keywords:
Total and local entropy generation rates
analytical solution is performed for cases with temperature-independent thermal conductivities. For the
Asymmetric cooling first case, temperature distribution and entropy generation depend on eight parameters, and for the
Composite hollow cylinder second case, the reported data depend on ten thermophysical parameters. After verifying the solution
Variable thermal conductivity procedure, a comprehensive study is performed for temperature distribution and total entropy gener-
Analytical solution ation rate with various values for different parameters. Thus, the new proposed data and graphs in this
study provide a remarkable tool and at the same time retain suitable simplicity for engineers. The results
should be useful in a number of engineering applications and considerably ease the processes of
choosing geometrical parameters together with environment temperature or heat transfer coefficient
when dealing with composite hollow cylinders with two-layer materials for less entropy generation, that
is, less exergy destruction.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
From the perspective of the second law of thermodynamics, the
loss of available work in a system is directly related to entropy
generation and exergy destruction within the system [1], which is a
quantity of the thermodynamic irreversibility in a studied system
or process. Entropy generation is mainly caused by two phenom-
ena: one is heat transfer by all modes, that is, conduction [2],
convection [3e5], and radiation [6], and the other is viscous effects
[3e5]. Entropy may also be generated by other phenomena, such as
magnetohydrodynamic fields [7]. As described in the literature [8],
the value of entropy generation within a steady-state system is
nonnegative and constant, and the second law of thermodynamics
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Torabi_mech@yahoo.com (M. Torabi).
considers a system a black box, which says nothing about its
configuration or design. However, after the publication of Bejan's
well-known paper in 1979 [9] and his subsequent book [10],
scholars began to reexamine steady-state systems from the point of
view of the second law of thermodynamics. These examinations
aim to ensure that a steady-state system destroys less exergy, viz.,
produces less entropy, so that it can be more efficient.
A pioneering work by Iba
n
~ ez et al. [11] found that aside from
design, entropy generation in a cooling process can be optimized by
controlling convective cooling parameters. As pointed out in pre-
vious articles [2,12], entropy generation in a pure heat conduction
process merely depends on temperature field, which consequently
depends on the thermophysical properties of the medium, the in-
ternal energy generation, and the thermal conditions imposed on
boundaries of the medium. After the analyses in Refs. [11],
numerous studies aimed to either analyze classical entropy gen-
eration in pure conduction processes or minimize the entropy

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.041
0360-5442/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496
Nomenclature
a1 slope of the thermal conductivityetemperature curve
for inner material, K
1
a2 slope of the thermal conductivityetemperature curve
for outer material, K
1
h1 convection heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface
(Case 2), W m
2 K
1
h2 convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface
(Case 2), W m
2 K
1
k1 (T1) temperature-dependent thermal conductivity for
inner material, W m
1 K
1
k2 (T2) temperature-dependent thermal conductivity for
outer material, W m
1 K
1
k1 reference thermal conductivity for inner material,
W m
1 K
1
k2 reference thermal conductivity for outer material,
W m
1 K
1
kr thermal conductivities ratio
Nc1 Biot number at the inner surface (Case 2)
Nc2 Biot number at the outer surface (Case 2)
Q1 dimensionless volumetric internal heat generation rate
for the inner material
Q2 dimensionless volumetric internal heat generation rate
for the outer material
generation in processes with pure conductive environments. In
2004, Kolenda et al. [13] developed a mathematically rigorous
study to show that entropy generation in steady-state one- or
multi-dimensional conduction processes can be minimized by
introducing a heat generation source in the medium. Strub et al.
[14] formulated and analyzed entropy generation for a wall with a
purely sinusoidal temperature boundary condition on one side and
a constant temperature condition on the other. Thereafter, Al-
Qahtani and Yilbas [15] used the concept of entropy generation to
deal with one-dimensional transient heat conduction during laser
pulse heating. Aziz and Khan [16] studied heat transfer and entropy
generation analyses of convective pin fins with convective heating
at the base and convective heat loss at the tip. The fluid friction at
base, lateral surface, and tip of the fin were also included in
calculations.
Given the importance of entropy generation and its direct
connection with waste energy [17,18], scientists continuously
investigate the behavior of thermal systems and processes from the
perspective of the second law of thermodynamics. However, in-
vestigations in the area of entropy generation for pure conduction
processes are fewer than those that focus on convective environ-
ments [19,20]. Indeed, the generation of entropy in a conductive
medium is in the wake of finite temperature deference within
specific points of the object. Aziz and Makinde [21] performed a
two-dimensional analytical study for steady-state temperature,
heat flux, and local and total entropy generation rates of pin fins.
They considered constant thermal conductivities but different
values for radial and axial directions, convective heat loss along the
peripheral surface, and constant temperature for the tip of the fin.
Assad [22] asymmetrically conducted a completely analytical study
for local and total entropy generation rates within a convective
cooled slab with non-uniform internal heat generation. Aziz and
Khan [19] evaluated the entropy generation rate in steady-state
conduction processes through plane walls, hollow cylinders, and
485
q_ 1 volumetric internal heat generation rate for the inner
material, W m
3
q_ 2 volumetric internal heat generation rate for the outer
material, W m
3
R dimensionless radius
R2 dimensionless interface radius
R3 dimensionless outer radius
r radius, m
r1 inner radius, m
r2 interface radius, m
r3 outer radius, m
T temperature, K
T1 temperature of inner material, K
T2 temperature of outer material, K
Tout temperature at outer side, K
Tin temperature at inner side, K
Greek symbols
a1 dimensionless slope of the thermal conductivity
etemperature curve for inner material
a2 dimensionless slope of the thermal conductivity
etemperature curve for outer material
q dimensionless temperature
q1 dimensionless temperature of inner material
q2 dimensionless temperature of outer material
qout dimensionless temperature at outer side
hollow spheres, with uniform internal heat generation. Thermal
conductivity was considered temperature dependent for regular
materials and direction dependent for functionally graded mate-
rials, and constant temperature was selected for the boundary
conditions. Considering the abovementioned geometries and
thermophysical properties, detailed results for local and total en-
tropy generation rates were reported. Aziz and Khan [23] con-
ducted an analytical study on the entropy generation within hollow
spheres with constant thermal conductivity and temperature-
dependent internal heat generation. Iba
n~ ez et al. [24] considered
convective heat transfer between parallel plates in conjunction
with conduction from lower and upper walls. An exact analytical
solution for a system of equations was obtained. The obtained
temperature field was incorporated into the formulation of entropy
generation. Entropy generation was optimized for various param-
eters, such as wall-to-fluid thermal conductivity ratio, dimension-
less wall thicknesses, and Biot numbers. With the use of the finite
difference numerical method, a similar investigation was con-
ducted for three-dimensional ducts by Silva and Garcia [25]. Torabi
and Aziz [2] used the differential transformation method to over-
come the nonlinearity of energy equation for hollow cylinders with
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat
generation, convective boundary condition on the inside surface,
and convectiveeradiative boundary condition on the outside sur-
face. They depicted a number of graphs for local and total entropy
generation rates for the abovementioned geometry. Recently, Tor-
abi and Zhang [12] addressed entropy generation rate problems in
regular and functionally graded material slabs with temperature-
dependent internal heat generation and convectiveeradiative
boundary conditions.
From another point of view, thermal analysis of composite
mediums is one of the fundamental and classical interests in the
field of heat conduction. Composite structures are used in
numerous divisions of industrial manufacturing because of their
486 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496

better thermophysical properties compared with those of con-

ventional materials. Therefore, the application of composite ma-
terials has drastically increased in various fields. Many engineering
applications of composite materials can be found in biomaterials,
micro-hotplates, heat exchangers, civil and nuclear industries,
electric power transport, sensor communities, and electronic
packaging [26e30]. For instance, Kaşka and Yumrutaş [31] pre-
sented experimental and theoretical studies on the transient tem-
perature and heat flow for multilayer walls and flat roofs. Amini-
Manesh et al. [32] also numerically demonstrated that using
composite material as substrate makes the sustainability of the
flame of the reacting nanofilm on the substrate more possible.
Given the practical applications of composite material, knowledge
about temperature and/or entropy generation within these com-
posite structures is essential in numerous industries; such knowl-
edge may be achieved through numerical or analytical techniques.
Moreover, the cylindrical geometry is one of the basic and funda-
mental configurations because of its common occurrence in engi-
neering systems [29,33]. However, the entropy generation rate for
hollow composite cylinders has not been investigated yet in the
literature.
This work presents entropy generation analysis for one- Fig. 1. Configuration of hollow cylinder (not to scale).
dimensional steady conduction in a composite hollow cylinder
with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, different in-
ternal heat generation in each material, and constant temperature

or pure convective cooling on the inside and outside surfaces. Such k2 d dT
ð1 þ a2 ðT2
Tin ÞÞr 2 þ q_ 2 ¼ 0; r2  r < r3 (1b)
a problem is of fundamental interest in many engineering systems r dr dr
but has not been previously studied. The new results presented in
this study are believed to be useful additions to the literature on Given that two cases will be considered in this study, the thermal
entropy generation in conduction heat transfer, which will finally conditions that describe the cooling processes on the surfaces of
lead to improved energy consumption of a specific system. The rest each case may be written as follows:
of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the prob- Case 1: Constant temperature boundary conditions
lem statement. Section 3 provides the fundamental equations with
regard to local and total entropy generation rates. Section 4 pre- T1 jr¼r1 ¼ Tin (2a)
sents the solution of the general problems, that is, with
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity for both inner and T2 jr¼r3 ¼ Tout (2b)
outer layers for Cases 1 and 2, with the combined analy-
ticalenumerical solution technique. Section 5 seeks an exact Case 2: Convective boundary conditions
analytical solution for a special case of the problem for two cases, 
i.e., with constant temperature and with convective heat transfer dT1 
k1 ð1 þ a1 ðT1
Tin ÞÞ ¼ h1 ½Tðr ¼ r1 Þ
Tin  (3a)
boundary conditions. Section 6 illustrates and discusses the results. dr r¼r1
Section 7 provides the conclusion.

dT 

k2 ð1 þ a2 ðT2
Tin ÞÞ 2  ¼ h2 ½Tðr ¼ r3 Þ
Tout  (3b)
2. Problem statement dr r¼r3

Consider a composite hollow cylinder of inside radius r1, outside Eq. (3) shows that temperature-independent convective heat
radius r3, and interface radius r2. The inner part of the composite transfer coefficients for inside and outside surfaces are considered.
hollow cylinder is made of a material with linear temperature- In reality, the convective heat transfer coefficient may be assumed
dependent thermal conductivity k1 (T1), and the outer part is to be temperature dependent [34]. The contact surface between
made of a material with linear temperature-dependent thermal inner and outer layers is assumed to be smooth and without any
conductivity k2 (T2), as illustrated in Fig. 1. The hollow cylinder roughness. Hence, perfect thermal contact is considered in the
experiences internal heat generation that is constant but different contact surface of two layers. Given the perfect thermal contact
in each of those materials. In real situations, the internal heat between two concentric hollow cylinders, equal values for tem-
generation should be considered temperature dependent [2]. perature and heat flow should be introduced for the interface
However, it is assumed constant in many investigations to lessen boundary conditions. Therefore, the following two equations
the complexity of the mathematical solution of the problem [19]. should be added into boundary conditions for both cases:
The radiation effects are assumed negligible. The temperature
distribution in the composite hollow cylinder is governed by the T1 ðr ¼ r2 Þ ¼ T2 ðr ¼ r2 Þ (4a)
following system of one-dimensional steady heat conduction
equations:  
dT1  dT2 

 k1 ð1 þ a1 ðT1
Tin ÞÞ ¼ k ð1 þ a ðT
T ÞÞ
k1 d dT dr r¼r2 2 2 2 in
dr r¼r2
ð1 þ a1 ðT1
Tin ÞÞr 1 þ q_ 1 ¼ 0; r1 < r  r2 (1a)
r dr dr (4b)
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496 487

Is it worth mentioning that without much difficulty and by incor-  00 

000
1 d qr 1
porating thermal resistance into Eq. (4b), these analyses can be S_ ¼
q_ (10)
performed for imperfect thermal contact at the interface [27,28], r dr T T
which is not considered in this study.
Using Fourier's law, Eq. (10) becomes [2,19]
With the introduction of the following dimensionless
parameters:  
000
1 d 1 dT 1
S_ ¼
kðTÞr
q_ (11)
T1 T Tout r r r r dr T dr T
q1 ¼ ; q2 ¼ 2 ; qout ¼ ; R ¼ ; R2 ¼ 2 ; R3 ¼ 3 ;
Tin Tin Tin r1 r1 r1
Using the energy equation, i.e., Eq. (1) in Eq. (11), and after some
q_ 1 r12 q_ 2 r12 h r
a1 ¼ a1 Tin ; a2 ¼ a2 Tin ; Q1 ¼ ; Q2 ¼ ; Nc1 ¼ 1 1 ; straightforward mathematical manipulations, the latter is simpli-
k1 Tin k2 Tin k1 fied to
h2 r1 k2 8
Nc2 ¼ ; kr ¼  2
>
> k1 ð1 þ a1 ðT1
Tin ÞÞ dT1
k2 k1 >
>
> r1 < r < r2
(5) 000 < T12 dr
S_ ¼   (12)
>
>
the system of governing differential equations takes the following >
> k ð1 þ a2 ðT2
Tin ÞÞ dT2 2
> 2
: r2 < r < r3
form: T22 dr


1 d dq With the introduction of dimensionless variables defined by Eq. (5),
ð1 þ a1 ðq1
1ÞÞR 1 þ Q1 ¼ 0; 1 < R  R2 (6a)
R dR dR the dimensionless local volumetric entropy generation rate Ns for
both parts of the composite hollow cylinder is given by the


1 d dq following:
ð1 þ a2 ðq2
1ÞÞR 2 þ Q2 ¼ 0; R2  R < R3 (6b)
R dR dR 8  
>
> dq1 2
>
> ð1 þ a ðq
1ÞÞ
where the boundary conditions for the two cases may be written as >
>
1 1
dR
>
> 1 < R < R2
000
>
<
follows: S_ r12 1 q2
Case 1: Constant temperature boundary conditions Ns ¼ ¼   (13)
k1 >
> dq2 2
>
>
>
> ð1 þ a2 ðq2
1ÞÞ
q1 jR¼1 ¼ 1 (7a) >
> dR
>
: kr R2 < R < R3
q22
q2 jR¼R3 ¼ qout (7b)
The dimensionless total entropy generation rate Nt is given by
Case 2: Convective boundary conditions the following:
  2
dq 
ð1 þ a1 ðq1
1ÞÞ 1  ¼ Nc1 ½q1 ðR ¼ 1Þ
1 (8a) ZR2 ð1 þ a1 ðq1
1ÞÞ dq1
dR R¼1 dR
Nt ¼ RdR
 q21
dq  1
ð1 þ a2 ðq2
1ÞÞ 2  ¼
Nc2 ½q2 ðR ¼ R3 Þ
qout  (8b)  2
dR R¼R3 dq2
ZR3 ð1 þ a2 ðq2
1ÞÞ dR
The following formulas are provided for both cases at the þ kr RdR (14)
q22
interface: R2

q1 ðR ¼ R2 Þ ¼ q2 ðR ¼ R2 Þ (9a)
4. Solution of temperature field
 
dq  dq 
ð1 þ a1 ðq1
1ÞÞ 1  ¼ kr ð1 þ a2 ðq2
1ÞÞ 2  (9b) The solutions for Eqs. (6a) and (6b) are provided by the
dR R¼R2 dR R¼R2
following:

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2 þ 2a1 ± 4
8a1 þ 4a21 þ 8a1 C1
8a1 C2 lnðRÞ
2a1 Q1 R2
q1 ðRÞ ¼ (15a)
2a1

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

2 þ 2a2 ± 4
8a2 þ 4a22 þ 8a2 D1
8a2 D2 lnðRÞ
2a2 Q2 R2
q2 ðRÞ ¼ (15b)
2a2

3. Entropy generation Given that the minus sign provides an unrealistic temperature
distribution, the plus sign will be selected because it provides
For one-dimensional radial conduction, the volumetric entropy physically acceptable temperature distribution. Although analyti-
generation rate can be written as follows [2,10,19]: cally obtaining the four constants is possible, the delivered
488 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496

Fig. 2. Comparison of exact analytical solution in Section 5 (circle) and performed solution procedure in Section 4 (solid line) for Case 1 with different dimensionless outer
temperature: (a) temperature distribution and (b) local entropy generation rate.

Fig. 3. Comparison of exact analytical solution in Section 5 (circle) and performed solution procedure in Section 4 (solid line) for Case 2 with different dimensionless outer
temperature: (a) temperature distribution and (b) local entropy generation rate.

formulas for these constants were lengthy, and a significant equations in both inner and outer parts of the composite hollow
amount of time was spent calculating temperature distribution and cylinder may be expressed as follows:
entropy generation rates by using those exact formulas for constant
parameters. Therefore, the four constants will be calculated case by 1
case by a numerical solution with the use of boundary conditions q1 ðRÞ ¼
Q1 R2 þ E1 lnðRÞ þ E2 (16a)
4
that were provided in Eqs. (7)e(9) and by adopting the fsolve
command in Maple 14. The local and total entropy generation rates
1
can be easily obtained by employing Eqs. (13) and (14). q1 ðRÞ ¼
Q2 R2 þ F1 lnðRÞ þ F2 (16b)
4

5. Analytical solution for temperature-independent cases
An exact analytical solution of Eq. (6) with comparatively short
formulas for constant parameters can be obtained if the thermal
conductivities are assumed to be constant (a1 ¼ a2 ¼ 0). The general
where the abovementioned four constant parameters can be ach-
ieved by assuming either constant temperature boundary (Case 1)
or convective boundary (Case 2) conditions. If Case 1 is assumed
and appropriate boundary equations are used, the four constant
parameters are derived as follows:


2 lnðR2 ÞR22 ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ
2R22 lnðR3 Þ ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ þ kr ðQ1
Q2 ÞR22 þ Q2 R23
Q1 þ 4qout
4
E1 ¼ (17a)
ð4kr
4ÞlnðR2 Þ þ 4 lnðR3 Þ
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496 489

6. Results and discussion

1
E2 ¼ Q þ1 (17b)
4 1 Sample numerical computations of temperature distributions,
and local and total entropy generation rates are performed for the
2 lnðR2 ÞR22 ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ þ ðQ1
Q2 ÞR22 þ Q2 R23
Q1 þ 4qout
4 composite hollow cylinder with the use of solution procedures
F1 ¼ developed in Sections 4 and 5. This section is separated into three
ð4kr
4ÞlnðR2 Þ þ 4 lnðR3 Þ
subsections. The first subsection, which is related to Figs. 2 and 3,
(17c)
is a comparison between solutions in Sections 4 and 5 for tem-

  

2R22 ðkr Q2
Q1 ÞlnðR3 Þ þ Q2 R23 þ 4qout ðkr
1Þ lnðR2 Þ
lnðR3 Þ Q1 R22
Q1
Q2 R22
4
F2 ¼ (17d)
ð4kr
4ÞlnðR2 Þ þ 4 lnðR3 Þ

perature and local entropy generation rate. Subsection 6.2 dis-

Consequently, using convective boundary conditions and uti- cusses the temperature distribution within the composite hollow
lizing Eqs. (8) and (9), the following four formulas are provided for cylinder for various dimensionless parameter values. Finally,
four constant parameters: Subection 6.3 depicts graphs of the local and total entropy gen-
eration rates by using various values for some of the

8 9
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
< =
2 2
2Nc1 Nc2 R3 R2 lnðR2 Þ ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ
2Nc1 Nc2 R3 R2 lnðR3 Þ ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ
>
>   >
>
>
> >
: þ Nc2 R3 Q2 kr þ 2Q2 R2 kr þ Nc2 R3 kr ðQ1
Q2 ÞR2
Q1 þ 4qout
4
2R2 ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ Nc1 þ 2Nc2 R3 kr Q1 >
;
3 3 2 2
E1 ¼
Nc1 Nc2 R3 ð4kr
4ÞlnðR2 Þ þ 4Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ þ 4Nc1 þ 4Nc2 R3 kr
(18a)

8 9
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
<   =
2
Nc2 R3 lnðR2 Þ kr Nc1 ðQ1 þ 4Þ
2Q1 þ 2Q2 R2 þ 2Q1
Nc1 Q1
4Nc1
2Q1 R22
>
>   >
>
>
> >
>
>
>
2Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ Q1
Q1 R22
12 Nc1 Q1
2Nc1 þ kr Q2 R22 >
>
>
>  >
>
>
> >
>
:
2R2 ðk Q
Q Þ þ Nc Q þ 4Nc þ Nc R3 Q k þ 2Q R2 k þ Nc R k ðQ
Q ÞR2 þ 4q ;
2 r 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 r 2 3 r 2 3 r 1 2 2 out
E2 ¼ (18b)
Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR2 Þ ð4kr
4Þ þ 4Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ þ 4Nc1 þ 4Nc2 R3 kr

     
2R3 Nc1 Nc2 R22 lnðR2 Þ ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ þ Nc1 12R23 Q2 þ 12R22 ðQ1
Q2 Þ
2 þ 2qout
12 Q1 þ R22 ðkr Q2
Q1 Þ þ Q1 Nc2 þ Nc1 Q2 R3
F1 ¼
Nc1 Nc2 R3 ð4kr
4ÞlnðR2 Þ þ 4Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ þ 4Nc1 þ 4Nc2 R3 kr
(18c)

8 9
>
>   >
>
>
> >
>
>
> 2 1 3 2 2 >
>
>
>
2Nc 1 lnðR 2 Þ Nc2 R R3 lnðR3 Þ ðkr Q 2
Q 1 Þ
Nc2 Q 2 R ðkr
1Þ
Q 2 R ðkr
1Þ
2qout Nc2 R3 ðkr
1Þ þ R ðkr Q 2
Q 1 Þ >
>
>
>
2
2 3 3 2 >
>
>
<     >
=
1 2 1
>
2Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ Nc1 R2 ðQ1
Q2 Þ
2
Q1 þ kr Q2 R22
Q1 R22 þ Q1 >
>
> 2 2 >
>
>
>  >
>
>
> >
>
>
> Nc1 R22 ðQ2
Q1 Þ þ Q1 þ 4 þ 2Q1 R22 þ 4Nc2 R3 qout kr þ 2Q2 R23 kr
2Q2 R22 kr
2Q1 þ Nc2 Q2 R33 kr >
>
>
> >
>
: ;
F2 ¼
Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR2 Þ ð4kr
4Þ þ 4Nc1 Nc2 R3 lnðR3 Þ þ 4Nc1 þ 4Nc2 R3 kr
(18d)

Again, the local and total entropy generation rates can be easily dimensionless parameters. For all calculations with regard to
obtained by using Eqs. (13) and (14). temperature and entropy generation rates provided in this work,
490 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496
the following values of variables are employed unless otherwise
indicated by the graphs:
R2 ¼ 1:5; R3 ¼ 2; Q1 ¼ 0:5; Q2 ¼ 0:5; a1 ¼ 0:2; a2 ¼ 0:2;
qout ¼ 0:5; kr ¼ 0:2; Nc1 ¼ 1; Nc2 ¼ 1
6.1. Comparison and validation of the solution
Figs. 2 and 3 clearly show that the two solution procedures are
in excellent agreement with each other, which confirms the validity
of the numerical procedure for finding constant parameters in
Section 4. Indeed, the fsolve command has been widely used in
previous publications and has been found to have good accuracy
[34,35]. The accuracy in demonstrated graphs with various
parameter values in Figs. 2 and 3 and the previously reported re-
sults [34,35] prove the correctness of the solution procedure for the
following subsections. Interestingly, one discontinuity, exactly at
the interface radius, can be observed in the illustrated results for
the local entropy generation rates (Figs. 2b and 3b). This disconti-
nuity is attributed to the different materials in each side of the
interface within the composite hollow cylinder.
6.2. Temperature distribution
Fig. 4 shows the temperature distribution for both cases, i.e.,
constant temperature boundary conditions and convective
boundary conditions, by using different values of internal heat
generation within the inner material. Given the different thermal
conductivities for the inner and outer materials, a break is exactly
observed at R2, that is, R ¼ 1.5. However, the continuity of tem-
perature and heat flux remains as a result of implementing Eq. (9).
A higher volume of internal heat generation in the inner part cor-
responds to a higher temperature in the inner and outer parts of the
composite hollow cylinder.
Fig. 4. Effect of internal heat generation in inner part on the temperature distribution
of composite hollow cylinders with kr ¼ 0.2 for Case 1 (solid line) and Case 2 (dash
line).
Fig. 5 shows the temperature distribution for both cases with
various dimensionless interface radii, i.e., different values for R2.
The figure shows that for the first case (solid lines), increasing the
value of the interface radius initially increases the temperature
within the hollow cylinder, and further increasing the value of the
interface radius decreases the temperature. However, for the sec-
ond case, the higher value of the interface radius steadily augments
the temperature of the hollow cylinder. Given that the variable R2
appears in the interface boundary condition, influences the thermal
resistance of the inner and outer sections, and exerts a competing
influence on the steady-state temperature for both parts in a
complicated manner, a simple and precise reason for the different
behaviors of the curves in Fig. 5 is difficult to pinpoint. The outer
low temperature and the ratio of thermal conductivity between the
inner and outer layers are believed to play a significant role in the
temperature distribution of the composite double-layer hollow
cylinder. When the interface radius is near the inner radius, the
inner temperature is dominant within the inner layer, and given the
high thermal conductivity in this layer, the temperature distribu-
tion remains almost constant. Using the interface radius near the
outer surface, the outer temperature attempts to overcome the
inner one, and the inner layer temperature becomes less constant
and more space dependent. These behaviors are more clearly
observed in the case with constant boundary temperatures. For the
second case with low values for the interface radius, given that the
temperature distribution has less space to remain near the inner
temperature, it starts to decrease almost instantly from the inner to
the outer radius. When the interface radius is large and near the
outer radius, the temperature distribution within the inner layer
has more room to increase and obtain a curve-like distribution.
Fig. 6 illustrates the effect of different values of the outer radius
on the temperature distribution on both cases. In both cases,
increasing the value of the outer radius increases the value of the
highest temperature within the composite cylinder, given that
kr ¼ 0.2. Therefore, increasing the value of the outer radius in-
creases the mean thermal resistance of the structure, and therefore
the maximum temperature within the structure increases. How-
ever, Fig. 6 shows that for the case with convective boundary
conditions, the temperature of the outer surface of the composite
cylinder may increase or decrease by using various values of the
outer radius for the composite cylinder. This behavior can be
attributed to the fact that although increasing the outer radius in-
creases the thermal resistance of the whole system, it increases the
amount of internal heat generation associated with the new sys-
tem. Therefore, the competition between these two effects within
the system causes the composite cylinder to have a higher or lower
temperature at the outer surface depending on the value of the
outer radius. The temperature distribution for various values of the
thermal conductivity ratio parameter is shown in Fig. 7. For selected
parameter values, an increase in the value of the thermal conduc-
tivity ratio decreases the value of temperature for all points within
the geometry.
The effects of dimensionless convection heat transfer parame-
ters, i.e., inner and outer Biot numbers, on the temperature distri-
bution within the composite hollow cylinder are shown in Fig. 8.
The upper curves in Fig. 8a and b show the results for the composite
hollow cylinder without convective heat transfer at the inner and
outer surfaces, respectively, i.e., insulated boundary condition at
the inner or outer surfaces. Moreover, a very high Biot number can
present an almost constant temperature boundary condition. As
anticipated, replacing a Biot number with a higher value causes a
decrease in the temperature distribution. However, a higher Biot
number corresponds to lower difference between the new tem-
perature distribution and the previous one, which is apparent
based on Fig. 8a and b. For example, increasing the inner Biot
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496
Fig. 5. Effect of dimensionless interface radius on the temperature distribution of
composite hollow cylinders with kr ¼ 0.2 for Case 1 (solid line) and Case 2 (dash line).
number, i.e., Nc1, from 100 to 1000 will not affect the temperature
distribution given that choosing Nc1 ¼ 100 ensures that the tem-
perature on the inner side of the cylinder has already reached the
ambient temperature on the inner side.
6.3. Local and total entropy generation
Unlike the temperature distribution illustrations, the entropy
generation data cannot be depicted for both cases within one figure
Fig. 6. Effect of dimensionless outer radius on the temperature distribution of com-
posite hollow cylinders with kr ¼ 0.2 for Case 1 (solid line) and Case 2 (dash line).
491
Fig. 7. Effect of thermal conductivities ratio on the temperature distribution of com-
posite hollow cylinders for Case 1 (solid line) and Case 2 (dash line).
because of the large difference between the values of entropy
generation rate for cases with constant boundary and convective
boundary conditions. Therefore, the following figures first show the
local or total entropy generation rates for constant temperature
boundary conditions (Case 1) and those for composite hollow cyl-
inders with convective boundary conditions (Case 2) is conse-
quently pertained. The total entropy generation rate of the system
is more important than the local entropy generation rate. Therefore,
this section mainly focuses on the former rather than the latter.
Fig. 9 shows the trend of total entropy generation rate for both
cases. The interface radius varies from 1.1 to 1.9, and the dimen-
sionless outer temperature widely ranges from 0.2 to 0.8. Fig. 9a
shows that for used parameter values, increasing the value of the
interface radius increases the total entropy generation rate for the
first case. However, Fig. 9b illustrates that for the case with
convective heat transfer coefficient, increasing the value of the
interface radius initially increases the total entropy generation rate.
It then reaches a peak and starts to decrease. The current trend for
total entropy generation rate was not observed in single-layer
material hollow cylinder [2]. The competing interactions between
the overall thermal conductivity of the composite cylinder, which
can be adjusted by the interface radius, and the cooling conditions
on the inner and outer surfaces, which can be changed by modi-
fying the Biot numbers and inner and outer temperatures, have an
important role on the location of the peak (Fig. 9b). Fig. 9a and b
shows that when the outer temperature is closer to the inner
temperature, the total entropy generation rate is lower.
Sample figures with regard to local entropy generation rates are
plotted in Fig. 10a and b for cases with constant temperature
boundary or with convective boundary conditions. Fig. 10a shows
that increasing the value of the interface radius causes a sharp in-
crease in the value of local entropy generation for the outer part of
the cylinder. This sharp increase is the cause of the steady increase
of total entropy generation rate when the value of the interface
radius increases (see Fig. 9a). Using the convective boundary con-
dition in modeling the very steep local entropy generation rate for
the outer part of the cylinder cannot be observed. A point with
492 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496

Fig. 8. Temperature distribution within composite hollow cylinders, (a) effect of inner Biot number and (b) outer Biot number.

minimum entropy generation rate can also be observed in Fig. 10b.
These two facts are considered responsible for the rising and falling
trends of the total entropy generation rate in Fig. 9b. The calcula-
tions in Fig. 10b show that the area under the curve of the local
entropy generation i.e., total entropy generation rate, for R2 ¼ 1.2,
1.4, 1.6 is 0.06676, 0.07075, 0.06733, respectively.
Fig. 11 shows the total entropy generation rate versus the
interface radius for various thermal conductivity ratios. Again, a
trend similar to that in Fig. 9 for various values of the interface
radius is observed in Fig. 11a and b. The figure also shows that in
most cases, increasing the value of the thermal conductivity ratio
increases the value of the total entropy generation rate within the
composite hollow cylinder. However, a careful investigation of
various values of kr at R2 ¼ 1.9 shows that for some specific set of
parameter values, finding an optimum value for kr is possible,
which provides a minimum value for the total entropy generation
rate (Fig. 11b). In this case, viz., Fig. 11b for various values of kr at
R2 ¼ 1.9, increasing the value of the thermal conductivity ratio
from 0.1 to 0.8 decreases the value of the total entropy generation
rate. Thereafter, it starts to increase. Given the continuity of the
value of the total entropy generation rate in this media, and given
that it is a physical parameter, an optimum value for kr should be
provided, which minimizes the value of the total entropy gener-
ation rate. The optimum value of kr can be found by using Eq. (14)
and differentiating for kr and finding the root(s) of the resulting
equation. The minimized value of the total entropy generation rate
is achieved by feeding the resultant value of kr into Eq. (14). Per-
forming a similar procedure and using the parameter values
specified in Fig. 11b for R2 ¼ 1.9, the optimum value of kr is almost
0.1563, which delivers the minimum value for total entropy gen-
eration rate equals to almost 0.0257. The effect of outer radius on
the total entropy generation rate for various values of dimen-
sionless outer temperature and thermal conductivity ratio is
graphed in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively. For the case with constant
temperature boundary condition in Figs. 12 and 13, increasing the
outer radius of the composite hollow cylinder decreases the total
entropy generation rate. It then reaches a minimum value and
starts to increase. However, for the presented parameter values in
the second case, increasing the outer radius of the cylinder
steadily increases the total entropy generation rate. It may exist
other values for Biot numbers, in these cases can be higher Biot
numbers, in which the total entropy generation rate can be
minimized by adopting an appropriate value for the outer tem-
perature (Fig. 12b) or for the thermal conductivity ratio (Fig. 13b)
given that the high value for Biot numbers changes part (b) to part
(a). The interpretation of the effect of outer temperature or ther-
mal conductivity ratio on total entropy generation rate is similar to
that in Fig. 9 and is not repeated here. Furthermore, the optimum

Fig. 9. Effect of dimensionless interface radius and outer temperature on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders: (a) Case 1 and (b) Case 2.
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496 493

Fig. 10. Effect of dimensionless interface radius on the local entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders: (a) Case 1 and (b) Case 2.

Fig. 11. Effect of dimensionless interface radius and thermal conductivities ratio on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders: (a) Case 1 and (b) Case 2.

values for R3 in Figs. 12 and 13 for different values of dimension- optimum value for the outer radius in Fig. 12a using qout ¼ 0.2 is
less outer temperature or thermal conductivity ratio can be found R3 z2:6912, which delivers the minimum value for total entropy
by using the procedure mentioned in discussion about Fig. 9, generation rate as Nt z1:3704. Similarly for qout ¼ 0.8, the opti-
which focused on finding the optimum values. For example, the mum value for the outer radius is R3 z2:0934, which delivers the

Fig. 12. Effect of dimensionless outer radius and outer temperature on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders: (a) Case 1 and (b) Case 2.
494 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496

Fig. 13. Effect of dimensionless outer radius and thermal conductivities ratio on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders: (a) Case 1 and (b) Case 2.

Fig. 14. Effect of dimensionless interface radius on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders in Case 2: (a) various inner Biot number and (b) outer Biot
number.

minimum value for total entropy generation rate as Nt z0:0486. left. Given that the procedure is used once for each optimum
This result shows that increasing the value of the dimensionless value, and as mentioned in Section 4, the exact analytical solution
outer temperature in the mentioned graph decreases the value of for constant parameter exists, the exact analytical solution was
optimum outer radius, i.e., shifts the value of outer radius toward used in the abovementioned analyses because performing

Fig. 15. Effect of dimensionless outer radius on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders in Case 2: (a) various inner Biot number and (b) outer Biot number.
 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496 495

Fig. 16. Effect of inner Biot number on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders in Case 2: (a) various dimensionless interface radius and (b) outer radius.

differentiations and integrations on pure analytical solutions is
more convenient.
Fig. 14 shows the total entropy generation rate versus the
interface radius for different values of Biot numbers. Fig. 14a and b
shows that for a fixed value of Biot number, increasing the value of
the interface radius initially increases the value of the total entropy
generation, and after reaching the maximum total entropy gener-
ation rate value, it starts to decay. A careful analysis of these two
figures reveals that for a specific interface radius value, increasing
the Biot number steadily decreases the total entropy generation
rate (see Fig. 14a for R2 ¼ 1.3 and different values for Nc1).
Furthermore, finding an optimum value for Biot number is also
possible. For specific values of other parameters, it delivers a
minimum value for total entropy generation rate (see Fig. 14a for
R2 ¼ 1.9 and different values of Nc1 or Fig. 14b for R2 z1:3 and
different values of Nc2). These trends are clearer when total entropy
generation rate is demonstrated versus Nc1 or Nc2, i.e., Figs. 16 and
17 in this study that will be discussed in the following paragraph.
An analysis of Fig. 14b with Nc2 ¼ 0 (the purple line in the online
version of the manuscript) reveals that clearly an optimum value
for interface radius can be found for minimum total entropy gen-
eration rate. Adopting R2 z1:2973 provides the minimum value for
total entropy generation rate, which is almost 0.0122587. Fig. 15,
which serves as a companion to Fig. 14, displays the relation
between total entropy generation rate and dimensionless outer
radius for various rates of convective heat transfer inside or outside
of the hollow composite cylinder. The results in Fig. 15 show that for
all used and fixed parameter values, except for outer radius,
increasing the outer radius increases the rate of total entropy
generation. The effects of various values of Biot number are also
similar to those in Fig. 14 and are not repeated here.
Fig. 16 shows the effect of inner convective heat transfer coef-
ficient on total entropy generation rate for various values of the
interface radius i.e., R2 in Fig. 16a, and various values of outer radius,
i.e., R3 in Fig. 16b. The figure shows that, the total entropy genera-
tion rate may continuously decrease or initially decrease, reach an
optimum value for Nc1, and start to increase depending on the value
of the interface or outer radius. For example, choosing R2 ¼ 1.8 in
Fig. 16a results in an optimum value of the total entropy generation
trend. The optimum value for the total entropy generation occurs
with Nc1 z0:555, which delivers for the total entropy generation
rate as Nt z0:03078. The optimum value of Nt z0:03223 can be
obtained by using Nc1 z3:674 and adopting R2 ¼ 1.6. The optimum
value of the total entropy generation rate cannot be achieved for
the other two values of the interface radii (i.e., R2 ¼ 1.4 and 1.2).
However, for the chosen parameter values in Fig. 17, an optimum
value for Nc2 always exists, which minimizes the total entropy
generation rate. In other words, increasing the value of the outer

Fig. 17. Effect of outer Biot number on the total entropy generation rate of composite hollow cylinders in Case 2: (a) various dimensionless interface radius and (b) outer radius.
496 M. Torabi, K. Zhang / Energy 73 (2014) 484e496
convective heat transfer coefficient, i.e., outer Biot number, for the
specific parameter values used initially causes a decrease in the
value of the total entropy generation, and after attaining a mini-
mum rate, further increasing the value of the outer Biot number
causes the rate of total entropy generation to increase. With the
adoption of thermophysical parameter values, increasing the
interface radius may increase or decrease the value of the total
entropy generation rate depending on the values of Nc1 or Nc2. This
behavior can be observed in Figs. 16a and 17a. Figs. 16b and 17b
show that employing similar thermophysical parameter values and
increasing the radius of the outer surface of the composite cylinder
will always increase the total entropy generation rate.
7. Conclusions
A combination of analytical and numerical methods was suc-
cessfully applied to study the temperature and local and total en-
tropy generation rates for hollow composite cylinders with
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and internal heat
generation. Two cases of thermal boundary conditions were
investigated: (a) constant temperature and (b) convective cooling
for inside and outside surfaces. A collection of graphs for both
temperature distribution and total entropy generation rate for
different parameter values was presented. The temperature dis-
tribution graphs for the second case showed that the effect of in-
ternal heat generation outpaced the effect of increasing thermal
resistance. Consequently, increasing the outer radius decreased the
outer surface temperature. In addition, increasing the value of the
outer temperature decreased the value of the total entropy gener-
ation rate in both cases. Interestingly, finding an optimum value for
the inner Biot number (Case 2), in which the total entropy gener-
ation rate can be minimized, may be possible depending on the
value of the other parameters. For the parameter values studied in
the case with convective boundary conditions, an optimum value
for the outer Biot number was always observed, which minimized
the value of the total entropy generation rate.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a grant from the City University of
Hong Kong (Project No. 7004078). The authors also gratefully thank
Professor Robert J. Lopez for his help with some Maple issues that
arose during the preparation of this paper.
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