Hyperbolic Heat Conduction

Equation for Materials With a

W. Kaminski
Assistant Professor,
Institute of Chemical and Process
Nonhomogeneous Inner Structure
Engineering,
Technical University of Lodz,
The physical meaning of the constant r in Cattaneo and Vernotte's equation for
Lodz, Poland materials with a nonhomogeneous 'inner structure has been considered. An exper-
imental determination of the constant T has been proposed and some values for
selected products have been given. The range of differences in the description of
heat transfer by parabolic and hyperbolic heat conduction equations has been dis-
cussed. Penetration time, heat flux, and temperature profiles have been taken into
account using data from the literature and our experimental and calculated results.

Introduction
The equation describing the relationship between heat flux
and temperature gradient has been known since the publication
of Fourier's studies concerning heat conduction (1807, 1812)
q=-kvT
(1)
Although the Fourier equation has been used successfully,
doubts have arisen since the publication of his work (Herivel,
1980).
One of the problems causing doubt was the infinite heat
propagation velocity for unsteady processes resulting from the
interpretation of equation (1). At first, this was only a theo-
retical obstacle. With the development of science and tech-
nology, particularly research on low-pressure gases, cryogenic
engineering, nuclear engineering, seismology, etc., new ex-
perimental facts revealed the paradox of infinite propagation
velocity. Initially, Maxwell (1867), Morse and Feshbach (1953),
and then Vernotte (1958a, 1958b) and Cattaneo (1958) for-
mulated a modified description of unsteady heat conduction
q + T-r- = -kvT
dt
dT
-V-q = cpp (3)
dt
Equation (2) is the Cattaneo and Vernotte (CV) equation.
Equations (2) and (3) lead to a description of an unsteady
temperature profile in the form of the hyperbolic equation
(dT d2T\
CpP I\dt
— +T kV2T
df ) ~
where
r = a/c 2 (5)
The concept of finite heat propagation velocity, leading to
equation (4), was the subject of numerous studies in which its
thermodynamic validity was discussed. In addition, the rela-
tionship between equation (4) and kinetic and molecular
theory, together with the possibility of formulating equation
(4) in another way, were considered.
The hyperbolic heat conduction equation (HHCE) was in-
troduced to chemical and process engineering by Luikov (1966).
Many papers suggested that the hyperbolic equation should be
applied in heat transfer processes that take place in dissipative
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF
HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division June 7,
1988; revision received September 26, 1989. Keywords: Conduction, Porous
Media, Transient and Unsteady Heat Transfer.
and dispersive systems (Antonishyn et al., 1974; Luikov, 1966;
Sieniutycz, 1977; Todos et al., 1970).
Advances in research on heat transfer phenomena at a finite
propagation velocity have resulted in increased interest in so-
lutions of the hyperbolic equation (4). Analytical and numer-
ical solutions concerning model cases are given in the literature.
Approximate solutions can also be important.
2 Heat Conduction in Materials With a Nonhomo-
geneous Inner Structure
Materials encountered in practice, except for pure liquids,
gases, and homogeneous solids, can be described as complex
systems made up of solid, liquid, and gas, e.g., porous-cap-
illary bodies, cellular systems, suspensions, pastes, etc. The
cumulative effect of different transfer mechanisms, for in-
stance, heat conduction, heat transfer by particle-to-particle
contact, free convection in a closed space, radiation, etc., is
(2) often described by the heat conduction equation. The presence
of moisture and its method of binding with a material play an
important role in heat transfer. The thermal conductivity de-
termined experimentally is an average value. It should be also
noticed that in order to obtain a better fitting of experimental
and calculated results thermal conductivity is expressed as a
function of temperature, moisture content, etc. We will call
these nonhomogeneous inner structure materials.
An attempt to obtain a more accurate description of heat
(4) transfer in nonhomogeneous materials leads to the application
of the CV equation.
Luikov (1966) suggested that depending on process intensity,
T can range from 10" 3 to 103 s. Brazhnikov et al. (1975) give
T = 20 to 30 s for meat products. Michalowski et al. (1982)
and Mitura et al. (1988) claim that for the falling drying rate
period, the average value of T is of the order of several thousand
seconds. Similar data have been published elsewhere (Anton-
ishyn et al., 1974; Raspopov, 1967; Todos et al., 1970). These
seem unnaturally high.
For homogeneous substances, T values for gases of 10~8 to
10 - 1 0 s, and for liquids and dielectric solids of 10~10 to
1 0 " n s, have been quoted (e.g., Sieniutycz, 1977).
The following problems arise when considering nonhomo-
geneous inner structure materials:
8
the physical meaning of T in the CV equation.
8
methods of experimental determination of T.
8
the range in which the hyperbolic instead of the parabolic
equation must be used.
The problems listed above have not previously been solved
and they are the subjects of this paper.

Journal of Heat Transfer AUGUST 1990, Vol. 112 / 555

Copyright © 1990 by ASME
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 3 Physical Meaning of T
Consider an electrical analogy of heat conduction at a finite
wave propagation velocity (Doetsch, 1961; Lumsdaine, 1972;
\(t) = — exp
T (-0 (11)

Ulbrich, 1961). Transfer of electrical impulses is in a cable of
a given resistance R, conductance C, inductance L, and leakage
conductance G. R, C, L, and G are referred to a unit length
of the cable. The following system of linear.partial differential
equations after Doetsch (1961) describing the relationship be-
tween voltage E(x, t) and current I(x, t) is obtained:
dE(x, t) dl(x, t)
+ L ———: + RI(x, 0=0
dx dt
+C — — + GE(x, t) ••
dx dt
The analogous terms for heat conduction are temperature,
heat flux, thermal resistance, conductance, and inductance.
Assuming thermal leakage conductance equals zero, the system
of equations (6) and (7) becomes a hyperbolic equation for
one-dimensional heat conduction.
Another interesting approach to the problem can be obtained
on the basis of the thermodynamic theory of bodies with fading
memory (Chadwick and Sneddon, 1958; Coleman and Mizel,
1963; Coleman and Gurtin, 1965, Coleman, 1970; Gurtin and
Pipkin, 1968; Kalashnikova and Taganov, 1981; Kolesnikov,
1987; Luikov, 1974; Nunzioto, 1971; Shashkov and Abra-
mienko, 1975). Such a concept was also used by Swenson( 1977)
who assumed that heat flux at some moment t depends both
on the temperature gradient at t and on past gradients
q(t)-
I \(t-t')VT{t')dt'
When the system (body) has an extremely short memory,
equation (8) combined with the heat balance equation (3) leads
to the parabolic heat conduction equation (PHCE)
dT
= aV2T
dt
A subsequent extreme case occurs when the body has an
extremely long memory. Then, one obtains
T—J 2 = aV2T
dt
In an intermediate case the exponential dependence of func-
tion X(0 is assumed
In the third case, equation (4) is obtained.
Finally, one should also note the analogy between hyperbolic
heat conduction and fluid mechanics (Hughes, 1979). The con-
stitutive relations for viscoelastic fluids are analogous to the
CV equation. There is also similarity between the concept of
heat conduction for materials with memory and the theory of
fluids with memory.
On the basis of the examples presented, one can state that
(6) T in the CV equation for nonhomogeneous inner structure
materials has a different meaning from relaxation time. This
parameter can be interpreted in terms of an electrical analogy.
(7)
The constant T characterizes thermal inductance, defined as
the time needed for accumulating the thermal energy required
for propagative transfer to the nearest element of the inner
structure. In the second example r has a meaning of the time
constant of fading memory (equation (11)).
Summing up the above points, the author suggests that T
represents the interaction of structural elements in inner heat
transfer. For homogeneous materials this interaction is at the
molecular or crystal lattice level. Then, T has a meaning and
value of relaxation time. For nonhomogeneous inner structure
materials, the structural heat transfer interaction is at a dif-
ferent level and T may take a much greater value.
4 Experimental Determination of T
The value of relaxation time for homogeneous materials may
be calculated theoretically (Sieniutycz, 1977; Taitel, 1972).
However, those equations are not suitable for nonhomoge-
neous inner structure materials. It has been suggested that r
(8) can be determined by fitting experimental temperature data
with theoretical results from the hyperbolic equation, by using
r as a variable parameter (Antonishyn et al., 1974; Raspopov,
1967; Brazhnikov et al., 1975; Michalowski et al., 1982; Mitura
et al., 1988). There is no direct experimental method for de-
termination of r.
The evaluation of T for nonhomogeneous inner structure
(9)
materials could be carried out based on the measurement of
penetration time, thermal diffusivity, and equation (5). Pen-
etration time can be found by placing a linear heat source and
temperature sensor in the material. The way this device op-
erates is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a linear heat source in
(10) the form of a needle containing a 0.2-mm resistance wire in
0.1-mm electrical insulation supplied by a power stabilizer.
The temperature of the heater was not measured but it has
been estimated to be from 12.8°C to 32.1°C higher than the

a = thermal diffusivity, mVs R =resistance, Q/m H = heater

c = heat propagation veloc- t =time, s oo = infinite time
ity, m/s T =temperature, °C 0 = initial
C
P = specific heat, J/(kg K) x =distance, m
E = voltage, V <5 =thickness, m Dimensionless numbers
G = leakage conductance, X(. • ) =memory function, Nu = hb/k = Nusselt number
1 /(fi m) W/(m s K) • Fo = at/(b/2f = Fourier
h = heat transfer coefficient, M = scaling factor number
W/(m 2 K) •K = 3.141
I = current, A 3 Abbreviations
P = density, kg/m
k = thermal conductivity, T = time constant, relaxation CV = Cattaneo and Vernotte
W/(m K) time, s HHCE = hyperbolic heat conduc-
L = inductance, fi/(m s) tion equation
n = exponent Subscripts PHCE = parabolic heat conduc-
2
q = heat flux density, W/m P = penetration tion equation

5 5 6 / V o l . 112, AUGUST 1990 Transactions of the ASME

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 Table 1 Properties of materials examined
Mean Moisture Bulk Bed
part ic le content densi ty voidage
Mater ial diameter kg moisture
um kg dry prod. kg/m';; %

H acid 19.3 0. 129 439 72.9

NaHCO,, 96.4 0. 185 1236 49.9
Sand 187.0 0.0098 1551 42.2
Glass ballotlni 206.0 0.069 1607 36.6
Ion exchanger 602. 0 0. 181 862 41. 1

Table 2 Thermal diffusivity, propagation velocity, and T

957, 95% 95%
Mater ial a confid. c confid. x confid.
interval interval interval

mm-2 / s mm/s s

H acid 0.260 ± 0,048 0.103 ± 0.006 24.5 ± 7 . 5

NaHCOs, 0.310 ± 0.041 0.104 ± 0.004 28.7 ± 5.9
Sand 0.408 ± 0.060 0.143 ± 0.012 20.0 ± 6 . 4
Fig. 1 Experimental device: (1) resistance wire, (2) needle, (3) electric Glass ballotini 0.251 t 0.030 0. 152 ± 0.011 10.9 ± 2.9
insulation, (4) needle, (5) thermocouple, (6) insulation (7) support, (8) to
power supply and stabilizer, (9) to amplifier and recorder, (10) material Ion exchanger 0.220 ± 0.019 0.064 ± 0.005 53.7 ± 13,4

ambient temperature. The thermocouple is placed in the needle

and parallel to the heater.
In Table 1 the properties of selected materials are presented.
The measurement includes the evaluation of time delay of heat
wave from the heater to the sensor. In order to determine
precisely the penetration time, the thermocouple response is
referred to a certain standard voltage and then amplified ap-
preciably. The dynamics of the heater and sensor affects only
the response and does not cause any additional delay. If the
temperature profile caused by the linear heat source satisfied
the PHCE, then the change of electrical signal of the ther-
mocouple would be observed after 5 to 10 s, while in the
experiments (the distance of the heater to the temperature
sensor being 16.8 mm) the signal was observed after 100 to
200 s. Thermal diffusivity was determined by temperature
measurement in unsteady conditions caused by the linear heat
source (after Carslaw and Jaeger, 1959). The experimental
device is the same as in Fig. 1. The measurements of both
penetration time and thermal diffusivity were performed at
two distances between the heater and sensor (6.8 mm, 16.8
mm) and each experiment was repeated five times. The initial
temperature of the samples was kept at 20°C. The penetration
time evaluated in this way and thermal diffusivity of the ma-
terial allowed the constant r to be determined for the materials.
The final results and 95 percent confidence interval are pre-
sented in Table 2.
This method can be modified using a linear heat source and
two temperature sensors parallel to the heater at different
distances. The temperature sensed by the closer probe is with
reference to the other probe and reveals a maximum. It should
be noted that this maximum as calculated from PHCE and
HHCE may differ significantly. From the time at which the
maximum occurs, T can be determined by solution of hyper-
bolic equation (4).
5 Comparison of Results Obtained Using the P H C E
and H H C E Equations
Differences that may arise when considering heat transfer
problems for nonhomogeneous inner structure materials as a
consequence of the use of PHCE and HHCE equations are
related to the following: penetration time, heat flux, and tem-
perature profile. Of great importance is the range of sample
thickness, time, and intensity of the process in which the dif-
ferences in the above occur. In this section the answers to these
questions are considered. The appropriateness of proposed
criteria is verified by our own data, as well as those in the
literature.
The PHCE and HHCE have been compared by other au-
thors, for example: Baumeister and Hamil (1969), Chan et al.
(1971), Frankel et al. (1987), Glass et al. (1986), Vick and
Ozisik (1983), and Wiggert (1977), with T as the relaxation
time. Due to the dimensionless form of the data, those com-
parisons can also be used in the analysis of nonhomogeneous
inner structure materials.
If a scaling factor is introduced into equation (4) such that
t = u2t', x = ax', the HHCE solutions approach the PHCE
asymptotically when r/a2 « 0(1), that is, for large / and x
(Maurer and Thompson, 1973). However, in the literature,
there is no precise determination of what large distance and
time mean.
One of the basic differences between HHCE and PHCE is
the penetration time. In general, the penetration time for PHCE
for any sample thickness is zero. However, for comparison
purposes, the asymptotic solution of the PHCE for a semi-
infinite body and the penetration time are taken into account.
For instance, in the studies by Lardner (1963), Vujanovic and
Baclic (1976), and Vujanovic and Djukic (1972), the temper-
ature profile is in the form
wherex p {t), called the penetration depth, is the depth reached
by the heat front after a given penetration time.
If thermal diffusivity does not depend on temperature, the
penetration depth can be expressed by the formula (Vujanovic
and Djukic, 1972)
x„(t)= V10 at (13)
The time delay in the heat wave reaching a given place is an
experimental fact. Taking the concept of constant penetration
velocity for HHCE, the penetration depth can be written in
the form

Journal of Heat Transfer AUGUST 1990, Vol. 112/557

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 Hyperbolic Heat Conduction
Equation for Materials With a
W. Kaminski
Assistant Professor,
Institute of Chemical and Process
Nonhomogeneous Inner Structure
Engineering,
Technical University of Lodz,
The physical meaning of the constant r in Cattaneo and Vernotte's equation for
Lodz, Poland materials with a nonhomogeneous 'inner structure has been considered. An exper-
imental determination of the constant T has been proposed and some values for
selected products have been given. The range of differences in the description of
heat transfer by parabolic and hyperbolic heat conduction equations has been dis-
cussed. Penetration time, heat flux, and temperature profiles have been taken into
account using data from the literature and our experimental and calculated results.

Introduction
The equation describing the relationship between heat flux
and temperature gradient has been known since the publication
of Fourier's studies concerning heat conduction (1807, 1812)
q=-kvT
(1)
Although the Fourier equation has been used successfully,
doubts have arisen since the publication of his work (Herivel,
1980).
One of the problems causing doubt was the infinite heat
propagation velocity for unsteady processes resulting from the
interpretation of equation (1). At first, this was only a theo-
retical obstacle. With the development of science and tech-
nology, particularly research on low-pressure gases, cryogenic
engineering, nuclear engineering, seismology, etc., new ex-
perimental facts revealed the paradox of infinite propagation
velocity. Initially, Maxwell (1867), Morse and Feshbach (1953),
and then Vernotte (1958a, 1958b) and Cattaneo (1958) for-
mulated a modified description of unsteady heat conduction
q + T-r- = -kvT
dt
dT
-V-q = cpp (3)
dt
Equation (2) is the Cattaneo and Vernotte (CV) equation.
Equations (2) and (3) lead to a description of an unsteady
temperature profile in the form of the hyperbolic equation
(dT d2T\
CpP I\dt
— +T kV2T
df ) ~
where
r = a/c 2 (5)
The concept of finite heat propagation velocity, leading to
equation (4), was the subject of numerous studies in which its
thermodynamic validity was discussed. In addition, the rela-
tionship between equation (4) and kinetic and molecular
theory, together with the possibility of formulating equation
(4) in another way, were considered.
The hyperbolic heat conduction equation (HHCE) was in-
troduced to chemical and process engineering by Luikov (1966).
Many papers suggested that the hyperbolic equation should be
applied in heat transfer processes that take place in dissipative
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF
HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division June 7,
1988; revision received September 26, 1989. Keywords: Conduction, Porous
Media, Transient and Unsteady Heat Transfer.
and dispersive systems (Antonishyn et al., 1974; Luikov, 1966;
Sieniutycz, 1977; Todos et al., 1970).
Advances in research on heat transfer phenomena at a finite
propagation velocity have resulted in increased interest in so-
lutions of the hyperbolic equation (4). Analytical and numer-
ical solutions concerning model cases are given in the literature.
Approximate solutions can also be important.
2 Heat Conduction in Materials With a Nonhomo-
geneous Inner Structure
Materials encountered in practice, except for pure liquids,
gases, and homogeneous solids, can be described as complex
systems made up of solid, liquid, and gas, e.g., porous-cap-
illary bodies, cellular systems, suspensions, pastes, etc. The
cumulative effect of different transfer mechanisms, for in-
stance, heat conduction, heat transfer by particle-to-particle
contact, free convection in a closed space, radiation, etc., is
(2) often described by the heat conduction equation. The presence
of moisture and its method of binding with a material play an
important role in heat transfer. The thermal conductivity de-
termined experimentally is an average value. It should be also
noticed that in order to obtain a better fitting of experimental
and calculated results thermal conductivity is expressed as a
function of temperature, moisture content, etc. We will call
these nonhomogeneous inner structure materials.
An attempt to obtain a more accurate description of heat
(4) transfer in nonhomogeneous materials leads to the application
of the CV equation.
Luikov (1966) suggested that depending on process intensity,
T can range from 10" 3 to 103 s. Brazhnikov et al. (1975) give
T = 20 to 30 s for meat products. Michalowski et al. (1982)
and Mitura et al. (1988) claim that for the falling drying rate
period, the average value of T is of the order of several thousand
seconds. Similar data have been published elsewhere (Anton-
ishyn et al., 1974; Raspopov, 1967; Todos et al., 1970). These
seem unnaturally high.
For homogeneous substances, T values for gases of 10~8 to
10 - 1 0 s, and for liquids and dielectric solids of 10~10 to
1 0 " n s, have been quoted (e.g., Sieniutycz, 1977).
The following problems arise when considering nonhomo-
geneous inner structure materials:
8
the physical meaning of T in the CV equation.
8
methods of experimental determination of T.
8
the range in which the hyperbolic instead of the parabolic
equation must be used.
The problems listed above have not previously been solved
and they are the subjects of this paper.

Journal of Heat Transfer AUGUST 1990, Vol. 112 / 555

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3 2 1 1
10~ 10" 10~ 10° 10 10
FOURIER NO.
Fig. 5 Comparison of calculated and experimental data for the follow-
ing systems: (1, 2) ballotini/air, (3, 4, 5) ballotini/freon 12, (6, 7) ballotini/
helium, (8) Al 2 0 3 powder/air, (9) AI 2 0 3 powder/freon 12, (10) Al 2 0 3 powder/
helium, (11) mica powder/air, (12,13, 14) slug balls/air
DIMENSIONLESS
DISTANCE
Fig. 6 Comparison of temperature profiles for PHCE and HHCE in a
slab
The consequence of the differences in heat fluxes calculated
on the basis of PHCE and HHCE appear as the differences
of temperature profiles. The temperature profile caused by a
step change at the boundary in a slab in the initial period of
heat transfer, in a dimensionless system of coordinates for two
values of the slab thickness, is presented in Fig. 6. The solution
of HHCE for various slab thicknesses is different in spite of
dimensionless data presentation and asymptotically ap-
proaches the PHCE solution after a distance and time cal-
culated from equations (15) and (16), respectively.
6 Summary and Conclusions
In the paper a physical meaning of the constant T in the CV
equation for nonhomogeneous inner structure materials has
been considered. Examples leading to the hyperbolic heat con-
duction equation included an electrical analogy of heat con-
duction at a finite propagation velocity of disturbances, bodies
with fading memory. It was found that the CV equation pro-
vides a more adequate description of unsteady heat transfer
processes occurring in the nonhomogeneous inner structure
materials. The constant T can be interpreted as a measure of
interaction of material structure in unsteady heat transfer pro-
cesses.
It is suggested that T be determined on the basis of heat
propagation velocity. The values of thermal diffusivity, prop-
agation velocity, and T are given for selected products.
Differences in the description of heat transfer inside the
material by the HHCE and PHCE were discussed. The fol-
lowing terms were taken into account: penetration time, heat
flux, and temperature profile. Both the literature data and our
experimental and calculated results were used.
Journal of Heat Transfer
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The analysis revealed that significant differences between
the PHCE and the HHCE exist for the thickness 672 deter-
mined by equation (15), which is connected with the moving
heat front. The differences occur for times shorter than TTT.
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