CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The waste management in Nigerian cities creates the erroneous impression that

urban waste management problems are intractable. This sterns from the fact that the rate

of collection and evacuation perpetually lag behind the rate of generation which makes

waste disposal accumulation a major source of European Scientific Journal March 2013

edition environmental nuisance in Nigerian cities. Waste disposal management therefore

concerns the interplay among generation, storage, collection and final disposal (Omuta,

1988). Sada (1984) has observed that in 1980, on the average, a balance of 100 metric

tons of waste disposal are piled up daily in metropolitan City, especially in Ibadan, being

the largest city in West Africa. This is because while about 350 metric tons of

wastesdisposal are generated daily, the maximum rate of evacuation achievable was only

250metric tons daily.

Uchegbu (1988) remarked that big cities like Port Harcourt Lagos, Kano, etc in

Nigeria produced on the average 46kg of solid wastedisposal per person, per day. As

living standards rise, people consume more and generate more waste. These leisure

seekers merely come into Enugu to relax, consume and enjoy themselves every weekend

thus contributing enormously to weekly waste generation in Enugu City. Atuegbu (2007)

reports that between 500 and 850 metric tons of waste are generated daily in Enugu city.

At Abakpa, the rate of waste generation is so high that in one night, a refuse dump site

that was cleared the previous day could be replaced with an equal volume of waste the
following morning, thus creating the erroneous impression that it was never clear before.

The scenario is the same at Gbagi, Dugbe areas of Ibadan Metropolis.

Waste disposal management is an important element in public health and

environmental protection. Its main purpose is to provide hygienic, efficient and economic

collection, transportation, treatment and/or disposal of wastes, without polluting the

atmosphere, soil or water resources. The management strategy should address the issue of

aesthetic: and the option adopted must be cost effective (i.e. cheap and/or affordable).

The principles of waste disposal management should be that of materials recovery

through recycling. Waste disposal can be used in several ways - land filling, compost

production as a source of raw fuel in some cases, or in biogas production. Although

legislative provisions and regulations exist to tackle the problems posed to environmental

protection efforts, waste disposal management has continued to defy most of the

proffered solutions. This is despite the substantial expenditure on the waste disposal

management efforts. Many times though, the approach and option adopted for the

collection, transportation and disposal have been wrong (Ukpong, 2006). In some

instances, very high technology equipment was installed which proved inappropriate

because of the low level of our technological development, which has made it difficult if

not impossible to sustain the equipment. Yet, such high technologies need not have been

used or installed in the first place, because there are other appropriate means of solving

the problems (Igboro,2007).

Waste should not be regarded as something to be thrown away or disposed, but as

raw material. So, like the biosphere, all wastes generated by industry or consumers
should be put back into the industrial economy as much as possible. This concept is what

recycling is all about. As is the case in many Nigerian urban centers where services are

inadequate, waste disposal is a major problem in Kaduna. Rapid urban growth, increasing

per capita production of waste disposal and non-availability of land conveniently suitable

for waste disposal are further aggravating the situation. In most cases municipal

authorities entrusted with the task, collect less, than half the wastes generated in many

parts of the city. This calls for the need to seek alternative, superior and more effective

ways of disposing waste.Waste disposal consists of materials, which can be classified

according to their physical and chemical properties as garbage, rubbish, trash, junks and

ashes (Hagertyet al, 1973). In Kaduna metropolis about 250,000 houses exist, each

accommodating an average of 17 persons per household and the per capita production of

waste disposal is estimated as 175.2 kg/yr (Agboola, 1993, Nwude. 2006). Developed

countries have long been aware of the waste problems and evolved the necessary

management processes to deal with them.

Unfortunately, developing nations like Nigeria are still grappling unsuccessfully

with the problem of waste disposal. In Nigeria, various studies have been undertaken on

so waste disposal management, examining the genesis, causes and effects of waste

disposal in Nigerian urban centers (Adedibu. 1983; Egunjobi, 1986, 1992; Akintola,

1987; Ogu, 1987; Ipadeola, 1988; Olokesusi, 1991 Nwude, 2006 Ukpong, 2006 and Osse,

2006). Management of waste disposal in our cities, including Kaduna, continues to pose

serious challenges due to the absence of the appropriate and organized waste
management culture and technologies, arising largely from financial and technological

constraints (Gout, 2001).

Unfortunately, many peoples in African countries including Nigeria, until recently,

regard the concern for effective strategies for managing urban waste disposal as a less

important issue which may distract attention from the most urgent and serious problem of

achieving a fast rate of economic growth. This attitude stems in part from the belief that

environmental degradation with urban waste disposal generation is an inevitable price of

development (Salau, 1992; Chukwu,2010).The generation and disposal of waste is an

intrinsic part of any developing or industrial society. Waste, both from domestic and

commercial sources has grown significantly in Nigeria over the past decade. Every time a

householder shops at the store, and open market he contributes to the mountain of waste.

It is possible to quote figures which show that the production of waste amounts to

millions of tons. The percent of Nigeria’s population living in cities and urban areas has

more than doubled in the last 15 years. The cities and urban areas experience continuous

growth which contributes to enormous in generation of waste disposal and liquid waste.

The management of waste disposal is a matter of national and international

concern. The volume of waste does not actually constitute the problem but the ability or

inability of governments, individuals and waste disposal firms to keep up with the task of

managing waste and the environment. There is no doubt that a dirty environment affects

the standard of living, aesthetic sensibilities, health of the people and thus the quality of

their lives. The corollary is that improper disposal or storage of this waste can constitute

hazards to the society through the pollution of air, land and especially water, hence this
study.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

Inadequate waste disposal management which was relatively bearable in Oyo

State, especially in Ibadan north west,and Egbeda dugbe , became impossible now

especially with the growing of urbanization, rural urban migration and sitting of buildings

and other infrastructures in areas designated as waste disposal points. Furthermore the

proliferation of public and private schools, hospitals and eating houses generate more

than 95% of the refuse especially in Oyo Urban centre (Eze, 2008).

Problem with the disposal of waste in Oyo State could be traced to late 70s when

rural poverty increased which caused high rural-urban migration. Rapid urban growth in

Nigeria accompanied by increasing population, traffic-congestion, air and waste,

pollution, capital production of waste disposal and non-availability of places designated

for waste disposal. In the absence of a regular and efficient waste disposal collection

system, waste is dumped in open spaces, on access roads and along water courses, which

constitutes health hazard. In most parts of oyo urban, there are no public facilities for

disposing refuse within reasonable distance. Dump sites or waste bins are nonexistent and

where dumps are sited overflow with refuse, constituting health/fire hazards.

However the Government of Oyo State of Nigeria adopted different methods of

waste disposal. One time, the incinerator machines were used and recently waste disposal

conversion vehicles are used and yet waste disposal still constitute a major health hazard

in the Oyo Urban. It is believed that the refuse disposal vehicles are inadequate. The

areas that are more susceptible to the endemic problem are Gbagi, Dugbe. Some people
who were arraigned in the Environmental Court on waste disposal related offences

oftentimes claimed that they were not properly sensitized or educated on how to dispose

or manage their waste disposal.

1.3 Research Questions

1. What are the key components of waste disposal management in Ibadan

metropolis?

2. How effective is the waste disposal management on environmental pollution

within Ibadan metropolis?

3. What are the challenges confronting waste disposal management in Oyo State?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study is to underscore the waste disposal management in Oyo

State. The specific objectives are to:

i. examine the key components of waste disposal management in the study area;

ii. assess the effectiveness of waste disposal management on environmental

sanitation; and

iii. analyses the challenges confronting waste disposal management in Oyo State.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The study formulate a hypothesis that will serve as a guide to this study using a null

hypothesis

Ho: Waste disposal management has no significant effect on environmental sanitation in

Oyo State.
1.6

This study will be written to find out an appropriate and effective system of waste

disposal management in some selected Local Government Area of Oyo State which will

eradicate environmental health problems and to examine the existing methods of waste

management select viable ones among them for efficient management of these wastes. It

is also designed identify the environmental health problems associated with ineffective

waste.

The time frame for this study is between 2011 and 2018. The periods covered eras

during which the successive state governments have instituted various programmes and

policies aiming at proper disposal of waste management in Oyo state.

The methodological scope for this study will be delimited to areas with high

deposit of refuse in Oyo State, especially in Ibadan metropolis with relatively high

population density.

1.7 Significant of the Study

This study will be of great relevant to the on-going waste disposal crusade,

especially in Oyo State with severe environmental challenges. It will demonstrate the

need for the development of relevant waste disposal strategies which can be used to curb

the challenges of un-coordinated disposal of waste across the hook and cranny of Oyo

State.

It will clearly explicate the key approaches/strategies to waste management in the

selected local government areas of Oyo State. It will also provide information the

effectiveness of waste disposal management in Oyo State. In addition, the challenges of

waste disposal management will be analysed based on the observations within the

environmental space of Oyo State. This will provide information on the subject matter.

The results of this study are expected to provide urgent understanding for the waste

management practitioners, policy makers, employers and relevant institutions so as to

formulate enabling laws and policies that will encourage well-structured waste

management system in Oyo State and Nigeria in general.

 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Area of study

GBAGI MARKET

Gbagi Market is located in Egbeda local government area in Oyo state, Nigeria. The local

Government has its headquarters in the town of Egbeda.

The postal code of the area is 20010 and it has an area of 191km 2 and population of

281573 at the 2006 census. Egbeda local government area is subdivided into 11 wards,

and councilors elected from each ward. The current traditional ruler is the Elegbeda of

egbeda OBA VICTOR SUNDAY OLATUNDE OKUNOLA, who is a member of the

Oyo state of council of Obas and chiefs.

DUGBE MARKET

Dugbe Market is located in Ibadan central business district and is a major hub for

transportation and trading. It first began operation at EKOTEDO and today it stocks

assorted number of goods. It has several landmarks such as the cocoa house which was

the first story building in Nigeria and the recently built coco mall, while several local and

international retail stores like Shoprite, Mr Price, cash and carry etc are present.

Dugbe is the biggest clothing market in Ibadan, Oyo state. It is made up streets separated

by beautiful shops adorned with local and foreign clothing labels. It has over the years
emerged as the centre of Ibadan’s transport and trading network, attracting traders from

far and near.

3.2 Research Design

This study is based on the use of survey method through the use of questionnaire

to generate data. Therefore, survey research designed is the method used by the

researchers to gathered information or data from the population or from sample drawn

from the population suitable. The study adopts the use of survey research design because

it is not possible to reach all the members of staff of Ife Central Local Government. This

also includes the selected members. of the public within the local government area. The

study therefore makes use of questionnaire research survey method which is suitable to

the study being investigated to selected members of staff and the general public.

3.3 Population of the study

The population of the study focuses on Ife Central Local Government; Oyo State

which includes about Ninety (90) staff members, comprising of Senior Staff and Junior

Staff.

3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

The sample size of the work is Fifty (50) employees. The sampling technique used

is stratified sampling techniques. The total population of employees was stratified into

three level of management-low, middle and top management. The number of employees

includes in the sample size from each strata was selected through the use of stratified

sampling techniques. Even numbers were assigned to each of the employees on random
bases. All employees with even number formed the sample size. This technique ensures

the randomness of the sample size.

3.5 Sources and Collection of Data

The data used for the purpose of the study was gathered through primary and

secondary sources.

PrimaryData: The primary data was collected through questionnaire. Questionnaires

were distributed to low, middle and top management officers of the information

Department of Ife South Local Government where relevant data was gathered. The

questionnaires contained closed ended questions and specific questions that relate to the

objectives, the research questions and the hypothesis of the study and other research

questions to aid a better of the analyses of the research topics.

Secondary Data: The secondary data was gathered from relevant textbook, journals,

company records and internet facility.

3.6Research Instrument

Relevant data was gathered through questionnaire. The questionnaires are set of

pre-formulated written questions that are carefully designed by the researcher. The

questions were relevant to the objectives of the study and are based on the research

questions and hypothesis to ensure that the data gathered through the questionnaire were

useful to the study. The questionnaire contained structured and close-ended questions,

which were simple and direct in which suitable alternatives were ticked, personnel

opinions and views were also expressed. Questionnaire method was used because of the
speed at which data would be collected, ease of retrieval and to ensure the validity of the

responses.

1.8 Definitions of Key Terms

Waste
Wastes can be defined from different perspectives. It definition depends on perception of

whoever is defining it. Normally wastes can be described as something that has no value, useless

and that want to be discard by the owner. Concise oxford Dictionary defined wastes as lack of

use or ‘useless remain’. Moreover, the New Encyclopedia Britannica defined ‘wastes’ as

“material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful”.

Solid Waste

The American Public Liquid Association in 1975 defined solid waste as unwanted and

useless material with insufficient liquid content to be free flowing, because of its sticky nature,

solid waste has the ability to accumulating and physically insulting and degrading the

environment if not well managed.

Solid Waste Management

Solid Waste management could be described as the appropriate method and strategies of

generation, storage, collection, and disposing solid waste in the most appropriate manner, so as

to reduce or eliminate its harmful effect.