Saurabh Wagh Report Final1

A Project on ,
“A STUDY OF TOURISM INDUSTRY”
A Project Submitted to
B.K. Birla College (Autonomous), Kalyan for partial
Completion of the degree of Master in Commerce
Under the Faculty of Commerce
By
SAURABH RAMU WAGH
ROLL NO. 09
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Bharat Bagul
B.K BIRLA COLLEGE ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE

(AUTONOMOUS)BIRLA COLLEGE ROAD KALYAN (W)-421301
SEM III (2021-22)
1
A Project on
“A STUDY OF TOURISM INDUSTRY”
A Project Submitted to
B.K. Birla College (Autonomous), Kalyan for partial
Completion of the degree of Master in Commerce
Under the Faculty of Commerce
By
SAURABH RAMU WAGH
ROLL NO. 09
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Bharat Bagul
B.K BIRLA COLLEGE ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE

(AUTONOMOUS)BIRLA COLLEGE ROAD KALYAN (W)-421301
SEM III (2021-22
2
Content
Sr No. Particular Page No.

1
Chapter 1 : Introduction 7
1.1 History of travel & Tourism 12
1.2 Types of tourism 14
1.3 Importance of tourism 18
1.4 Industries related to tourism 21
1.5 Characteristics of tourism products 27
1.6 Tourism in Maharashtra 29

1.7 Tourism in Raigad District 34
1.8 Objective of study
36
1.9 Hypothesis 36
1.10 Impact of tourism on the economy 45
2 Chapter 2 : Research and Methodology 60
3 Chapter 3 : Literature Review 61
4 Chapter 4 : Data Analysis 64
5 Chapter 5 : Recommendation 73
6 Chapter 6 : Conclusion 75
7 Chapter 7 : Bibliography 80
3
B.K. BIRLA COLLEGE OF ARTS,
SCIENCE & COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS),
BIRLA COLLEGE ROAD KALYAN(W)-421301
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. SAURABH RAMU WAGH ROLL NO.09 has worked and duly
completed her / his Project Work for the degree of Master in Commerce under the Faculty of
Commerce in the subject of COMMERCE and her/his project is entitled, “A STUDY
OF TOURISM INDUSTRY” under my supervision.
I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my guidance and that
no part of it has been submitted previously for any Degree or Diploma of any University.
It is her/ his own work and facts reported by her/his personal findings and investigations.
Name and Signature of

Guiding Teacher
Mr. Bharat Bagul
Date of Submission :
4
B.K. BIRLA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE
& COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS),
BIRLA COLLEGE ROAD KALYAN(W)-421301
Declaration by Learner
I the undersigned Miss/Mr. SAURABH RAMU WAGH here by, declare that the work
emboied in this project work titled “A STUDY OF TOURSIM INDSUTRY” from
my own contribution to the research work carried out under the guidance of MR.
BHARAT BAGUL is a result of my own research work and has not been previously
submitted to any other University for any other Degree/ Diploma to this or any other
University.
Wherever reference has been made to previous works of others, it has been clearly
indicated as such and included in the bibliography.
I, here by further declare that all information of this document has been
obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.
SAURABH RAMU WAGH

Name and Signature of the learner
Certified by
Name and signature of the Guiding Teacher

MR. BHARAT BAGUL
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Acknowledgment
To list who all have helped me is difficult because they are so numerous and the depth
is so enormous.
I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh
dimensions in the completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank the B.K.Birla College (AUTONOMOUS) University

of Mumbai for giving me chance to do this project.
I would like to thank my Principal, Dr. Avinash Patil for providing the necessary
facilities required for completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank our Coordinator ,Mr. Bipinchandra Wadekar for her
moral support and guidance.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Mr.
Bharat Bagul whose guidance and care made the project successful.
I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books
and magazines related to my project.
Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped
me in the completion of the project especially my Parents and Peers who supported me
throughout my project.
MR. SAURABH RAMU WAGH
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
World tourism is considered as a significant factor in the economy of many nations.

Today tourism related infrastructure in various parts of the country has improved the
quality of life of the local people and helped to promote local arts and crafts. Tourism
has contributed to increase awareness about conservation of the environment and the
cultural heritage. Tourism is the fastest growing industry in modern world. People
have always travelled to distant parts of the world to see monuments, arts and culture,
taste new cuisine etc. The term tourist was firstly used as official term in 1937 by the
League of Nations. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for period of
over 24 hours.
The word tour gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of Europe
became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British noblemen. Tourism
is a service industry, consisting of transportation, accommodation and hospitality. The
term tourism and travel are often used interchangeably though literally there is a
difference. A person who indulges in tourism is known as tourist. Tourism is multi-
faceted phenomenon which involves movement to and stay in destination outside the
normal place of residence. Tourism is composed of three basic elements-
A) A dynamic element which involves travel to a selected destination or destinations.
B) A static element which involves the stay in the destination.
Swiss Professor Walter Hunzikar and Kurt Krapf (1994), describe the concept of
tourism “Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationship arising from the travel
and stay of non- residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are
not connected with any earning activity”
As per the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO), now
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called as World Tourism Organization (WTO), has defined tourist as a temporary
visitor staying for at least 24 hours in a country visited when the purpose of the
journey can be classified under one of the following headings -
a) Leisure:- recreation, holiday, health, study of religion and sports or
b) Business, family, mission meetings.
As per the IASET and Tourism Society of Cardiff in 1981, “Tourism may be defined
in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home
environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stay away from home.”
Herman Von Schullard, An American Economist, defined it as, “The sum of the total
operations, mainly of an economic nature which directly relates to the entry, stay and
movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or region.”
According to Tourism Society in Britain, “Tourism is the temporary short-term
movement of people to destination outside the place where they normally live and
work and their activities during the stay at their destinations, includes movement for
all purposes, as well as day visit or excursions”. In 1981, the International Conference
on Leisure-Recreation- Tourism, held by Tourism Society in England, defined it as,
“Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and
undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight
stay away from home”. This definition was subsequently accepted by the IASET
(Burkart & Medlik, 1974).
All the above definitions bring out the following distinct features of tourism.
(a) Their stay is of a temporary nature in the area visited.

(b) Involvement of a mobile population of travelers who are stranger to the placethey
visit.
(c) It is essentially a pleasure and recreaional activity.
(d) Their stay is not connected with any remunerated activity or an activity involving
earnings.
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WTO has taken the concept of „tourism‟ beyond a stereo type image of „holiday
making‟. The official accepted definition in the report is: “Tourism comprises the
activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment
not for leisure, business and other purposes”.
WTO has classified three types of tourism-
A) Domestic Tourism: It consists of residents visiting within their own country.

No formalities are required in this kind of travel.
B) Inbound Tourism: Comprises non- residents travelling into a country oftheir

choice.
C) Outbound Tourism: Comprises residents of a nation travelling out to foreign country.

These three basic forms of tourism can be in turn being combined to derive three categories of
tourism.
a) Internal Tourism: This comprises domestic and inbound tourism.
b) National Tourism: domestic and outbound tourism.
c) International Tourism: inbound and outbound tourism.
Geographers study the spatial expression of tourism as a human activity, focusing on

tourist generating and tourist receiving areas. The study can incorporate a variety of
scales, climate, tourist recourses to local landscape, resorts etc. From the geographical
point of view, tourism has three main components-
1) The tourist from one country to another country is known as generatingareas.
2) The destination area of tourist receiving countries or region or local areas.

Tourism flow depends on pull and push factors. Push factors depend on
the stage of economic development in generating market, number of
holidays available and income. Also pull factor influence on tourist flow,
it includes accessibility and the relative cost.
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Due to growing economic significance of tourism, it has a spectacular increase in
tourism worldwide and increase in tourist earning. That money is absorbed by the
local economies of the nation, and helps toincreasing jobs as well as opportunities.
Tourism mostly depends on the range and types of accommodation available at the
destination. Accommodation is a core of the tourist industry, and plays a distinctive
role in the development of this ever - expanding industry. Tourism also tends to give
support to local handicrafts and cultural activities; both in urban and rural areas.
Expenditure by tourists has a multiplier effect and also generates considerable tax
revenue for local economy.
Tourism has become a major and an integral part of economic, social and physical
development. It comprises complete system of nature, the universe, the space and the
galaxy which includes the man and his activities, wildlife, mountain and valleys,
rivers and waters, forest and trees, social and cultural system, flora and fauna, weather
and climate, sun and the sea. The whole system requires an environmental and
ecological preservation, which can be expressed in terms of following equation
Tourism = (N + W + M) EE
Whereas,
N = Nature, W = wildlife, M = Man and his activities, EE = Environment and
Ecology.
The environment and ecological aspect on all the components as regard to the
development of tourism. The equation can further simplified in nature-
Tourism = (Wildlife + Man)EE
Without planning and controlling mechanism the development of tourism may end by
having social cultural and economic distortions, which will be reflected in the
relationship between tourists and local people. As soon as tourism grows and expands,
it brings the social and economic changes in the respective region. This can be positive
as well as negative.
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Tourism 2020 vision is the World Tourism Organization long - term forecast and assessment
of the development of tourism up to the first 20 years of the new millennium. An essential
outcome of the Tourism 2020 vision is quantitative forecasts covering a 25 years period, with
1995 as base year and forecasts for 2000 and 2020.
Tourism 2020 vision calls these motivating factors the three E‟s - Entertainment,
Excitement and Education.
Attraction, accommodation, supporting facilities, and infrastructure are the basic elements of
tourism. For the better development of tourism, these facilities should be developed in
respective areas and for this public as well as private sector should take a lead. The flow of
domestic tourists will depend on the location of tourist spot and population density of an area.
Accessibility is an essential factor for better development of tourism.
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1.1 HISTORY OF TRAVEL & TOURISM :
Travel is as old as mankind on the earth. The man at the beginning of his existence
roamed about the surface of the earth in the search of food, shelter, securities, and
better habitat. However, in course of time, such movements were transformed into
wanderlust.
About five thousand year ago, changes in climate, dwindling food and shelter
conditions hostile invaders made the people leave their homes to seek refuge
elsewhere like the Aryans left their homes in Central Asia due to climate changes.
Perhaps, this leads to the development of commerce, trade, and industry.
During Hindu and Chinese civilization a movement of religion, education and culture
began. Christian missionaries, Buddhist monks and other traveled far and wide
carrying religious messages and returned with fantastic images and opinions about
alien people.
For centuries movement of people continued to grow due to the efficiency of transport
and the assistance and safety which the people could travel. By the end of the 15th
century, Italy had become the intellectual and cultural center of Europe. It represented
the classical heritage both for the intelligentsia and the aristocracy.
During the 16th Century, travel come to be considered as an essential part of the
education of every young Englishman. Travel thus became a mean of self –
development, and education in its broadest sense. The educational travel was known
as ‘Grand Tour‘.
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The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the pattern and
structure of British society. Thus, the economy of Britain was greatly responsible for
the beginning of modern tourism. It also created a large and prosperous middle class
and because of great improvement in transportation systems in latter half of the 18th
century and the first quarter of the 19th century, an increasing number of people
began to travel for pleasure.
Travel was originally inspired by the need for surviving (food, shelter, and security),
the desire to expand trade and quest to conquer. As the transportation system
improved the curiosity for transforming the vast and virgin world into a close
neighborhood created a new industry i.e. Travel and Tourism.
However, the developments of rails, roads, steamships, automobiles, and airplanes

helped to spread technology across the globe. Earlier travel was a privilege only for
wealthy people but with the industrial revolution, the scenario altogether changed.
Transportation, as well as accommodation, became affordable to middle and working-
class citizens.
Essentially, with the development of jet travel, communication, new technology,

tourism, and travel became the world’s largest and fastest-growing industry.
Travel and tourism, recently have emerged as a dominant economic force on the
global scene accounting for more than 12% of total world trade and growing at the
rate of 8 percent annuals.
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1.2 TYPES OF TOURISM :
Tourism has two types and many forms on the bases of the purpose of visit and
alternative forms of tourism. Tourism can be categorized
as international and domestic tourism.
Tourism has two types and various forms. On the basis of the movement of
people tourism categorized into two types. The
1. INTERNATIONAL TOURSIM :
When people visit a foreign country, it is referred to as International Tourism. In

order to travel to a foreign country, one needs a valid passport, visa, health documents,
foreign exchange, etc.
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International tourism further divides into two types; Inbound Tourism & Outbound
Tourism.
Inbound Tourism
This refers to tourists of outside origin entering a particular country. When people
travel outside their host/native country to another country, then it is called inbound
tourism for that country where he/she is traveling. For example when a tourist from
Indian origin travels to Japan then it is Inbound tourism for Japan because foreign
tourist comes to Japan.
Outbound Tourism
This refers to tourists traveling from the country of their origin to another country.
When tourists travel a foreign region than it is outbound tourism for his own country
because he/she is going outside their country. For example when a tourist from India
travel to Japan then it is outbound tourism for India and Inbound tourism for Japan.
2. DOMESTIC TOURSIM :
The tourism activity of the people within their own country is known as domestic
tourism. Traveling within the same country is easier because it does not require
formal travel documents and tedious formalities like compulsory health checks and
foreign exchange. In domestic tourism, a traveler generally does not face many
language problems or currency exchange issues.
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Classification of Tourism
Tourism can be classified into six distinct categories according to the purpose of
travel. These are following as:
1) Recreational: Recreational or leisure tourism takes a person away from the

humdrum of everyday life. In this case, people spend their leisure time at the
hills, sea beaches, etc.
2) Cultural: Cultural tourism satisfies cultural and intellectual curiosity and

involves visits to ancient monuments, places of historical or religious
importance, etc.
3) Sports/Adventure: Trips have taken by people with a view to playing golf,

skiing and hiking, fall within this category.
4) Health: Under this category, people travel for medical, treatment or visit
places where there are curative possibilities, for example, hot springs, spa
yoga, etc.
5) Convention Tourism: It is becoming an increasingly important

component of travel. People travel within a country or overseas to attend
conventions relating to their business, profession or interest.
6) Incentive Tourism: Holiday trips are offered as incentives by major
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companies to dealers and salesmen who achieve high targets in sales. This is a
new and expanding phenomenon in tourism, These are in lieu of cash
incentives or gifts, Today incentive tourism is a 3 billion dollar business in the
USA alone.
Nature of Tourism
Tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon comprises the activities and experiences of

tourists and visitors away from their home environment and serviced by the travel and
tourism industry and host destination. The sum total of this activity experience and
services can be seen as a tourism product.
The tourism system can be described in terms of supply and demand. Tourism
planning should strive for a balance between demands and supply. This requires an
understanding not only of market characteristics and trends but also of the planning
process to meet the market needs.
Often tourist from core generating markets are identified as the demand side; the
supply side includes all facilities, programmes, attraction, and land uses designed and
managed for the visitors. These supply-side factors may be under the control of
private enterprise, non-profit organizations, and government. New and innovative
forms of partnerships are also evolving to ensure the sustainable development and
management of tourism related resources.
The supply and demand side can be seen to be linked by flows of resources such as
capital, labor, goods and tourist expenditures into the destination, and flows of
marketing, promotion, tourist artifacts and experiences from the destination back into
the tourist generating region.
In addition, some tourist expenditures may leak back into the visitors generating areas
through repatriation of profits of foreign tourism investors and payment for improved
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goods and services provided to tourists at the destination. Transportation provides an
important linkage both to and from the destination.
For planning purposes, the major components that comprise the supply side are:
 Various modes of transportation and other tourism-related infrastructure.

 Tourist information.
 Marketing and promotion.
 The community of communities within the visitor’s destination area.
The tourism system is both dynamic and complex due to many factors linked to it and
because of the existence of many sectors contributing to its success. These factors and sectors
are linked to the provision of the tourist experience and generation of tourism revenue and
markets.
The dynamic nature of tourism system makes it imperative to scan the external and
internal environment of the destinations on a regular basis so as to makes changes
when necessary to ensure a healthy and viable tourism industry.
Thus, it is now an accepted fact that tourism development can no longer work in
isolation of the environment and the local communities, nor can it ignore the social
and cultural consequences of tourism.
1.3 Importance of Tourism
Tourism and hospitality, which are inextricably linked to each other, are among the
major revenue-earning enterprises in the world. They happen to be among the top
employers too. There has been an upmarket trend in tourism over the last few decades
as travel has become quite common. People travel for business, vacation, pleasure,
adventure or even medical treatments.
With several business-related activities associated with tourism, the industry has a
tremendous potential of generating employment as well as earning foreign exchange.
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There are many countries in the world, such as Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji,
and the Caribbean, whose economies are primarily driven by tourism. Tourism can
contribute to the economic growth of a country in the followings ways:
Employment Generation
It creates a large number of jobs among direct services providers (such as hotel,
restaurants, travel agencies, tour operators, guide and tour escorts, etc.) and among
indirect services providers (such as suppliers to the hotels and restaurants,
supplementary accommodation, etc.)
Tourism spurs infrastructure development. In order to become an important

commercial or pleasure destination, any location would require all the necessary
infrastructure, like good connectivity via rail, road, and air transport, adequate
accommodation, restaurants, a well-developed telecommunication network, and,
medical facilities, among others.
Foreign Exchange
The people who travel to other countries spend a large amount of money on
accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, shopping etc. Thus, an inbound tourist is
an important source of foreign exchange for any country.
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) predict in 1997 that the twenty-
first-century economy would be dominated by three industries: telecommunications,
information technology, and tourism. The travel and tourism industry has grown by
500 percent in the last 25 years.
Now withstanding this bright outlook and prospects, the tourism and hospitality
industries are very vulnerable to the fluctuations of national economies and
happenings in the world, especially terrorist attacks that have at times dealt severe
blows to business.
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In recent years, there have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the terrorist siege
of the Taj and Oberoi in Mumbai, India (26 November 2008); the attack of the World
Trade Centre in the United States of the America (11 September 2001); bombing in a
hotel on the Indonesian island of Bali (12 October 2002); tsunami in Southeast Asia
and South Asia on 26 December 2004, in which thousands of the lives where lostand
Impacts of Tourism
Establishing or developing a tourism industry involves expenditure as well as gains,

costs, and benefits. If these impacts are taken into consideration from the outset of
planning, strengths and opportunities can be maximized while weaknesses and threats
can be minimized.
Each destination will be different in terms of tourism characteristics. The cost and benefits of
tourism will vary in each destination and can change over time, depending on tourism and
other activities in a destination’s local and regional context.
Economic Impacts
Tourism activities impact the economy of the country as well as the local economy of the
destination.
Economics Benefits
 Tourism generates local employment, directly in the tourism sector and in

support and resource management sectors.
 Tourism stimulates profitable domestic industries, hotels and other lodging
facilities, restaurants and food services, transportation systems, handicrafts,
and guide services.
 Tourism generates foreign exchange for the country and injects capital and
new money into the local economy.
 Tourism helps to diversify the local economy.
 Improved tourism infrastructure.
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Economic Costs
 Higher demand created by tourism activity may increase the price ofland,
housing and a range of commodities necessary for daily life.
 Demands on health services provision and police service increase during the
tourist seasons at the expense of the local tax base.
Social Impacts
Tourism also affects the society of the destination in good as well as bad ways. It
benefits and costs the local communities.
Social Benefits
 The quality of a community can be enhanced by economic

diversification through tourism.
 Recreational and cultural facilities created for tourism can be used
by local communities as well as domestic/international visitors.
 Public spaced may be developed and enhanced through tourism activity.
 Tourism Enhances local community’s esteem and provides an
opportunity for greater understanding and communication among people
of diverse background.
Social Costs
 Rapid tourism growth can result in the inability of local

amenities and institutions to meet service demands.
 Without proper planning and management, litter, vandalism, and
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crime often accompany tourism development.
 Tourism can bring overcrowding and traffic congestion.
 Visitors bring with them material wealth and apparent freedom. The
youths of the host community are particularly susceptible to the
economic expectations these tourists bring and can result in complete
disruption of traditional community ways of life.
 The community structure may change, e.g. community bonds,
demographics, and institutions.
 The authenticity of the social and cultural environment can be changed
tomeet tourism demands.
Cultural Impacts
Tourism activities also affect the culture of the host country. There are many positive
and negative cultural impact of tourism.
Cultural Benefits
 Tourism can enhance local cultural awareness.

 Tourism can generate revenue to help pay for the
preservation of archaeological sites, historic buildings, and
district.
• Despite criticism about the alteration of cultures to unacceptable

levels, the sharing of cultural knowledge and experience can be
beneficial for hosts and guests of tourism destinations and can result in
the revival of local traditions and crafts.
Cultural Costs
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 Youth in the community begin to emulate the speech and attire oftourists.
 Historic sites can be damaged through tourism development and pressures.
 There can be long-term damage to cultural traditions and the errioson of

cultural values, resulting in cultural change beyond a level acceptable to the
host destination.
Environmental Impact
Tourism impacts on the environment in positive as well as negative way. These impacts are
following below.
Environmental Benefits
 Parks and nature preserves may be created and ecological

preservation supported as a necessity for nature-based tourism.
 Improved waste management can be achieved.
 Increased awareness and concern for the environment can result from
nature- based tourism activities and development.
1.4 Industries Related To Tourism
Over the years, tourism has become a popular global activity. Depending upon the nature and
purpose of their travel, tourists, need and demand certain facilities and services. This has
given rise to a wide range of commercial activities that have acquired industry proportions.
Thus travel and tourism now days represent a broad range of related industries.
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Hotels
Hotels are the commercial establishment that provides accommodation, meals, and
other guest services. In travel and tourism industry, the hotel industry plays a very
significant role, as all tourists need a place to stay at their destinations, and require
many more services and facilities to suit their specific needs and tastes.
Restaurants
Restaurants are retail establishments that serve prepared food and beverages to
customers. In the travel and tourism industry, restaurants and other food and beverage
outlets are very important as tourists like to experiment with local cuisines of the
places they are visiting.
Retail and Shopping
The retail industry is very important as tourists shop for their day to day necessaries
as well as look for mementos and souvenirs. In the recent years, some cities in the
world have been promoted as shopping destinations to attract people with a penchant
for shopping by offering various products, such as garments, electronic goods, jewelry,
and antiques. New York, Paris, London, and Milan in Italy are famous as fashion
havens of the world.
Transportation
It is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. A well-developed
transport industry, as well as infrastructure, is integral to the success of any travel and
tourism enterprise.
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Travel Agencies
A travel agency is a retailing business that sells travel related products and services,
particularly package tours, to customers on the behalf of suppliers such asairlines, car
rentals, cruise liners, hotels, railways, and sightseeing.
Travel agencies play a very important role as they plan out the itinerary of their clients
and make the necessary arrangements for their travel, stay, and sightseeing, besides
facilitating their passport, visa, etc.
Tour Operators
A tour operator assembles the various elements of a tour. It typically combines tour
and travel components to create a holiday. Tour operators play an important role in
the travel and tourism industry.
Tourist Destinations
A tourist attraction is a place of interest for tourists, typically for its inherent or
exhibited cultural value, historical significance, nature or build beauty or amusement
opportunities. These are the basic fundamentals of the tourism industry.
Cultural Industries
Cultural or creative industries are responsible for the creation, production, and
distribution of goods and services that are cultural in nature and usually protected by
intellectual property rights. As tourists like to visit places of cultural significance and
soak in the culture of the area, the cultural industry is very important to travel and
tourism.
Leisure, Recreation, and Sport
Leisure or free time is a period of a time spent out of work and essential domestic
activity. Recreation or fun is spending time in a manner designed for therapeutic
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refreshment of body or mind. While leisure is more like a form of entertainment or
rest, recreation requires active participation in a refreshing and diverting manner.
As people in the world’s wealthier regions lead an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, the
need for recreation has increased. These play a significant role in the travel and
tourism sector.
Tourism Products
A tourism/tourist product can be defined as the sum of the physical and psychological
satisfaction it provides to tourists, during their ‘traveling and sojourn’ en route at the
destinations.
Since travel and tourism industry is an agglomeration of too many sectors that
promote travel related services. These sectors are referred to as travel vendors and
their services and goods are called ‘travel products’. A tourism product includes five
main components such as physical plant, services, hospitality, freedom of choice, and
a sense of involvement.
Thus, whatever the natural and man-made resources, services brought about the
consumption of tourists is called tourism products.
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1.5 Characteristics Of Tourism Products
By now, you must have understood what a tourism product is. Now let us look at
some of its characteristics:-
1) Intangible: Tourism is an intangible product means tourism is such kind of

product which can not be touched or seen and there is no transfer of ownership,
But the facilities are available for specified time and for a specified use. For e.g.
a room in the hotel is available for a specified time.
2) Psychological: The main motive to purchase tourism product is to satisfy

the psychological need after using the product, by getting experience while
interacting with a new environment. And experiences also motivate others
to purchase that product.
3) Highly Perishable: Tourism product is highly perishable in nature means

one can not store the product for a long time. Production and consumption
take place while a tourist is available.
A travel agent or tourism operator who sells a tourism product cannot store it.
Production can only take place if the customer is actually present. And once
consumption begins, it cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified. If the product
remains unused, the chances are lost i.e. if tourists do not visit a particular place,
the opportunity at that time is lost. It is due to tourism reason that heavy discount is
offered by hotels and transport generating organizations during the offseason.
4) Composite Product: Tourist product is a combination of different products.

It has not a single entity in itself. In the experience of a visit to a particular
place, various service providers contribute like transportation The tourist
product cannot be provided by a single enterprise, unlike a manufactured
product.
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The tourist product covers the complete experience of a visit to a particular
place. And many providers contribute to the tourism experience. For instance,
airline supplies seats, a hotel provides rooms and restaurants, travel agents
make bookings for stay and sightseeing, etc.
5) Unstable Demand: Tourism demand is influenced by seasonal, economic

political, and other factors. There are certain times of the year that see greater
demand than others. At these times there is a greater strain on services like
hotel bookings, employment, and the transport system, etc.
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1.6 TOURISM OF MAHARASHTRA
Maharashtra has recognized tourism as a major thrust area for economic growth in the
state because Sahyadri Mountain is the backbone of Maharashtra. Maharashtra is a
land of rich culture, tradition and festivals and is a major trade and tourist destination
of India, attracting thousands of tourists from across the world every year. As a result
Maharashtra is the first state to declare “Tourism District” for the tourism development.
Marathi is the language of Maharashtra. Maharashtrian take great pride in their
language and history, particularly the Maratha Empire; its founder Shivaji is
considered a folk hero across India.
There are many temples in Maharashtra, some of them being hundreds of years old,
and are constructed in a fusion of architectural styles borrowed from North and South
India, The temples also blend themes from Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cultures.
The temple of Lord Vitthal at Pandharpur is the most important temple for the Varkari
devoties of God. Other important religious places are the Ashtavinayaka temples of
Lord Ganesh; Shirdi is famous for Shri Sai Baba, Bhimashankar which is one of the
twelve Jyotirlings (Lord Shiva temples). Ajanta, Ellora caves near Aurangabad and
and Elephanta caves near Mumbai are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and famous
tourists‟ attractions. Mughal architecture can be seen in the tomb of the wife of
Aurangzeb, called Bibi Ka Maqbara situated at Aurangabad. Maharaja Ranjit Singh‟s
endowment saw the construction of a beautiful Gurudwara at Nanded around 1835
A.D. The Gurudwara features an imposing golden dome with intricate carving and a
breath taking Gurudwara. Maharashtra, like other states of India, has its own folk
music. The folk musical programme like Gondhal, Lavani, Bharud, Powada stands
popular especially in rural areas The state has a separate department for tourism, set
up in 1969, but the Maharashtra State Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC), a
government body to promote tourism was established in 1975.
The offices of the MTDC‟s are located in most of the major cities of the state, and
also outside state as in New Delhi, Goa and other places. There is opportunity to
develop tourism industry on large scale in Maharashtra.
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The government of Maharashtra has shown keen interest to promote tourism activities
in all over Maharashtra since 1989 Under the aegis of the corporation a number of
tourist homes, resorts, and hotels operate from several tourist sites to accommodate
visitors and provide information and also arrange guided tours.
The corporation also organizes numerous festivals at some of the well-known
tourist places like the culture and traditional performances, dance, and music
providing visitors an opportunity to experience the land, its heritage, its people and
their customs. Some of these festivals are the Ellora festival, The Pune Ganesh
festival, The Gharapuri festival, Paryatan Mahotsav in Murud (Raigad) and others.
Maharashtra contains anumber of sites of historical importance. Of these, some
monuments also figure in the list of World Heritage Sites recognized by UNESCO.
These sites are Ajanta, Ellora and Elephanta, providing support to the state‟s
tourism initiatives; the Central Government has promised ` 50 crore worth of aid in
Vidarbha for developing ecotourism and ` 25 crore to develop the tourism sector in
Aurangabad. The construction of airport, Tourist Information Centers and other
basic amenities are also in full swing. At the state level, with the active support of
Hon. Chhagan Bhujbal, the Minister of Tourism, there has been an all round
increase in the resource funding, the implementation of people friendly and
employment generating projects has been made possible. In another forward
looking endeavor, in October 2004-05; MTDC joined hands with Indian Railways
and launched the ` 32 crore luxury trains, Deccan Odyssey, to promote
Maharashtra‟s history, culture and cuisine. The luxury train travels the Konkan
coast on a week-long journey through Maharashtra and Goa.On a 720 kms long
strip between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, lie a host of hidden beaches
and creeks. Only a few of them are known to the regular beach hopper.
These solitary beaches, alongside the wild and verdant Western Ghats, are a quiet
alternative to the more boisterous goan counterpart. During a drive between
Mumbai, Ratnagiri, and Goa, one can spot dozens of unexplored beaches with
white sands, turquoise blue sea and calm and cooperative people.
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1.1.2 TOURISM POTENTIAL IN MAHARASHTRA
Maharashtra is the third state of India, both in area and population, located on the
western coast of India with a 720 km long coastline along the lush green Konkan
region. Nestled in the Western Ghats and the Sahyadri mountain range are several hill
stations and water reservoirs with semi-evergreen and deciduous forests. The
Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, with its dense forest, is home to several wildlife
sanctuaries and nature parks. Thus all three regions of Maharashtra offer considerable
tourism potential. Maharashtra abounds in numerous tourist attractions ranging from
ancient cave temples, unspoiled beaches, ancient historical forts and monuments,
forests and wildlife, unique hill stations, pilgrimage centers, and a rich tradition of
fairs and festival, art and culture. So, the campaign slogan for Maharashtra Tourism is
“MAHARASHTRA UNLIMITED!”
1.2.2 TOURISM TRENDS
The domestic tourists visiting Maharashtra doubled during the last decade, from `
41.29 lakh in 1991 to ` 84.8 lakh in 2001. But total number of tourists‟ arrivals in the
state of Maharashtra during period of 1 st July 2009 to 30th June 2010 was ` 114.78
million. Out of the total number of visitors, domestic tourists in Maharashtra
accounted for 98 per cent ( ` 112.65 million). Total number of foreign tourist arrivals
in Maharashtra at the same period was ` 2.13 million. Foreign tourists in Maharashtra
accounted for only 2 per cent of the total tourists but in the month of January 2010
about 241555 foreign tourists visiting to Maharashtra. They most visited destination is
Juhu beach in Mumbai. About 11 per cent of the total number of domestic tourists
visited to the state during in the month of January 2010. As a result there is rapid
increase in number of domestic and foreign tourist in the state. The rapid growth in
domestic tourism can be attributed to the ever increasing middle class; increase in
disposable income, improved facilities, stress on urban families, improved
connectivity to tourists‟ destinations, etc. The foreign tourists come to Mumbai as an
entry point to India and proceed to various other states. There is need and scope to
attract these visitors into Maharashtra to the various destinations.
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1.2.3 MAHARASHTRA”S TOURISM POLICY- 2006
The Government of Maharashtra has declared new Tourism Policy in January

2006 for the unlimited scope of Tourism Development. This new policy will be
effective for the period of ten years. Tourism has the potential to change the
economic face of a region. The benefits of planned tourism development are
manifold. Promotions of tourism would bring many direct and indirect benefits
to the people. Some of the direct benefits accruing to the local community of a
region as a result of tourism development are-
Employment opportunities in tourism and hospitality

sector Development of private enterprise
Improved the standard of living
Social upliftment and improvement in quality of
life Better education and training
Sustainable environmental practices
Foreign exchange earning
Invisible export
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Highlights of the Tourism Policy
1. Development of infrastructure for tourism and tourist destination.

2. Providing fast and safe tracks with highway based facilities to
reach various tourist places of the state.
3. Determining development rules for the development of
tourist destination and nearby tourism.
4. Strengthen the existing scheme of accommodation and breakfast.
5. Development of entertainment, folk art and adventurous
facilities at tourist destination.
6. Developing and decorating world heritage destination of the State.

7. Giving extra age weight to the folk art music, sculpture art
museum and food culture of Maharashtra in respect totourism.
8. Making efforts for handicrafts as a tourism object.
9. Making circle wise development of pilgrim places.
10. Developing and executing integrated action plan for the
development of forts of Maharashtra.
11. Formulating ecotourism policy of the State.
12. Providing information technology infrastructure to facilitate tourists.
13. Forming additional tourism information centers.
14. Making awareness of tourism and relatedbenefits.
15. Giving preferences to law, order and touristsafety.
16. Providing training to Government and private sector people on
„Atithi Devo Bhava‟ approach.
17. Developing relationship among the various sectors of tourism

under the co-ordination of MTDCs.
18. Determining the role and need of the expert as per the
requirements of Tourism Corporation and other institutions.
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19. Establishment of nodal office at Delhi and publicity of the
State Tourism.
20. Introducing single window scheme to approve various

projects ofthe State collecting statistical data related to tourism.
1.7 TOURISM IN RAIGAD DISTRICT
The Raigad district has great potential for tourism resources; it has a treasure of tourist
places. The main attraction of Raigad district is Raigad Fort, beautiful beaches, natural
scenery, caves, monuments and towns. The Raigad Fort at Raigad is located in Mahad
tehsil was the capital of the great Maratha King Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The
district has number of the loveliest beaches in India. Well-known beachesare Alibag,
Akshi, Nagaon, Kashid, Kihim, Murud, Saswane, Varsoli, Shrivardhan,
Harihareshwar, etc are the best beaches on the western coast of Arabian Sea. Tourists
throughout their visit the historical forts of Raigad, Kolaba fort, Janjira fort, caves,
pilgrimage centers, natural scenery and hill stations. Konkan Railway plays an
important role for the development of tourism in the district and for which the work
stations. Konkan Railway plays an important role for the development of tourism in
the district and for which the work has already been started and will help in changing
the face of the entire district.
Raigad district is one of the most industrialized districts in the country. Industries based on
natural gas have been thriving in the district. Rice is an important crop in the district.
Therefore, there are rice mills at many places. There is a rice flakes or poha factory at Pen
tehsil. There are industries for processing fruits such as mangoes, jackfruits, etc. Making
of earthen pots, papads, patravali, incense sticks and also casework, leather work, making
brooms etc are the cottage industries run in various tehsils of the Raigad district. The „Rotha‟
areca nut of Shrivardhan is well known and is in demand throughout India and is also
exportedMarathi is the local language of Koli and Agri communities in the district and rice &
fish curry are quite popular dishes in the district and bhakari is made from rice flour.
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Ganeshostsava, Shimga (Holi), Diwali, Ramnavami, Dasara, Narali Pourmina, Hanuman
Jayanti, Muharram, Shiv Jayanti, Ambedkar Jayanti etc are the important religious festivals
celebratedin Konkan. But Gauri-Ganpati and Shimga are the most important festivals of the
district. Elephanta festival and Murud-Janjira Paryatan Mahotsav are celebrated in the district.
Raigad district is endowed with four major economic resources viz. agriculture, maritime
fishery, abundance of mineral deposits and tourism activity. The district is famous for paddy
and large areas of land have been brought under paddy cultivation. In addition to that, there
are attractive plantations of coconut (Cocos nucifera L), ratambi (Garcinia indica), areca nut
( Areca catechy L) which are attractive destinations for the tourists. Fishing is the main
activity of Koli community, and the coast of district is rich in fish and other marine
organisms e.g. Prawns (Penaeus monodon), Pomfret (Stromateus argenteus), Jitada (Lates
calcarifer), Mandeli (Coilica dussumieri), Karli (Chirocenirus dorab), Bombil (Harpodon
nehereus), Bangda (Rastrelliger kanagurta), which are available in large number near the
coast. UNESCO declared the Gharapuri or Elephanta Caves as one of the world heritage
sites are the beautiful landscape of the district.
The caves have imposing examples of early rock-out architecture. The temple was excavated
sometimes in the 8th century, the Rashtrakuta Kings who ruled the area between AD 757-
973; and has beautiful carvings sculptures and the temple of the Hindu God, Lord Shiva. A
Matheran Hill station is truly a unique place as it is „pollution free town‟. Toy train is one of
the attractions of tourist. A rich cultural heritage of unique local folk arts, handicrafts, foods
and festivals, rich marine and biotic life are resources available for the idealtourism in the
district. Therefore, it reveals that there is a tremendous scope for tourism
development in the Raigad district.
1.3 THE CHOICE OF THE TOPIC

Raigad district is one of the important and solitary districts not only in Maharashtra
but also in India. The district is very close to Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra. It
also reveals a treasure of great tourism resources. Geographically the Raigad district
has considerable varieties in relief, climate and socio- economic status. The district is
a narrow stripwith hilly and rugged topographic feature. The district has vast and
great tourism potential of different socio-cultural and historical backgrounds in
all of its fifteen tehsils.
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The tourism of district is depending on natural as well as cultural resources, JNPT is a
tourist destination and attraction for tourist. The district consists of natural beauty of
landscape in the Sahyadri mountain range. Beaches have developed along the western
coast of district. World heritage caves, pleasure hill stations, religious places,
delicious food, bird sanctuary, wildlife, tourism festivals, monuments, historical forts,
marine biodiversity and lifestyle of the local people provide a beautiful attraction for
tourists. The Raigad district has a great potential for the better development of
tourism. At present there is no proper geographical investigation of Raigad district to
analyze the present status. This is essential for better development of tourism in the
Raigad district. Tourism can generate employment opportunities for the local people
and plays a vital role in the development of tourism and in the economic development
of the district. So this topic is selected for detailresearch.
1.8 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY :
1) To study the Indian tourism industry & performance of Indian tourism industry growth.
2) To understand the employment in local area & their standard of living in India.
1.9 HYPOTHESIS :
H0 : The performance of Indian tourism is not good.
H1 : The employment in India is increasing due to tourism industry.
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1.4 Types of tourism in India
is a country which witnesses a lot of diversity pertaining to its ecology,
mythology, history, its geographical diversity in terms of mountains, planes
and plateaus and also the medicinal diversity teaching us the Science of Life
(Ayurveda). India showcases a variety of tourism options which includes
Ecological Tourism, Pilgrimage Tourism, Historical Tourism, Adventure
Tourism, Medical Tourism and an upcoming Ayurveda Tourism. So Tourism
in India could be broadly classified on the basis of above mentioned categories
[2]
 Leisure tourism: Leisure time can be defined as “free time”, not doing any
work. It is that time to do things that you normally have no time for in your
daily life. Leisure tourism includes a holiday with the following:
o Relaxation: Sleep, relax, reading, walk on the beach, taking a scenic drive
o Sport activities: hiking, swimming, surfing, running
o Visit places of interest and local attractions Visiting friends and relatives
o Shopping for goods that will be used by the tourist.
 Business tourism: Business tourism can be defined as “travel for the

purpose of business”.
Business Tourism can be divided into three sections:-
(a) Trading for goods to be resold on a wholesale basis.
(b) Conduct business transactions eg. visiting a client, contract negotiations.
(c) Attending a conference, exhibition or event associated with their business.
 Ecological tourism: The rich diversity in the flora and fauna with a
blessing of the beautiful natural attractions has encouraged Ecological
Tourism in India. The forests cover on the Andaman and Nicobar islands,
Orissa, Meghalaya and the
37
Malabar Coast;the Kaziranga and Jim Corbette wildlife sanctuaries;the
mountain ranges in North India and the Hill Stations such as Shimla, Kulu,
Manali, Ooty;the Paradise on Earth, Kashmir, the beautiful beaches at Goa
and the backwaters of Kerala and much more is nothing but a feast for all
nature lovers
 Pilgrimage tourism: India has a very strong mythological background and

is also known as the LAND OF GODS AND GODDESS. India being the
most culturally developed country and the birthplace of many saints, poets
and philosophers has marked growth in Pilgrimage Tourism since ancient
times itself. Kedarnath, Badrinath, Amarnath, the Golden Temple at
Amritsar, Dwarka, Dargahs and Masjids at Delhi and Ajmer, churches and
temples at Goa are some of the common tourists’ attractions pertaining to
Pilgrimage tourism [3]
 Historical tourism: India is a land which gave birth to many legendary

rulers and warriors creating a glorious historical background. Every city or
place in India has a story to tell about its history. The common tourists’
attractions for the same include the Taj Mahal at Agra, the beautifully
carved Ajanta Ellora and Khajuraho caves, the forts at Delhi, Rajasthan
and Maharashtra, one of the oldest and historical cities of India “Madurai”
and many more [4].
 Medical tourism: Medical Tourism is an upcoming kind of tourism in
India. Due to low cost and efficient medication facilities more number of
people all over the world considers India to be a better option for
medication purpose. The later part of the paper studies Medical Tourism.
 Ayurveda and yoga tourism: Ayurveda may be regarded as the

“Science of Life” which was developed long ago in 600 BC. India has
witnessed an overall growth in tourist arrivals due to the upcoming;
Ayurveda Tourism. The state of Kerala in South India is the popular
destination of Ayurveda Tourism. The main focus of Indian Yoga is
nothing but simple ‘yogasanas’and meditation which rejuvenates one’s
38
mind, body and soul. There are many Ashrams in India encouraging Yoga
Tourism. The mountain ranges of the Himalayas, Rishikesh, Kedarnath,
Gangotri of northern India are some of the places where one can get
eternal peace and satisfy their spiritual quest and are the prefect
destinations for Yoga Tourism.


and many more [4].

39


and many more [4].

40


and many more [4].

41
 Adventure tourism: Due to its geographical diversity India is one of the

finest places for Adventure Tourism. Mountaineering, skiing, trekking in
the ranges of Himalayas, Camel safaris in Rajasthan, River rafting in the
Ganges near Rishikesh, Rock climbing, Wind rafting and much more of an
adventure for every adventure lover is bestowed by India upon its Tourists.
 Sports tourism: Sports tourism refers to international travel either for

viewing or participating in a sporting event. Examples include international
sporting events such as the Olympics, world cup (soccer, rugby, and
cricket), tennis, golf and Formula 1 Grand Prix.
 Wildlife tourism: Wildlife tourism is the observation of wild (non-

domestic) animals in their natural environment or in captivity. It includes
activities such as photography, viewing and feeding of animals. This form
of tourism offer tourists customized tour packages and safaris and is
closely associated with eco-tourism and sustainable-tourism. Other minor
forms of tourism include Slum tourism, Luxury tourism, Agritourism, Geo-
tourism, culinary tourism and many more. Tourism is also a profitable
industry for the following sectors: accommodation venues, tour guides,
recreation, attractions, events and conferences, food and beverage,
42
1. 10 Impacts of tourism on the economy
Tourism can bring many economic and social benefits, particularly in rural areas and
developing countries, but mass tourism is also associated with negative effects.
Tourism can only be sustainable if it is carefully managed so that potential
negative effects on the host community and the environment are not permitted to
outweigh the financial benefits. Tourism industry in India has several positive
and negative impacts on the economy and society. These impacts are
highlighted below [9].
Positive impacts
1. Generating Income and Employment: Tourism in India has emerged as

an instrument of income and employment generation,poverty alleviation and
sustainable human development. It contributes 6.23% to the national GDP and
8.78% of the total employment in India. Almost 20 million people are now
working in the India’s tourism industry.
2. Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings: Tourism is an important source of
foreign exchange earnings in India. This has favorable impact on the balance
of payment of the country. The tourism industry in India generated about
US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by
2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.
3. Preservation of National Heritage and Environment: Tourism helps

preserve several places which are of historical importance by declaring them
as heritagesites.
For instance, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, Ajanta and Ellora temples, etc.
would have been decayed and destroyed had it not been for the efforts taken
by Tourism Department to preserve them. Likewise, tourism also helps in
conserving the natural habitats of many endangered species.
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4. Developing Infrastructure: Tourism tendds to encourage the development
of multiple-use infrastructure that benefits the host community, including
various means of transports, health care facilities, and sports centers, in
addition to the hotels and high-end restaurants that cater to foreign visitors.
The development of infrastructure has in turn induced the development of
other directly productive activities.
5. Promoting Peace and Stability: Honey and Gilpin [10] suggests that the tourism
industry can also help promote peace and stability in developing country like India by
providing jobs, generating income,diversifying the economy, protecting th
environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness. However, key challenges like
adoption of regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime and corruption, etc,
must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this industry are to be realized.
Negative impacts
1. Undesirable Social and Cultural Change: Tourism sometimes led to the

destruction of the social fabric of a community. The more tourists coming into a
place, the more the perceived risk of that place losing its identity. A good
example is Goa. From the late 60’s to the early 80’s when the Hippy culture
was at its height [11], Goa was a haven for such hippies. Here they came in
thousands and changed the whole culture of the state leading to a rise in the use
of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking. This had a ripple effect on the
country.
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2. Increase Tension and Hostility: Tourism can increase tension, hostility, and
suspicion between the tourists and the local communities when there is no respect and
understanding for each other’s culture and way of life. This may further lead to
violence and other crimes committed against the tourists. The recent crime committed
against Russian tourist in Goa is a case in point.
3. Creating a Sense of Antipathy: Tourism brought little benefit to the local

community. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers’
fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local
businessmenand workers. Moreover, large hotel chain restaurants often import
food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior
management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the
benefit of their presence. This has often created a sense of antipathy towards
the tourists and the government.
4. Adverse Effects on Environment and Ecology: One of the most important

adverse effects of tourism on the environment is increased pressure on the
carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality. Increased transport
andconstruction activities led to large scale deforestation and destabilization of
natural landforms, while increased tourist flow led to increase in solid waste
dumping as well as depletion of water and fuel resources. Flow of tourists to
ecologically sensitive areas resulted in destruction of rare and endangered
species due to trampling, killing, disturbance of breeding habitats. Noise
pollution from vehicles and public address systems, water pollution, vehicular
emissions, untreated sewage, etc. also have direct effects on bio-diversity,
ambient environment and general profile of tourist spots. Results and
Discussion Environmental degradation, (Pollution) due to tourism should be
taken into consideration while promoting tourism. Eco-friendly tourism should
be promoted. Wildlife environment should be taken into consideration while
promoting tourism. Because Wildlife viewing puts stress on animals and has
changed their behavioral patterns. Noise and commotion created by tourists
have adverse effect on their behavioral pattern. Litter, impact on tourism
45
should be taken into consideration while promoting tourism. Because the most
common impact of tourism is litter, and its effect is almost instant. By
employing local people to help clean it up, making their lives slightly easier
and more comfortable. Aggressive advertisement campaigns on the tourist
destinations should be made to attract more and more tourist. Airport
procedures should be simplified. In nutshell if one wants to enjoy nature one
must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and
the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should
be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved,
tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable
consumption.
46
Global tourism industry - statistics & facts
Published by S. Lock, Dec 9, 2020

It is difficult to define the tourism industry, as unlike with other industries, there is not
one clear product. It incorporates many industries, including lodging, transport,
attractions, travel companies, and more. In its broadest sense, tourism is defined as
when people travel and stay in places outside of their usual environment for less than
one consecutive year for leisure, business, health, or other reasons. Globally, travel
and tourism's direct contribution to GDP was approximately 2.9 trillion U.S. dollars in
2019. When looking at countries that directly contributed the most to global GDP the
United States’ travel and tourism industry contributed the largest sum at 580.7 billion
U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, in a ranking of the countries with the highest share of GDP
from travel and tourism the city and special administrative region of Macau generated
the highest share of GDP through direct travel and tourism of any economy worldwide.
The growth of global travel Traveling both internationally and domestically has become
increasingly common all over the world. As a result, both leisure travel spending and business
travel spending have seen year-over-year growth over the past five years. This increase in
travel has also allowed the number of hotel guests and in turn the hotel industry's market size
to grow. Key performance indicators such as RevPAR (revenue per available room), ADR
(average daily rate), and occupancy have seen year-over-year growth over the past decade due
to an influx of tourists across the globe. Meanwhile, another industry that has profited from
people’s penchant for travel is the airline industry - with the revenue of the global commercial
airline industry reaching 838 billion U.S. dollars in 2019.
47
What are the most popular tourist destinations?
Once tourists arrive at their travel destination, they can choose from a plethora of
sightseeing options and attractions. One famous landmark that keeps seeing record
visitation figures is the Louvre in Paris, with attendance reaching 9.6 million in 2019.
This made it one of the most visited museums in the world. The French capital is
well-known for its museums, having come top in a ranking of cities with the most
number of museums worldwide. However, it also drew a significant number of
visitors to the gates of one of its most family-friendly attractions - Disneyland Park,
the COVID-19 pandemic cannot fully be assessed yet, the standstill of public life is
already affecting not only tourism but also industries connected to tourism, for
example, global restaurant visitation, theater performances, and events. Paris. That
being said, when compared to the other most visited amusement and theme parks
worldwide, attendance at Disneyland Park was more than half of that of its fellow
Disney theme park, Magic Kingdom (Walt Disney World) in the U.S. Thanks to these
and other sights, France remains top of this list of leading destinations for international
tourist arrivals.
Digitization of the tourism sector

It has become increasingly common for travelers to book their own trips, however,
there are still those who use travel agencies to do so. With the developing digitization
of the travel industry, many consumers turn to online travel agencies to book their
trips. Some of the leading travel companies in the online travel market are Booking
Holdings and the Expedia Group. When looking at the revenue of leading online
travel agencies (OTA's) worldwide, these two companies came in respective first and
second place with revenues of 15.07 billion and 12.07 billion U.S. dollars in 2019.
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How important is sustainable tourism?
One major trend that travel agencies and the tourism industry will have to adapt to in
the future is the increasing global interest in environmentally friendly travel. In a 2019
United Nations report "Transport Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector"
tourism was shown to be a significant contributor to climate change. Nowadays, a
growing number of tourists have begun recognizing the negative impact their trips can
have on affected regions. As a result, more and more global travelers believe in the
importance of sustainable travel and green travel choices. One way to put this into
practice is by staying in eco-friendly or green accommodations – a concept that has
helped companies like Airbnb become more popular.
The impact of COVID-19 on global tourism

Another factor that is predicted to significantly impact the global tourism industry in
2020 and, presumably, years to come, is the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. As
countries implemented severe travel restrictions to curb the spread of the disease,
national and international tourism came to a drastic halt. It was estimated that the
global revenue of the travel and tourism industry would drop by 17 percent in 2020.
When looking at a regional tourism revenue breakdown, Asia was forecast to see the
greatest decrease in revenue, as well as the highest tourism employment loss from
COVID-19 in the entire industry. While the long-term economic damage caused by
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New Tourism Products
 Monsoon magic : focus from month of April to October.

 Rural & village tourism : the tourism industry is laying special
focuses on infrastructural development in various rural destination
in various rural destinations in India.
 Medical tourism :The Indian Healthcare Delivery is estimated at US
$ 18.7 billion.The industry is growing about 13% annually.
 Wellness & spa tourism : luxurious world class health spa’s are
mushrooming across the country.
 Luxury tourism : Palace on Wheels,Palaces of country etc. Adventure
tourism : with emphasis on ecotoursim.
 MICE : convention centres coming up in the metrocities.
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Some Facts and Figures
 Foreign exchange earnings from tourists were up by more than 20% at

$5730.86 million in 2005, up from $4769 earned the previous year.
 According to the latest report of tourism industry, India's medical
tourism has registered an annual growth rate of 25 per cent and is
expected to touch the $2 billion mark by 2012.
 According to WORLD TOURISM ORGANISATION, India will lead in
South Asia with 8.9 million arrival by year 2010.
 According to TREVAL AND TOURISM, 2nd fastest(8.8%) tourism
economy in the world over 2005-2014.
Policies by Government of India
In the year 2002, the Government of India announced a New Tourism Policy
to give boost to the tourism sector.
The policy is built around the 7-S

Mantra:- Swaagat (welcome)
Soochanaa
(information)
Suvidhaa (facilitation)
Surakshaa (security)
Sahyog (cooperation)
Sanrachnaa (infrastructure)
and Safaai (cleanliness).
51
Some of the salient features of the Tourism Policy are:
■ The policy proposes the inclusion of tourism in the concurrent list of the
Constitution to enable both the central and state governments to
participate inthe development of the sector.
■ No approval required for foreign equity of up to 51 per cent in tourism
projects.NRI investment up to 100% allowed.
■ Automatic approval for Technology agreements in the hotel industry,subjecto

the fulfillment of certain specified parameters.
■ Concession rates on customs duty of 25% for goods that are requiredfor
initialsetting up, or for substantial expansion ofhotels.
■ 50% of profits derived by hotels, travel agents and tour operators in
foreignexchange are exempt from income tax. The remaining profits are also
exempt if reinvested in a tourism related project.
List of Top 10 Travel Companies in India
Here is the list of Top 10 Travel Companies in India which are listed based
on Turnover. The travel and tourism sector in India continued as one of
the top 10 contributors to global travel and tourism GDP.
In India, the industry plays a significant role in economic and social

aspects, generating US$247.3 bn in 2018 growing by 6.7% and
contributed 9.2% to the country’s economy. It has also earned foreign
exchange to the tune of US$28.9 bn, accounting for 5.4% of total national
exports.
So here is the list of Top 10 Travel Companies in India which are listed based
on total sales.
52
1. Thomas Cook (India) Ltd
Thomas Cook (India) Limited is a leading integrated travel and travel-

related services company with operations in 29 countries, across five
continents through its Indian and global subsidiaries and key investments.
Headquartered in India, travel and travel-related financial services
companies in the Asia Pacific region.
 Revenue: Rs 6,936 Cr
 Market Cap: 2,255 Cr.
 ROE: 0.97 %
 Sales Growth (3Yrs): 2.71 %
2. Cox & Kings Ltd
Cox & Kings is the longest established travel company in the world. Its India
operations are headquartered in Mumbai and have the status of a limited
company. It has over 12 fully owned offices in India across key cities such as
New Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Kochi, Hyderabad,
Pune, Goa, Nagpur, and Jaipur.
 Market Cap: 22.07 Cr.
 ROE: 13.20 %
 Promoter holding: 12.20 %
 Debt to equity: 0.76
 Price to book value: 0.01
53
The worldwide offices are located in UK, USA, Japan, Russia, Singapore,
and Dubai. It has associate offices in Germany, Italy, Spain, South
Africa, Sweden, and Australia. Cox is Best Travel Agency in India.
By 1878, C&K were agents for most British regiments posted overseas,
including the Royal Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, as well as the Royal
Wagon Train and the Household Brigade. The Royal Navy was next and in
1912, The Royal Air Force came under its wings.
Between the 1750s and 1950s, Cox & Kings was witness to an exciting era
in Indian history, and, in its own way, helped to shape it. In 1947, the
British administration departed, but bound by strong ties to India, Cox &
Kings stayed on and flourished. Today, Cox & Kings is a premium brand in
all travel-related services in the Indian subcontinent, employing over 5000
trained professionals.
3. Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Ltd
Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Ltd. (MHRIL), a part of the Leisure
and Hospitality sector of the Mahindra Group, offers quality family
holidays primarily through vacation ownership memberships and
brings to the industry values such as reliability, trust and customer
satisfaction.
 Market Cap: 3,184 Cr.
 ROE: 12.04 %
54
Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Limited is part of the USD 20.7 billion
multinational Mahindra Group. Started in 1996, the company’s flagship brand
‘Club Mahindra Holidays’, today has a fast-growing customer base of over
220,000 members and 61+ resorts at some of the most exotic locations in
India and abroad.
4. MakeMyTrip
MakeMyTrip is a pioneer in India’s online travel industry. Founded in the

year 2000 by Deep Kalra, MakeMyTrip came to life to empower the Indian
traveler with instant bookings and comprehensive choices. The company
initiated its journey serving the US-India travel market offering a range of best-
value products and services powered by technology and round-the-clock
customer support. MakeMyTrip has proactively diversified its product offering,
adding a variety of online and offline products and services. It is India’s
leading online travel company After consolidating its position in the market as
a brand recognized for its reliability and transparency, MakeMyTrip launched
its India operations in 2005. With more and more Indians initiating to transact
online with IRCTC and new opportunities with the advent of low-cost carriers,
MakeMyTrip offered travelers the convenience of booking travel online with a
few clicks.
5. Yatra Online Pvt Ltd
Yatra Online Pvt Ltd based in Gurgaon India is one of India’s leading
online travel companies and operates the website Yatra.com. The Company
is ranked 5th in the list of Top 10 Travel Companies in India.
The company provides information, pricing, availability, and booking

facility for domestic and international air travel, domestic and
international hotel bookings, holiday packages, buses, trains, in city
activities, inter-city, and point-to-point cabs, homestays and cruises.
55
As a leading platform of accommodation options, Yatra provides real-time
bookings for more than 83,000 hotels in India and over 800,000 hotels
around the
world. Launched in August 2006, Yatra Online is founded by Mr. Dhruv
Shringi and Mr. Manish Amin in the year 2006.
6. SOTC Travel Limited
SOTC Travel Limited (Formerly SOTC Travel Pvt. Ltd.) is a step-down

subsidiary of Fairfax Financial Holdings Group; held through its Indian
listed subsidiary, Thomas Cook (India) Limited (TCIL).SOTC India is a
leading travel and tourism company active across various travel segments
including Leisure Travel, Incentive Travel, and Business Travel. SOTC
was established in 1949. Since then, it has escorted lakhs of travelers
across the globe for more than 70 years to various destinations around the
world.
It is one of the leaders in segments, namely Escorted Group Tours, Customised

Holidays, Holidays of India and Incentive Travel amongst others. SOTC’s
customer focus, innovation, and operational excellence has not only tapped the
existing market potential but has also created new markets through innovative
packages.
Its vast array of holiday services is taking holidaying to an entirely new level.
A new age innovative holiday maker, SOTC strives to make holidays a priority
for every Indian. Through investments in technology and with a strong online
presence the company serves its customers through an omnichannel play.
56
7. Goibibo
Goibibo is the largest online hotel booking engine in India and also one of the
leading air aggregators. Goibibo is also the number one ranked mobile app
under the travel category.
Goibibo’s core value differentiator is delivery of the fastest and the most
trusted user experiences, be it in terms of quickest search and booking, fastest
payments, settlement and refund processes.
Goibibo has grown its hotel booking volumes by 5x in 2015 over the previous
year. 70% of hotel bookings take place on Goibibo’s mobile app. It is 7 in
the List of Top Travel Companies in India
Goibibo is part of the ibibo Group that also owns India’s No. 1 online Bus
ticketing platform, redBus.in and recently launched carpooling app, “ibibo
Ryde”.
8. Expedia
Expedia is one of the fastest growing online travel portals in Asia, offering
travellers an extensive selection of hotels, activities and travel services to meet
every budget and activities of every kind at competitive rates.
With over hundreds of thousands of hotel partners worldwide and a

comprehensive offering of flight inventory made available on the website,
travellers can book everything they need for a holiday – rooms to meet every
budget, activities of every kind and travel services to complement.
57
9. TravelGuru
Travelguru is India’s leading travel website, offering you the best prices on
flights, hotels and holiday packages across India and the world.
Travelguru makes planning and buying a holiday or a business trip easy and
convenient. TravelGuru is the 9th Largest Travel Company in India.
Travelguru’s current product offering consists of airline tickets, hotel rooms,

vacation packages and cruises. The Company will shortly be expanding
services to offer
a wide array of travel-related services including car rentals.
10. International Travel House Ltd
International Travel House Limited, India’s leading Travel Management

Company. International Travel House Limited (ITH) started operations in
1981 as India’s first publicly listed travel company.
 Revenue: Rs 217.27 Cr
 Market Cap: 61.96 Cr.
 ROE: 1.30 %
 Price to book value: 0.40
58
With a diverse product portfolio, extensive national footprint, strong
reputation for service quality and reliability (ISO 9001:2015 certified), and
an enviable customer portfolio, ITH has become one of India’s most
admired travel companies.
The Company is 10th in the List of Top 10 Travel Companies in India.

International Travel House Limited has a strong network of 39 offices in
19 cities across India. Please select a city and its corresponding office
below to view contact information.
59
CHAPTER 2
Research and Methodolgy
The present study is based on the data collected from primary and secondary sources.
Primary data was collected through intensive field work by visiting various
destinations in the study region.
1. Questionnaire was prepared and filled up by the tourists and the local
people at the tourist places in the study region.
2. Tourist, local people, tourist guide and tourism related authorities were interviewed.
3. Arc GIS, Global Mapper software are used for the preparation of
maps.Secondary data was collected through District Census Hand Book,
Sandarbha Maharashtra, District Gazetteer, Published and unpublished
materials, Travel books, newspapers, periodicals, etc. Different statistical
methods and cartographic techniques are used wherever necessary.
A random sample survey of tourist was conducted during the year 2009.
The information related to geographical background, origin of tourists,
economic status, mode of transport, infrastructural facilities etc
used by tourists, was collected through the questionnaire. The behavioural attitude of
tourist at tourist destination in Raigad district and tourist‟s opinion and impact of
tourism on residents are calculated with the help of percentage methodFrom the point
of tourist, Satisfaction Index and Likert Scale methods can be applied. For the
assessment of behavioural and functional attitude of the tourists, levels of tourist
satisfaction. For the measurement of economic, socio-cultural and physical impacts of
tourists on residents can be measured by a seven point Likert Scale .The details of
methodology, whenever required had used and discussed in appropriate chapter. The
collected information is finally tabulated, analyzed and the result presented in the
form of maps, tables, photographs etc. It should be easier to analyze and draw
conclusion from them.
60
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literatures on the various aspects of tourism are quite enough. But
literature on the various aspects of travel, tourism, recreational and hospitality
are found only in the western country. Many scholars have written books
dealing with their views with different issues of tourism.A book written by
Cooper C. (1999) entitled „Tourism Principles and Practices‟ was elaborating
theoretical framework of tourism. He underlined concept and indicators of
tourism demands. He also emphasized on economic, environmental and socio-
cultural impact on tourism development. He highlights issues pertinent to the
future of tourism development. Romila Chawla (2003) wrote an important
book entitled „Tourism in the 21st Century‟. She emphasized on important
features of the tourism industry, its contribution to the national integration and
creation of harmonious social and cultural environment and also suggests the
promotion of arts, crafts and culture and brings about prosperity and
sustainable development. Twenty first century is the age of information
technology and tourism. She gives aspects and challenges of tourism in the
Twenty first century.
J. K. Sharma (2000) wrote his famous book „Tourism Planning and
Development: A New Perspectives‟. He attempts the basic foundations of
tourism planning and development caters to tourism designers, planners and
developers of varied experiences and knowledge for planning of tourism
industry in near future. He describes the concept of tourism planning,
approaches, techniques and principles applied at various levels. He emphases
on integrated approach and incremental increase in quality of tourism services
and effective management of tourism. He gives transportation, services,
information and promotion, physical environment and tourism organizations as
the basic components for tourism planning and development in a particular
region.
61
He not only attempts to present an alternative tourism planning and
development process which is sustainable, but also recommends for
conceptualizing sustainable development Dr. O. P. Kandari and Ashish
Chandra (2004) wrote a book entitled „Tourism Development Principles and
Practices‟. He noted that planning and assessment are important parts of
sustainable development of tourism. He focused on issues of tourism
development, particularly from economic, ethnic and environmental
perspectives and also explained the Goals and strategies for
effective tourism practices, I identified and key issues of carrying capacity and
community participation. He also stated that role of tourism in rural
development is fundamentally an economic one and can help to sustain and
improve the quality of life in rural areas M.A. Khan (2005) wrote a book on
„Principles of Tourism Development‟ which deals with hotel industry and
tourism, these are the two significant sectors of modern day economy, tourists
are honored guests and the hotels offer them the demanded hospitality. He also
focused on the role of information technology in tourism industryManish Ratti
(2007), in his „Tourism Planning and Development‟ book which deals with the
tourism industry also provides a number of job opportunities to the local people,
adverse effect on the destinations; it contains vital information on tourism
planning and management, crucial issues are given an elaborate treatment. Dr.
Kulwant Singh Pathania and Dr. Arun Kumar (2008),
Tourism in India‟ focused on all aspects related to the tourism and outdoor
recreations as resources based have been useful for the development of any
tourist destination in India.Dr. M.M. Khan (2009), wrote an important book
series on Encyclopedia of Tourism‟. He emphasized on theoretical framework
of tourism development such as fundamental aspects, salient features and
various organization.
62
He gives the role of tourism organization at the international and national
levels for the development and promotion of tourism industry, all phenomenon
has been explained in Vol-I. In Vol-II, he stated the origin of tourism, types of
tour operations, system of social organizations, different theories of criminality,
relation between tourism and hotel industry. Vol - IV deals with the basic
aspects of ticketing and booking, global ticketing, complete history of ticketing
and booking of air, rail, water and road transportation for travellingM. B.
Potdar (2003) in her research work (Unpublished doctoral Thesis) entitled
„Tourism Development in South Konkan‟ reveals a treasure of tourism, beaches,
horticulture, scenic beauty, historical monuments, temples and churches, local
folk arts, handicrafts, food and festivals, biotic life are the resources available
for ideal tourism in South Konkan. Therefore there is tremendous scope for
tourism development in South Konkan. She studied economic and socio-
cultural impact on local people by considering case studies in study region. In
her research work, she lighted on some problems and suggested remedial
measures for better development of tourism in south Konkan. Subhash N.
Nikam (2003), has presented in his research work (unpublished doctoral thesis)
entitled „Potential and Prospects for Tourism Development in Nasik District.
His attempt has been made to understand for the tourism development by
considering four case studies and find out the potential and prospects for the
planning at different destinations in the district. His also gave valuable
suggestions for tourism development in the Nasik district. These studies have
been beneficial to the researcher for identification of potentials and prospects
for tourism development in the context of Raigad district
63
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION
64
Conclusion : Above diagram shows 90 % tourist are interested in domestic tourism
and 10% tourist are interested in international tourism.
65
Conclusion : As per our survey the above diagram shows that 68% tourist are travel
outstation once in a year, 24% tourist are travel outstation once in a 6 months, 6%
tourist are travel outstation once in a 3 months & 2% tourist are travel outstation every
week.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 86% tourist are planed trip by
yourself and rest of tourist planed trip through a travel agent .
66
Conclusion : Above diagram shows that 76% tourist prefer to go with their
family ,and 12% of adventure , and rest of 8% Regilious.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that tourist prefer the mode of
transportation is train ,train got 52% , 18% airplane, rest of 28% car.
67
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that tourist go for hill station , some of
beaches , and rest of historical significant places and last one is commercially busy
cities.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that most tourist not interested in
travelled internationally .
68
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 68% tourist go with their family ,
and other 20% shows friends and 10% alone.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that tourist like to stay in hotels ,18%
tourist with resorts , 14% tourist with friends relatives, 8% economic hotels.
69
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that many of tourist trips length 42% is
shows 3-5 days , 26 % is shows that a week , 24% shows that 1-2 days.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that many of tourist don’t have holiday
clubs membership .
70
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 56% tourist don’t used any online
travelling website, 26% shows that tourist used websites.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 46% tourist chose none option and
42 % tourist chose sometimes , and 10% chose every time when I plan travel.
71
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 36% tourist spend money 10000 &
above , some of 32% in 3000 - 5000, and some of 18% upto 3000, 14% spend in 5000-
10000.
Conclusion : As per the above diagram shows that 84% tourist’s go for world tour .
72
CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS :
In this research, researcher is recommending some factors that are to be

improved in order to obtain data on consumer behaviour in tourism. This is done
by researcher and considered from the empirical findings.
Some of the recommendations that are underpinned by the researcher in this

research are
1) Emerging the Newtechnologies
2) Changing Demographic Profiles
3) Conservation demands
EMERGING NEW TECHNOLOGIES:
The internet and alternative access devices will continue to increase the
number of electronic collections between customers and the tourism industry
and this new technology will continue to provide an environment for creating
relationships, allowing consumers to access information more efficiently,
conducting transactions, and interacting electronically with business and
suppliers.
CHANGING DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES:
The changing demographic profiles of internet users over the last decade
suggest that the evolving internet and related systems will ultimately adopted
by the large majority of travelling public and, therefore the internet will be
considered theprimary source for traveling information.
73
CONSERVATION DEMANDS:
The demand of travelers, in particular the purchase process they use, will
continue to evolve as consumers of travel; products and gain more experience
and confidence in product purchasing over the internet importantly
conservations among the travelers ( through travel clubs, virtual communities ,
etc.) will continue to grow and will increasingly be mediated through internet
technologies.
The buoyancy in the Indian tourism industry can be attributed to several factors.
Firstly, the tremendous growth of Indian economy has resulted in more
disposable income in the hands of middle class, thereby promoting increasingly
large number of people to spend money on vacations abroad or at home.
Secondly, India is a booming Information Technology hub and more and more
people are coming to India on business trips. Thirdly, aggressive advertising
campaign “Incredible India” by Tourism Ministry has played a significant role
in changing the image of India from that of the land of snake charmers to a hot
and happening place and has sparked renewed interest among foreign travelers.
The following table shows the number of domestic tourist visits to all states
and Union Territories in India during the year 2000 to 2010.
74
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Consumer behavior towards the tourism depends on various factors and the
main aim of this project is focused on this aspects and a detailed evaluation is
done against this key aspect to understand the consumer behavior towards
choosing India as the tourism destination. The required primary source of
information is gathered from the direct interviews conducted with the tourists
in London and an empirical investigation is done towards their perception in
making the key decisions while deciding upon the tourism destination. Almost
100 respondents are interviewed in this context and quantitative research
methodology is selected to proceed with the research and the key findings from
the interview process are also given in this research. An option based interview
questionnaire is prepared in this context and escalated among the respondents
involved in the research and the information gathered from them is used to
conduct the research and conclude their perception towards Indian tourism and
also to understand the key factors that affect their behavior while choosing
India as their destination.
The key factors that were considered to evaluate this research are the financial
conditions, safety, source of advertisement, exchange rate, demographic
attributes like age, sex and occupation, reputation of India, facilities in terms of
accommodation and living conditions, ticket price, distance to the destination
and purpose of visit and the corresponding findings are analyzed using the
statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel is used as the required tool in this
context and the key findings are as given below From the findings it is clear
that, most of the tourists prefer India as the tourism destination to spend their
holiday time and among these people think twice to choose India as the tourism
place in terms of their financial position.
75
Few aspects like tickets and total expenses to spend in India are considered
while making their decision and from the findings it is clear that almost half of
the respondents interviewed consider these aspects before visiting India. When
the tourists are asked regarding the distance consideration, most of them replied
that distance is not at all a factor when they are planning for a holiday trip and
they always look for the hospitality and surviving conditions in India.
Reputation of the country also plays an important role against the consumer
behavior and it is proved from the findings as most of the tourists prefer.
India as the level of reputation in attracting the tourists is on the top level and
also the accommodation provided in India is at corporate level. Cultural
attraction also plays a vital role in attracting the tourists from different
countries and from the findings it is clear that all most all the respondents
interviewed prefer India as the culture and the activities at the tourism spots are
excellent in nature and thus it can be understood that culture plays an important
role in estimating the consumer behavior towards tourism.
Apart from these core aspects, the key issues like security and safety also plays
an important role in estimating the consumer behavior towards tourism and
from the analysis of the findings it is clear that, most of the tourists think a
while about their safety as India is prone to frequent terrorist attacks and thus
in aspects, India is losing ample customers against their tourism. Advertising
the key media that were considered by the consumers in choosing the tourism
destination and from the findings it is clear that, most of the customers are
attracted towards India via the media like news papers and TV advertisements.
From the overall analysis it is clear that consumer behavior against the tourism
is mainly affected by the factors like safety, cost of trip and the cultural
attractions at the tourism destination and when these aspects are related to India,
it has provided the maximum to the tourists and need to improve and refine the
policies against safety measures for the tourists in future.
Today tourism related infrastructure in various parts of the country has
76
improved the quality of life of the local people and helped to promote local
arts and crafts. Tourism has contributed to increase awareness about
conservation of the environment and the cultural heritage. Tourism is the
fastest growing industry in modern world. People have always travelled to
distant parts of the world to see monuments, arts and culture, taste new cuisine
etc. The term tourist was firstly used as official term in 1937 by the League of
Nations. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for period of over 24
hours.
The word tour gained acceptance in the 18th century, when the Grand Tour of
Europe became part of the upbringing of the educated and wealthy British
noblemen. Tourism is a service industry, consisting of transportation,
accommodation and hospitality. The term tourism and travel are often used
interchangeably though literally there is a difference. A person who indulges in
tourism is known as tourist. Tourism is multi- faceted phenomenon which
involves movement to and stay in destination outside the normal place of
residence.
As per the IASET and Tourism Society of Cardiff in 1981, “Tourism may be
defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken
outside the home environment. Tourism may or may not involve overnight stay
away from home.” Herman Von Schullard, An American Economist, defined it
as, “The sum of the total operations, mainly of an economic nature which
directly relates to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside
a certain country, city or region.” According to Tourism Society in Britain,
“Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destination
outside the place where they normally live and work and their activities during
the stay at their destinations, includes movement for all purposes, as well as
day visit or excursions”.
77
In 1981, the International Conference on Leisure-Recreation- Tourism, held by
Tourism Society in England, defined it as, “Tourism may be defined in terms of
particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home
environment. Tourism may or may not
involve overnight stay away from home”. This definition was subsequently
accepted by the IASET (Burkart & Medlik, 1974).
The industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the pattern and
structure of British society. Thus, the economy of Britain was greatly
responsible for the beginning of modern tourism. It also created a large and
prosperous middle class and because of great improvement in transportation
systems in latter half of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th
century, an increasing number of people began to travel for pleasure.
Travel was originally inspired by the need for surviving (food, shelter, and
security), the desire to expand trade and quest to conquer. As the transportation
system improved the curiosity for transforming the vast and virgin world into a
close neighborhood created a new industry i.e. Travel and Tourism.
However, the developments of rails, roads, steamships, automobiles, and

airplanes helped to spread technology across the globe. Earlier travel was a
privilege only for wealthy people but with the industrial revolution, the
scenario altogether changed. Transportation, as well as accommodation,
became affordable to middle and working- class citizens.
Essentially, with the development of jet travel, communication, new

technology, tourism, and travel became the world’s largest and fastest-growing
industry.
Travel and tourism, recently have emerged as a dominant economic force

on the global scene accounting for more than 12% of total world trade and
growing at the rate of 8 percent annuals.
78
Tourism is an important sector of the economy and contributes significantly in
the country‟s GDP as well as Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE). With its
backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy like
transport, constriction, handicrafts, manufacturing, horticulture, agriculture etc,
tourism has the potential to not only be the economy driver, but also become
an effective tool for poverty.
79
CHAPTER 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.tourismofindia.com
mwww.travelindia.com
https://indiancompanies.in/top-travel-companies-india/
https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-tourism-and-hospitality-industry-analysis-
presentation
https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1103426/covid-19-revenue-travel-tourism-
industry-forecast
80

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A Project on ,

“A STUDY OF TOURISM INDUSTRY”

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Bharat Bagul

B.K BIRLA COLLEGE ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE

SEM III (2021-22)

“A STUDY OF TOURISM INDUSTRY”

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Bharat Bagul

B.K BIRLA COLLEGE ARTS, SCIENCE & COMMERCE

SEM III (2021-22

Sr No. Particular Page No.

1.1 History of travel & Tourism 12

1.2 Types of tourism 14

1.3 Importance of tourism 18

1.4 Industries related to tourism 21

1.5 Characteristics of tourism products 27

1.6 Tourism in Maharashtra 29

1.10 Impact of tourism on the economy 45

2 Chapter 2 : Research and Methodology 60

3 Chapter 3 : Literature Review 61

4 Chapter 4 : Data Analysis 64

Name and Signature of

SAURABH RAMU WAGH

Name and signature of the Guiding Teacher

I take this opportunity to thank the B.K.Birla College (AUTONOMOUS) University

MR. SAURABH RAMU WAGH

World tourism is considered as a significant factor in the economy of many nations.

A) A dynamic element which involves travel to a selected destination or destinations.

B) A static element which involves the stay in the destination.

a) Leisure:- recreation, holiday, health, study of religion and sports or

b) Business, family, mission meetings.

(a) Their stay is of a temporary nature in the area visited.

WTO has classified three types of tourism-

A) Domestic Tourism: It consists of residents visiting within their own country.

B) Inbound Tourism: Comprises non- residents travelling into a country oftheir

C) Outbound Tourism: Comprises residents of a nation travelling out to foreign country.

a) Internal Tourism: This comprises domestic and inbound tourism.

b) National Tourism: domestic and outbound tourism.

c) International Tourism: inbound and outbound tourism.

Geographers study the spatial expression of tourism as a human activity, focusing on

2) The destination area of tourist receiving countries or region or local areas.

However, the developments of rails, roads, steamships, automobiles, and airplanes

Essentially, with the development of jet travel, communication, new technology,

When people visit a foreign country, it is referred to as International Tourism. In

1) Recreational: Recreational or leisure tourism takes a person away from the

2) Cultural: Cultural tourism satisfies cultural and intellectual curiosity and

3) Sports/Adventure: Trips have taken by people with a view to playing golf,

5) Convention Tourism: It is becoming an increasingly important

6) Incentive Tourism: Holiday trips are offered as incentives by major

Tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon comprises the activities and experiences of

 Various modes of transportation and other tourism-related infrastructure.

1.3 Importance of Tourism

Tourism spurs infrastructure development. In order to become an important

Establishing or developing a tourism industry involves expenditure as well as gains,

 Tourism generates local employment, directly in the tourism sector and in

 The quality of a community can be enhanced by economic

 Rapid tourism growth can result in the inability of local

 Tourism can enhance local cultural awareness.

• Despite criticism about the alteration of cultures to unacceptable

 There can be long-term damage to cultural traditions and the errioson of

 Parks and nature preserves may be created and ecological

1.4 Industries Related To Tourism

Retail and Shopping