Finance Project

A Study on Ecotourism in Malnad Region-A Perceptional
Analysis
(With special reference to Shivamogga District)
Project Report Submitted to Kuvempu University in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of
MASTER OF COMMERCE
Submitted by
Ganesha. B.M
M.Com, IVth Semester
Register Number: PC180038
Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Commerce
Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri
Shankaraghatta-577451, Shivamogga District, Karnataka
Under the guidance of
Dr. Prashanth
Faculty Member
Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Commerce
Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri
Shankaraghatta-577451, Shivamogga District, Karnataka
Sep 2020
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I express my sense of gratitude and heartfelt thanks to GOD, the almighty for the grace
and blessings, given me to have the strength and knowledge to complete all my project work
successfully
Motivation causing people to act in certain direction is very necessary for the success of any task.
“Behind every successful student there is a teacher” . I feel happy and proud to mention those who
motivated me and contributed directly or indirectly in making this project successfully.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Prof. S. Venkatesh., Professor and
Chairman, Department of P.G Studies & Research in Commerce, Kuvempu University, Jnana
Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta.
I wish to acknowledge my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my mentor, supervisor and

guide Dr. Prashanth Lecturer, Department of P.G Studies & Research in Commerce, Kuvempu
University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta for his continuous encouragement and valuable
guidance give me throughout my project work. I wish to place on record that he has been a great
source of inspiration to me and I have richly benefitted from the discussions I had with him. This
project would not have been possible without his enthusiastic approach, and kind encouragement.
I would like to offer my whole hearted gratitude to all faculty members, and non-teaching
staffs, Department of P.G Studies and Research in Commerce, Shankaraghatta, and other friends
for being so encouraging, supportive and for bearing throughout the study.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks and gratitude towards all those people who were
help me for successful completion of my project study with timely co-operation my endeavor would
not have been success.
I am pleased to place my profound etiquette to my beloved father and mother Manjunatha.
B. V and Sumitra for their encouragement, affection and love throughout my career. I thank all my
friends who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of this work.
Date:
Place: Shankaraghatta Ganesha. B.M
From:
GANESHA.B.M
M.Com, Semester- IV
Reg. No: PC180038
Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Commerce,
Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta – 577451,
Shivamogga District, Karnataka.
Declaration
I hereby declare that,

1. The work contained in this report is original and has been done by me under the guidance of my
supervisor, Dr. Prashanth
2. The work has not been submitted to any other university for any degree or diploma.
3. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Department in preparing the report.
4. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the
Department.
5. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other sources, I
have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references.
Date:
Ganesha. B.M
KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
Shivamogga District, Karnataka
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Ganesha. B.M is a bonafide student of this Department and this
Project Report on “ A Study on Ecotourism in Malnad Region – A Perceptional Analysis
(with special reference of Shimoga District)” has been prepared by her in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the Degree of Master of Commerce under my guidance.
Date:
Dr. Prashanth
(Faculty member)
KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY

Shivamogga District, Karnataka
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Ganesha. B.M is a bonafide student of this Department and
this Project Report on “ A Study on Ecotourism in Malnad Region – A Perceptional
Analysis (with special reference of Shimoga District)” has been prepared by her in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Commerce under the guidance of Dr.
Prashanth, Faculty member, Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Commerce,
Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta.
Prof. Venkatesh. S
(Chairman)
Date
Contents
SI. Particulars Page

No
No.
1 Chapter-1 1-6
Introduction and Research Design
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Research Gap
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Need for the study
1.6 Objectives of the study
1.7 Research Methodology
1.8 Tools and Techniques
1.9 Scope of the study
1.10 Limitations of the study
1.11 Chapter Scheme
2 Chapter-2 Review of Literature 7 - 14
3 Chapter-3 15 - 40
Conceptual Framework
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definition of ecotourism
3.3 Ecotourism and its emerging
3.4 Application of ecotourism
3.5 Appearance of ecotourism
3.6 Components of ecotourism

3.7 Principles of ecotourism
3.8 Impacts of ecotourism
3.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of ecotourism
3.10 Key points/ Benefits of ecotourism
3.11 Criticism
3.12 Expansion of ecotourism
3.13 Improving sustainability
4 Chapter-4 41 - 94
Data Analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Introduction
5 Chapter-5 95 - 101
Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
Annexure
 Bibliography 102 – 104
 Questionnaire 105 - 110
List of Tables
SI. No. Table Page

No. No.
and
Graphs
1 4.1 Demographic profile of respondents 52
2 4.2 Gender and purpose of travel 53
3 4.3 Education and purpose of travel 54
4 4.4 Gender and source of information to travel 55
5 4.5 Education and source of information to travel 55-57
6 4.6 Gender and factors influence to travel 57
7 4.7 Education and factors influence to travel 57
8 4.8 Gender and travel motive 58
9 4.9 Education and travel motive 59
10 4.10 Gender and factors influence to enjoy the warm climate and enjoy the nature 60
11 4.11 Education and factors influence to enjoy the warm climate and enjoy the 61-64
nature
12 4.12 Gender and visited places 64
13 4.13 Education and visited places 64-66
14 4.14 Gender and problems at visited places 66
15 4.15 Education and problems at visited places 67-69
16 4.16 Gender and opinion about role of government influence to development of 69

ecotourism
17 4.17 Education and opinion about role of government influence to development 69

of ecotourism
18 4.18 Gender and tourist damaging the environment 70
19 4.19 Education and tourist damaging the environment 71

20 4.20 Gender and factors causing environmental degradation 72
21 4.21 Education and factors causing environmental degradation 73-75
22 4.22 Gender and alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation 75
23 4.23 Education and alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation 76
24 4.24 Gender and perception about ecotourism is responsible for overall regional 77
growth
25 4.25 Education and perception about ecotourism is responsible for overall 78

regional growth
26 4.26 Gender and perception about tourist inflows increases the occupational 79
opportunities
27 4.27 Education and perception about tourist inflows increases the occupational 79
opportunities
28 4.28 Gender and tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country 80
29 4.29 Education and tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country 81
30 4.30 Gender and tourist inflows create awareness 82
31 4.31 Education and tourist inflows create awareness 83
32 4.32 Gender and tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization 84
33 4.33 Education and tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization 85
34 4.34 Gender and tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities 86
35 4.35 Education and tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities 87
36 4.36 Gender and tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community 88
37 4.37 Education and tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community 89
38 4.38 Gender and ecotourism provide the opportunities to local people to learn 90
something new
39 4.39 Education and ecotourism provide the opportunities to local people to learn 91
something new
40 4.40 Gender and tourist inflows change the life style of local people 92
41 4.41 Education and tourist inflows change the life style of local people 92
42 4.42 Gender and tourist inflows increases the standard of living 93
43 4.43 Education and tourist inflows increases the standard of living 94
44 4.44 Gender and tourist inflows effect on local culture 95
45 4.45 Education and tourist inflows effect on local culture 95
46 4.46 Gender and ecotourism lead towards environmental problems 96
47 4.47 Education and ecotourism lead towards environmental problems 97
48 4.48 Gender and tourist inflows increases GDP 98
49 4.49 Education and tourist inflows increases GDP 99
50 4.50 Gender and ecotourism provide employment to local youth 100
51 4.51 Education and ecotourism provide employment to local youth 101
52 4.52 Gender and negative impact of ecotourism can be minimized 102
53 4.53 Education and negative impact of ecotourism can be minimized 103
54 4.54 Respondents perception about ecotourism benefits 104
55 4.55 Respondents perception about concerns of ecotourism 104
56 4.56 Respondents perception about attitude of ecotourism authorities 105

A Study on Ecotourism in Malnad Region-A Perceptional Analysis
Chapter – 1
Introduction and Research Design
Dept of PG Studies and Research in Commerce, Shankaragatta Page 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Tourism is one of the largest business in the world. In tourism people travel towards any destinations
which incorporates the economic support and socio-cultural improvement towards the destinations of visit
tourism has got large resources to supply for the tourist demand in the form of natural and manmade
attractions. Tourism which creates job opportunities directly or indirectly to skilled and unskilled.
Tourism as part of the service sector has become an important source of income for many regions and
even for entire countries. The Manila Declaration on world tourism of 1980 recognized its important as an
activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and
economic sectors of national societies and in their international relations. Tourism can be domestic within
the traveller’s own country or international and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing
implications on a country's balance of payments. The tourism is the temporary short-term movement of
people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the
stay at each destination it includes movements for all purposes.
Ecotourism is late 20th century is eco and tourism according to the oxford English dictionary Ecotour was
first recorded in 1973 and ecotourism in 1982. Ecotour: Is tour or visit to an area of ecologically interest
usually with an educational element. Ecotourism: Tourism to areas of ecological interest to support
conservation efforts and observe wildlife, access to an endangered environment controlled so as to have
the least possible adverse effect. Ecotourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism
industry growing annually by 10-15% worldwide.
Eco tourism is a form of tourism involving visiting undisturbed natural areas intended as a low impact
and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to
natural areas conserving the environment and improving the well-being of the local people. Its purpose
may be to educate the traveller to provide funds for ecological conservation. To directly benefit the
economic development and political empowerment of local committees or to foster respect for different
culture and for human rights. Since the 1980's Ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavour by
environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human
intervention.
Ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic components of the natural environments. Ecotourism
focuses on socially responsible, travel, personal growth and environmental sustainability. Ecotourism
typically involves travel to destinations where flora, flauna, nature, cultural heritage are the primary

attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on the
environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habits.
Responsible ecotourism programs include those are minimize the negative aspects of conventional
tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to
evaluating environmental and cultural factors an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling,
energy efficiency, water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for local communities for
those reasons ecotourism often appears to advocates or environmental and social responsibility. Many
consider the term Ecotourism like sustainable tourism like most forms of tourism. Ecotourism generally
depends on air transportation which contributes to global climate change the overall effect of sustainable
tourism is negative where like ecotourism self-interest. That said schemes are being provided by some
large airlines these days the passengers can make use of them to eliminate these impacts.
Eco tourism in Karnataka
Eco tourism is the heartbeat of Karnataka. Pulsating with lifetime experiences, where you can inhale the
silence of the moment that brings peace to your soul - twinkling rivers, sweeping landscapes, majestic
wildlife, ivory beaches and a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Karnataka is a home to some of the World
Heritage sites. Its geography has created some of the awesome eco-tourism places like Madikeri,
Agumbe, Coorg, Shimoga and many more. Some of the architectural splendours of the bygone era like
the ruins of the Vijayanagar Empire at Hampi and the monuments of Pattadakal are on the list of
UNESCO's World Heritage Sites while the Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebidu are in the list of
proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The cave temple at Badami and rock-cut temples of Aihole
also top the list of must-visits. The Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur has the second largest pre-modern dome in the
world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia. The marvellous Mysore Palace, Ibrahim Roza at Bijapur, the
Daria Daulata Bagh at Srirangapatanam, the Khwaja Bandenawaz Darga at Gulbarga are some of the
remarkable historical splendours of Karnataka.
Ecotourism in Shimoga
Shimoga is most popular as a serene trekking and hiking destination. Adventure tourists from across
India, come here to enjoy the weekend. Infact, Shimoga is an ideal weekend local close to the city of
Bangalore and Bangalore Adventure Club often organises trekking and camping trips to Shimoga. The
Kodachadri Peak is a fulfilling trek that offers a panoramic view of the beautiful district. In addition,
Shimoga is home to the famed Jog Falls, which is truly a sight to behold. However, Shimoga is not all
nature. The grand Keladi Temple near Honnemardu, the nearby museum and Nagara Fort, together
narrate Shimoga rich history through art and architecture. A few miles from Shimoga is the town of

Honnemardu, which is a world by itself. Known best for its water-sports, Honnemardu is also a birding-
friendly location. It is also frequented by trekkers and hikers alike. Shimoga is also blessed with luxurious
flora and fauna. It has sanctuaries for tigers and lions in addition to conservatory parks for migratory
birds. You can spot a slot near in the forests of Shettihalli.
1.2 Statement of problem:

The tourism sector in Shimoga district is fastest growing sector which creates many employment
opportunities. Some major things that are to be considered as problems in ecotourism are lack of schemes,
misusing the programs, lack of support from government, entry of private agencies, local misleading,
industrialization, urbanization, agricultural practices of human local peoples, mismanagement, lack of
social morale in mindset of tourists, these are all problems degrading and spoiling the sacred and eco-
friendly tourism places these are the major problems of eco-tourism.
1.3 Research Gap:

In the earlier studies, it focused on the development of ecotourism in malnad region and sustainability
development of ecotourism. Positive and impact of ecotourism in malnad region. In this context made a
study on people’s present perception about ecotourism in malnad region.
1.4 Research Questions:

1. What are the major problems and prospects of ecotourism in malnad region?
2. What is the perception towards ecotourism in malnad region?
3. What are the concerns about ecotourism in malnad region?
4. What are the impacts of ecotourism in malnad region?
1.5 Need of the study:

This study is about importance of ecotourism and ecotourism leads to protection of natural resources like
water, forest, wildlife and environment. Ecotourism improving the local people, educate the travellers,
focuses on unadulterated pristine natural environment, it minimises the impact if tourism on the
environment. It boosts employment and financial opportunities for local people, it encourages
conservation by providing financial benefits in its favour and benefits to the economy development.
1.6 Objectives of the study:

1. To study the potential of ecotourism places in Shimoga district.
2. To find out the major challenges and problems of ecotourism in Shimoga district.

3. To study the people’s perception about the ecotourism in Shimoga.

4. To study the people’s travel motive and concerns about the ecotourism.
5. To study the impact of ecotourism in Shimoga district.
1.7 Research methodology:

The present study is engaged in a detailed understanding of people perception about ecotourism and their
knowledge about ecotourism and their awareness about ecotourism and also major problems of
ecotourism and impacts of ecotourism on tourism places and local propels.
The following sections cover the research methodology of the present study. It includes research design,
sources of data, sampling design and statistical tools and techniques.
 Research design:
The study is explorative come descriptive, because the researcher has attempted to describe the current
scenario of people’s knowledge about impacts and problems of ecotourism.
 Sources of data:
The present study will be carried out with the help of both primary and secondary sources of data.
 Collection of primary data:
The required and related primary data would be collected from peoples of Shimoga district they have
visited to ecotourism places. Besides this, the researcher has designed a structured questionnaire will
consist of a five-point scale, two-point scale questions would be adopted according to the requirement of
the research objectives.
 Collection of secondary data:
The present study also gets data from secondary sources. The data would be collected from various
journal, websites, books, newspapers, magazines, govt. issues, etc.
 Sample size:
The total sample of 100 respondents selected for the collection of information related to ecotourism in
Shimoga district.
1.8 Tools and techniques:

The data collected from various sources have been analyzed and interpreted by using certain statistical
tools and techniques such as tables, charts, percentage, diagrams etc.

1.9 Scope of the study:

This study is about what are the problems and prospectus of ecotourism related to Shimoga district only.
This covers local peoples, tourists and others etc.
1.10 Limitations of the study:

Research is a big task it requires sufficient time, research knowledge and proper response of the
respondents. Based on these reasons some of the limitations arise in the present study they are as follows:
1. The study is limited to Shimoga district only.
2. The study is limited to only to people and tourist people of Shimoga district only.
3. Some of the respondents did not give the proper co-operation regarding the survey.
4. Due to the time constraints, there is a less possibility for detailed study.
5. The data is collected 100 respondents from people of Shimoga only.
1.11 Chapter scheme:

This study consists of V chapters. The contents of the chapter are as follows:
1st chapter: Introduction and Research design This chapter contains an introduction, statement of
problem, research gap, research questions, need for the study, objectives of the study, research
methodology, tools and techniques, scope of the study and limitations of the study.
2nd chapter: Review of literature This chapter contains an introduction, literature related to
ecotourism in malnad region and summary.
3rd chapter: Conceptual Framework this chapter contains introduction to ecotourism, definition,
ecotourism its emerging, application of ecotourism, appearance of ecotourism, components of ecotourism,
principles of ecotourism, impacts of ecotourism, advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism, key
points/benefits of ecotourism, criticism of ecotourism, expansion of ecotourism, improving sustainability.
4th chapter: Data analysis and Interpretation.
5th chapter: Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion.
Annexure:
 Bibliography
 Questionnaire

Chapter – 2
Review of Literature

2.1 Introduction:
There are many studies has been conducted related to problems and prospectus of ecotourism and
development of tourism and ecotourism in India. Tourism industry is the fastest industry growing in India
and tourism industry is very helpful and part of development of country’s economy, these studies related
to how tourism and ecotourism are important to country and peoples and also how to utilising natural
resources to development of country and also mentioned the some of major problems of ecotourism in
India and also suggest the some of major prospectus to reducing the burden of tourism and ecotourism
problems.
2.2 Literature related to Ecotourism:

1. Dr. N. Srinivasa Reddy, et al conducted a study on “Need for infrastructure development
with special focus on eco-tourism”. In this study reveals that Tourism Industry one of the major
industries in the world but is not fully developed and exploited in India. Eco tourism one of the
forms of tourism has a great potential and not able to attract. National and international tourists
due to lack of proper transport infrastructure. Eco tourism it has picked up its growth having large
potential in rural India. It needs to be explored without disturbing the ecosystem and local culture.
Development of tourism industry largely depends on its regional transportation linkages in terms
of air and road. Eco tourism focuses on wilderness adventure, volunteering, personal growth and
learning new ways to live on our very vulnerable planet.
2. Srinivasa Murthy B. V et al conducted a study on “Pilgrimage tourism in malnad region of
Karnataka ana environmental issues” said that Travel and tourism is the fastest and largest
growing industry in India. Tourism makes an enormous contribution to local economics through
job creation and sustainable development. Tourism is the life line of malnad region and all
possible efforts needs to be undertaken for retaining, maintaining and sustaining. The tourism
infrastructure must like wide and smooth roads. Transportation including like provisions for
airlines and railway services. Hotels to development of tourist’s places in malnad region.
Environmental issues like population and religion. Collapse of basic infrastructure and associated
health and environmental problems.
3. Nataraja T.C. et al conducted a study on “Eco tourism in Karnataka” it reveals that Eco
tourism is a form of tourism that involves visiting natural areas. Karnataka is a major destination
for tourists in the country. Tourism has also included yoga meditation and health is being
promoted in a big way. Districts of the western Ghats and the southern districts have popular eco-

tourism locations in Karnataka. Some of popular location are Karnataka are kudermukh, madikeri
and agumbe. Eco tourism is a very popular activity or things that in the state. Karnataka leads in
eco-tourism as compared to other states. To development of eco-tourism in malnad region the
government has taken several measures and providing financial strength to tourism industry.
4. Parvathy. R. Nair (January 2019) conducted research on “Problems and prospects of eco-
tourism with special reference to Konni” said that Eco tourism is responsible travel to natural
areas, conserving the environment and improving the wellbeing of the local peoples. Eco tourism
has issues like environmental, social, economic and local people are major issues to eco-tourism.
The government has to measures to control the eco-tourism issues. Eco tourism is travel for
pleasure also the theory and practice of touring. The business of attracting, accommodating and
entertaining tourists and the business of operating tours. Tourism is one of the world’s fastest
growing industries. It is possible where solve the problems or issues of eco-tourism.
5. Dr. Manoj P.K conducted a study on “Environmentally friendly tourism for sustainable
economic development in India”. The prospects of tourism development appear to be quite
promising in many of the developing countries of the world. This cause India and few other
countries are famous in eco-tourism. Some issues of eco-tourism are particularly the degradation
of the environment, fast depletion of natural resources, adverse effect on bio-diversity and
ecological balance. For India is a developing nation has been late to recognising the development
potential of tourism. The implications of tourism on the society at large from a social and
ecological perspective.
6. Shri Manjunath Hongalad and Dr. S.I. Biradar (September 2019) conducted a study on
Eco tourism in Uttar kannada districts and its impact on tourism industry. Eco tourism is entirely
a new approach to tourism. Eco tourism is simply preserving travel to natural areas to appreciate
the cultural and natural history of the environment. Eco tourism while creating job creation and
economic opportunities that made preservation and security of natural resources advantages to
local people. Eco tourism is natural based, ecologically, sustainable. India is rich in these sectors
especially southern part of India. and in Karnataka. Natural resourceful with all kind of verities
including Temples, Wildlife, Sanctuaries, Waterfalls, Cosmopolitan cities, Valleys, Hill resorts,
Beaches, all are including in eco-tourism as rich in Karnataka.
7. Dr. Honnappa and Sujathamma (July 2016) conducted a study on Problems and Prospects
in tourism industry with reference to Karnataka. Tourism sector is the largest income generation
sector in India. Tourism basic facilities of tourist’s safety and security. Hospitality services, tour
guides, transportation facilities, Entertainment or recreation are very poor. Problems are to eco-
tourism development are pollution, Deforestation, staying is become costly in tourism places to

tourists. Fluctuation or changes in climate and increase in the crime rate. and Nexalism and
terrorism, loss of valuable culture, Safety and Security problems. Whereas considering these
issues or problems. To overcome these issues development of infrastructure, tourism products and
services. Tourism education and capacity building. Land scaping, providing safety and security to
tourists.
8. Anitha K P and Dr. B. Chandrashekara (17-04-2017) conducted a study on A study on
prospects and problems of heritage tourism in Karnataka said that Heritage tourism plays a very
important role to attract tourists in its destinations. It helps to contribute foreign exchange,
enhance employability and result in community development. Heritage tourism is the activities of
persons travelling to and staying in places and outside their usual environment for not more than
one year. It is concerned with the study of country's art and architecture. Lack of planning,
information for tourists, facilities these are all the problems seen in tourism places. Some of the
positive prospects of tourism are unique culture, food, music, fairs, festivals, these are all rich in
tourism places. Karnataka has with its rich history and culture, nature, environment these factors
are all potential to development of tourism.
9. Dayananda. K.C (November 2014) conducted a study on Tourism and Employment:
Opportunities and challenges in Karnataka - Special Reference to Kodagu District. --Tourism is
an industry capable of changing the socio-cultural, economic and environment face of the world.
Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is one of the most
important sectors for cultural exchange. It is the including of activities, services and industries has
variety of experiences are transportation, accommodation, entertainment and hospitality facilities
are providing to tourists. Karnataka is 9th largest state in India in terms of population as per as
2011 census. as this result causes high population unemployment rate is also very high. But
tourism sector is one which gives large scale employment opportunity. those are Restaurants,
Home stays, Lodges, Transportation, coffee days. Some of the challenges faced by tourism
industry in Kodagu district are pollution, deforestation, shortage of rented houses, increase in
crime rate, naxalism and terrorism. Kodagu has the most beautiful place, forest, mountains its
truly natural gift. Kodagu has great opportunity for tourism development.
10. B.S. Gunarekha and Dr. Binoy. T.A conducted a study on Community Based Sustainable
Tourism Development in Karnataka: A study on Mysuru District--Tourism as a service industry
is one of the largest business field in the world. Which creates job opportunities. Mysuru district
is one of the popular tourist places in Karnataka. and in India. Tourism is one of the major
revenue generators which create employment opportunities. Tourism being a growing industry
linked to global economic, social, environmental and political and technological trends. Mysuru

district needs to be improve with new tourism places and activities to increase tourists.
controlling the issues of traffic and other problems. Positive impact in infrastructure development
for tourism activities can be sustained with the awareness and active participation of the
community together with the stakeholders of the tourism industry. The participation of
community, private investors, public sector, and other related stakeholders are very important to
achieving the targets. With the create awareness and responsibilities in protecting the
environment and development of tourism industry.
11. Anitha K.P and Dr. B. Chandrashekara. (March 2018) conducted a study on Assessment
of opportunities and challenges of tourism industry in Karnataka----Tourism has become one of
the world’s largest and fastest growing economic activities. This industry has impact on
employment opportunity, foreign exchange currency earnings. Balance of payments and the
economy. Karnataka is well known for its nature and environment. heritage, wildlife, beaches are
well known in India. Karnataka is a must visit state in the India to the tourists. All tourists are it
may be domestic or foreign country tourists like to come Karnataka tourism places for the natural
places. There is some infrastructure, socio-economic, lack of standards, lack of passionate, these
are all some issues to tourism industry. Apart from these issues there are some considering
opportunities for tourism development and also attracts the tourists are heritage and culture,
wildlife and forests, Beaches, All Religious destination. Tourism is an important instrument for
sustainable human development of Karnataka and all possible efforts need to be undertaken for
retaining, maintaining, and sustaining, developing the tourism.
12. Dr. Amit. K. Chakrabarty (May 2017) conducted a study on Unemployment problem and
tourism industry in India: A Qualitative Study----Tourism industry is a labour-intensive industry.
For creating more job opportunities. Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in
the world presently. It has become one of the most significant industries all over the world.
Presently its position is just below the oil and automobile industries. In India the capacity of
tourism industry is very large due to its natural, geographical, and historical background.
Presently tourism industry stands in third position after jam and jewellery and readymade
garment. Unemployment problem in India is a concern like poverty. Illiteracy, the number of
unemployed persons increasing day by day. Organised sectors fail to create sufficient
employment opportunities. But tourism industry can play important role in India are sufficient
employment opportunities and brings foreign currency. Increase the national income. A large
number of unemployed persons can be employed by tourism industry. As this reason the
government has to take necessary steps for development of tourism industry like hotel

accommodation, better transportation facilities, medical and communication facilities for the
growth of tourism industry in India.
13. Mosleh Abdu Mosleh Al-Najjar and Ishwara.P (December 2017) conducted a study on
Problems and prospects of tourism industry in India literature review study---Tourism industry
today is one of the fastest growing industry as well as the largest income generation sector. It is
an economically important and contributes significantly in the country's gross domestic product
as well as foreign exchange earnings in many countries including India also. The number of
tourists arrived to India is increasing compared to year to year. The major tourism destination in
Karnataka has been classified as heritage and culture, wildlife and forest, beaches, religious
adventure sports, hill stations, and the study indicates that the tourism development in the state of
facing many issues and problems like pollution, destiny of population and vehicle, deforestation,
costly of staying in tourist places, increasing crime rate in those surrounding areas, expensive
livelihood, invaluable of culture and no safety and security for tourists. While these are problems
facing by tourism industry the state governments should focus more on solving the problems of
tourism infrastructure for developing the tourism.
14. Moushumi Banerjee (February 2015) conducted a study on Food tourism: An effective
marketing tool for Indian tourism industry-----Tourism industry is preliminary to development of
successful tourism management. Tourists destinations all over the world has proven proper
programming could reduce negative effects and improve and prevent tourism market in that state.
Food is basic need for all human beings as well the consumption of food in travel is unique.
While other country peoples or tourists like to eat Indian food. Food festivals of India is major
representation for development of food tourism. Atithi Devo Bhava which signifies true for
Incredible India. An Indian land which always gives the respectful services to tourists. In India
every hundred kilometres the food dimensions changes and a tourist can enjoy the variety food
with travelling experience.
15. Vinayak R. Naik and B.C. Sanjeevaiah (2012) conducted a study on Role of government in
development of sustainable ecotourism in Karnataka. -------Eco tourism is a visit to the natural
reserved places like national parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves for seeing tourism. The
increase in tourism in the twentieth century set the place for the origin of ecotourism mainly
because of two motives. Tourism seriously effect on the natural environment and causing effects
on natural resources. And eco-tourism or the natural based tourism is commonly accepted not
affected to natural resources. There are two major consideration about the tourism in Karnataka
are environment conservation and tourism promotion, development. The conservation is

protection of environment by controlling the human activity in the reserved tourist places. And
promoting the eco-tourism to increase the revenue and development of tourism.
16. Nichola Anastasia Ramchurjee and Suresha S (March 2014) conducted a study on Eco
tourism: A case study of environmental responsible behaviour of tourists in Mysore Karnataka.
India------The impact of ecotourism on the destination sites and its surrounding environment. In
regards to socio demographic factors, there are differences between all variables and
environmental responsible behaviours and beliefs of the tourists. Occupation and education were
found to have very strong relationship with environmental beliefs and education is moderate
relationship with environmental responsible behaviour. The basic responsible of tourist’s
behaviour in good manner in the tourist places and they have responsible for protecting
developing the tourism. Not using the natural environment and natural resources in badly.
Everyone human being or tourists have responsible for conservation of natural resources.
17. Nandagopal. P. and G. V. Venkataramana. (2016 may- august) conducted a study on
Society and management participation in eco-tourism at Yana reserve forest, Uttara kannada
district, Karnataka, India. -----The main concept of ecotourism is to have a balance between
development and conservation. In the latest years it turns into a good revenue for a nation. The
four aspects to be involved in having a balanced ecotourism are wildlife, eco tourists,
management, and community, we seen in attempt to good balanced ecotourism in Yana reserve
forest of Karnataka. In Yana bird diversity inside the reserve forest was found to be high this will
help to reserve forest to develop a new ecotourism. But in the Yana, there are lack of facilities to
tourists like transportation and staying facilities and food. But happy thing is management and
quality of these reserve forest is too good for tourists. Management needs to be involved the
community in new ventures of reserve forest and help them in their betterment of promoting eco-
tourism to development of forest reserve.
18. Dr. K. Nanje Gowda and Dr. S. Nagabhushana. Dr. D. Govindappa (July 2014)
conducted a study on an analytical study on future outlook and development of tourism in
Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka. -----The role of tourism industry is accelerating the
economic development of a country. Chikkamagaluru is one of the most important tourist places
also remains backward in Karnataka, it is unique not only as world’s largest nature beauty but
also for various additional facilities, rivers, mineral resources and its evergreen forests, and
reserves, are natural environment in this district. The number of tourists arrived to this district is
increasing day by day. Controlling the issues of tourist place and the Chikkamagaluru district
needs aggressive attention of government towards the development of tourist locations and proper
planning by the tourism department of Karnataka to develop the tourism industry in future.

2.3 Summary of the study:

Tourism has become one of the world’s largest and fastest growing economic activities. This industry has
impact on employment opportunity, foreign exchange currency earnings. Karnataka is well known for its
nature and environment. heritage, wildlife, beaches are well known in India. All tourists are it may be
domestic or foreign country tourists like to come Karnataka tourism places for the natural places. There is
some infrastructure, socio-economic, lack of standards, lack of passionate, these are all some issues to
tourism industry. Tourism is an important instrument for sustainable human development of Karnataka
and all possible efforts need to be undertaken for retaining, maintaining, and sustaining, developing the
tourism.

Chapter – 3
Conceptual Framework an Ecotourism

3.1 Introduction:
The activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual place of residence for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes constitute "Tourism". Such visits
for being close to nature to enjoy its enormous creations, both biotic and abiotic, in a most environment
friendly manner, without any adverse impact on the ecosystem, is particularly known as 'Eco-Tourism'.
3.2 Definition of ecotourism:

According to the WTO, "tourism that involves traveling to relatively undisturbed natural areas within the
specialized object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well
as any existing cultural aspects (both of the past or the present) found in these areas" is defined as eco-
tourism. It is distinguished from mass tourism or resort by having a lower impact on the environment and
by requiring less infrastructure development. Most common definition of Eco-Tourism is nature-based
tourism (visitors are mainly interested in observing and appreciating nature and traditional cultures in
natural areas) that has following attributes:
 Contributes to Biodiversity Conservation;
 Supports the well-being of local people;
 Involves responsible action by both tourists and local people to minimize negative environmental
and socio-cultural impacts;
 Requires the lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources;
 Stresses local ownership, as well as business opportunities for local (especially rural) people.
3.3 Ecotourism and its emerging:

In planning and management of ecotourism it' is also important to be aware of a number of different
styles of ecotourism. They may vary considerably in regard to a range of factors including:
 The types of natural settings they require
 The extent of direct contact and involvement with the natural environment
 The group sizes involved
 The use and extent of personal interaction with tour guides
 The reliance on mechanized means of transport and supporting infrastructure
 The type of visitor satisfaction and experience realized.

Tourism experts have so far identified three broad styles of ecotourism. (McCotter, 1995). They include
Frontier Ecotourism, Small Group Ecotourism and Popular Ecotourism.
Frontier Ecotourism
Frontier ecotourism involves individuals or small groups of generally ten or less people who utilize non-
motorized forms of transport (e.g. walking or canoeing) to visit relatively remote and lightly used natural
areas. Visitors are generally very self-reliant and have few demands for supporting services and
infrastructure. There is a very special and unusual 'first-hand' experience that often requires a high degree
of challenge and some knowledge of outdoor survival skills. Examples include trekking, rafting and
kayaking.
Small Group Ecotourism
This type of ecotourism involves individuals or relatively with small groups (approximately 15 or less)
who utilize motorized forms of transport such as buses or large boats. There are low requirements for self-
reliance and the degree of challenge is generally 'off the beaten track'. This type of ecotourism operation
may involve moderately high levels of challenge and self-reliance but is generally suitable for participants
from a wide variety of age groups who do not necessarily require any special outdoor skills.
Popular Ecotourism
This type of ecotourism involves the transport of large numbers of visitors to through or across a country's
best and most popular natural attractions. It relies on high capacity mechanized form of transport such as
buses or large boats. There are low requirements for self-reliance .and the degree of challenge is generally
low. There may be sustained requirements for supporting. infrastructure and services (e.g., visitor centers,
food and drink outlets, boardwalks and toilets). This style of ecotourism is available to all visitors
irrespective of age or physical capability. There are also other tourist activities, which are closely related
to the ecotourism but are not within the strict definition of ecotourism. Examples of such activities
include, aquaria, botanical gardens, zoos which displays native fauna, and visitor centers and displays of
native flora and fauna in locations which, are remote from their natural setting. While all of these
examples can have substantial educational and interpretive component and similar objectives to
ecotourism, they do not occur in and depend on a natural setting and are therefore not exclusively the
subject of ecotourism.
3.4 Application of Ecotourism:

Ecotourism, the idea that nature-based tourism could contribute social and environmental benefits burst
into public consciousness in the late 1980s and became virtually a phenomenon in 1990s. In many
countries, it ·became a substantial focus of debate, generating numerous conferences, new courses and

challenging policy development at all levels of government, the tourist industry and the environment
movement.
However, in the decade of ecotourism we have found that these benefits are not always easy to deliver.
Undoubtedly there are forests still standing, rivers still clean and wildlife alive because of ecotourism. It
was found that ecotourism. acts as the thin end of the wedge in allowing for development in protected
areas and fragile environments. Spreading benefits to local communities is also fraught with problems and
often inadequate to offset the appeal of short-term but more lucrative extractive industries. Tourism is
after all an industry frequently locked into dynamic of short-term profit before long-term profit and social,
cultural or ecological sustainability.
Ecotourism: An opportunity or threat?

Ecotourism provides an opportunity to develop tourism in ways that minimize its negative impacts and be
a means of preventing environmental degradation, while sharing economic benefit with the local people.
According to Panigrahi (2003:2), "Travel by individuals or small groups to relatively untouched natural
areas- where they can experience the natural environment and encounter local people directly- has been
increasing rapidly in the last two decades. Although this type. of tourism ought to have positive
environmental and social effects, it could be as damaging a mass tourism, if not properly organized".
Ecotourism: Is it an opportunity for the developing countries?

Ecotourism is a fastest growing trend in the world-wide tourism industry. The term 'ecotourism' has been
defined in many ways, and is generally used to describe tourism activities, which are conducted in
harmony with nature, as opposed to more traditional 'mass~ tourism activities. Comprehensively,
ecotourism has been defined by the ecotourism society as:
There are various explanations as pointed out by Lindberg Furze, staff and Black (1997) for eco-tourism
growth:
 Increasing environmental awareness and interest, including the desire to be perceived by others as
environmentally sensitive;
 Increased media exposure to natural areas around the world;
 Related to the above two, a desire to see natural areas before they disappear;
 Increasing dissatisfaction with traditional tourism destinations and products and a desire for more
educative and challenging vacations;
 Desire to go to novel destinations, sometimes as a way to "outdo" others (e.g., to be the first
person who has been to Antarctica); and

 Easier access to remote eco-tourism destinations through developments of air routes, roads, and
other infrastructure.
But one of biggest ironies of the society, as pointed out by Boo (1993), is that many of the world's poorest
people live among the richest areas biologically. The rain forest of Brazil which contain some of the
highest levels of natural resources diversity on the world as well as some of the poorest indigenous
population.
Eco-tourism is regarded beneficial for visiting areas as it appears to offer several potential advantages
(Wesche 1996):
 It sells traditional environmental knowledge and the image of a symbiotic relationship with
nature, an increasingly rare commodity experiencing growing demand, in which indigenous
people enjoy a virtual monopoly,
 It can assist in revalidating indigenous environmental resources - including parks and nature
reserves --: which otherwise have limited market value.
 It permits the commercial utilization of environmental resources - including parks and nature
reserves ~ which otherwise have limited market value.
 It can be combined with local food production, nature-based handicrafts and medical products for
the visitor market.
 It reduces the problem of market dustiness since visitors are willing to pay premium to access
'primitive and remote" destinations.
 It is based, on the support of the environmental movement m the developed countries thus
reducing intra-national dependency of indigenous minorities and strengthening their position in
land and resource conflicts.
3.5 Appearance of Ecotourism:

Eco-tourism is not widely discussed term. In some parts of the world eco-tourism is described as a wide
variety of activities involving travel and the environment where for some people, eco-tourism is broadly
defined as ecological - sensitive tourism or tourism that is friendly to the environment. Eco-tourism is
more narrowly defined and relates to a particular kind of nature tourism. For them, eco-tourism is a form
of tourism that contributes to the conservation of natural resources. Here, Eco-tourism itself becomes a
strategy for protecting parks and promoting economic development in rural areas (Boo 1990). At present
a number of regions commonly use the term eco-tourism for Agro tourism, Rural tourism, Green Tourism

and even adventure tourism. But the basic concepts of the foregoing types of tourism as enunciated by the
European Center for Professional Training in Environment and Tourism (ECPTET) is sustainable
development. implying the pursuit of the optimum, but not maximum use of resources. Sometime people
co-relate ecotourism with the concepts of green tourism. But the difference is more historical than
conceptual in the sense that that green tourism is a term which has been used earlier than ecotourism. It is
similar to the term which has been used earlier than ecotourism and much less used today to a similar
concept. It is similar to the terms of Wildlife Tourism and national parks. Wildlife tourism is in fact a
product of colonialism whereas National Parks are a creation of the colonial mind (Mittler 1997).
Ecotourists too differ greatly in several aspects (Lindberg, Furze, Staff, Black 1997), including:
 Distance traveled
 Length of stay
 Desired level of physical effort and comfort
 Importance of nature in trip motivation
 Level of learning desired
 Amount of spending
 Desired activities
 Personal demographics
3.6 Components of Ecotourism:

 Contributes to conservation of biodiversity.
 Sustains the well-being of local people.
 Includes an interpretation / learning experience.
 Involves responsible action on the part of tourists and the tourism industry.
 Is delivered primarily to small groups by small-scale businesses.
 Requires lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources.
 Stresses local participation, ownership and business opportunities, particularly for rural people.
3.7 Principles of Ecotourism:

Ecotourism comprises number of interrelated components all of which should be present for authentic
ecotourism to occur. Ross K. Dowling pointed out that there are five key principles that are fundamental
to ecotourism. They are:
I) Ecotourism is nature based.

II) Ecologically sustainable.

III) Environmentally educative.
IV) Locally beneficial.
V) Generates tourist satisfaction.
The first three characteristics are considered to be essential for a product to be considered 'ecotourism'
while the last two Characteristics are viewed as being desirable for all forms of tourism.
I) Nature Based:
Ecotourism is based on the natural environment with a focus on its biological, physical and cultural
features. Ecotourism occurs in, and depends on a natural setting and may include cultural elements where
they occur in a natural setting. The conservation of the natural resources is essential to the planning,
development and management of ecotourism.
II) Ecologically sustainable:

All tourism should be sustainable - ecologically, socially and environmentally. Ecotourism is ecologically
sustainable tourism undertaken in a natural setting. The challenge to ecotourism in any country or region
is to develop its tourism capacity and the quality of its products without adversely affecting the
environment that maintains and nurtures it. This involves ensuring that the type, location and level of
ecotourism use does not cause harm to natural areas.
III) Environmentally Educative:

The educative characteristic of ecotourism is a key element, which distinguishes it from other forms of
nature-based tourism. Environmental education and interpretation are important tools in creating an
enjoyable and meaningful ecotourism experience. Ecotourism attracts people who wish to interact with
the environment in order to develop their knowledge, awareness and appreciation of it. By extension,
ecotourism should ideally lead to positive action for the environment by fostering enhanced conservation
awareness.
Ecotourism education can influence tourist, community and industry behavior and assist in the longer-
term sustainability of tourist activity in natural areas. Education can also be useful as a management tool
for natural areas. Interpretation helps tourists see the big picture regarding the environment. It
acknowledges the natural and cultural values of the areas visited as well as other issues such as resource
management.

IV) Locally Beneficial:

The involvement of local communities not only benefits the community and the environment but also
improves the quality of the tourist experience. Local communities can become involved in ecotourism
operations, and in the provision of knowledge, services, facilities and products. These benefits should
outweigh the cost of ecotourism to the host community and environment.
Ecotourism can also. generate income for resource conservation management in addition to social and
cultural benefits. The contribution may be financial with a part of the cost of the tour helping to subsidies
a conservation project. Alternatively, it could consist of practical help in the field with the tourists being
involves in envirmm1ental data collection and/ or analysis.
V) Tourist satisfaction:
Satisfaction of visitors with the ecotourism experience 1s essential to long-term viability of the
ecotourism industry. Included in this concept is the importance of visitors' safety in regard to political
stability. Information provided about ecotourism opportunities should accurately represent the
opportunities offered at particular ecotourism destinations. The ecotourism experience should match or
exceed the realistic expectations of the visitor. Client services and satisfaction should be second only to
the conservation and protection of what they visit.
Other principles of Ecotourism:

• Minimize the negative impacts on nature and culture that can damage a destination.
• Educate the traveler on the importance of conservation.
• Stress the importance of responsible business, which works cooperatively with local authorities and
people to meet local needs and deliver conservation benefits.
• Direct revenues to the conservation and management of natural and protected areas.
• Emphasize the need for regional tourism zoning and for visitor management plans designed for either
regions or natural areas that are slated to become eco-destinations.
• Emphasize use of environmental and social base-line studies, as well as long-term monitoring programs,
to assess and minimize impacts.
• Strive to maximize economic benefit for the host country, local business and communities, particularly
peoples living in and adjacent to natural and protected areas.
• Seek to ensure that tourism development does not exceed the social and environmental limits of
acceptable change as determined by researchers in cooperation with local residents.
• Rely on infrastructure that has been developed in harmony with the environment, minimizing use of
fossil fuels, conserving local plants and wildlife, and blending with the natural and cultural environment.

3.8 Impact of Ecotourism:

The environmental and ecological changes that may be brought by increasing tourist phenomena need to
be taken in the right perspective from the very beginning. The impact of eco-tourism can be broadly
classified under three headings:
I) Economic impacts
II) Ecological impacts
III) Socio-cultural impacts
1.Economic Impacts:
Economic benefits of eco-tourism in terms of foreign exchange earnings have a potential to support the
ecosystem. Eco-tourism plays an important role in the establishment of a region such as small-scale-
industries, horticulture, ropeways, means of communication and hydel plants. For example (Shanna,
2000) the protected area of Mortihyde Cloud Forest Reserve in Costa Rica is successfully creating a
source of income for local community. There a Women Cooperative is earning over $ 50,000 per year by
selling handicrafts to the tourists. The economic benefits of Eco-tourism include the direct revenues from
generation of foreign exchange and economic incentives through the establishment and protection of
natural areas, Protected Areas and National Parks from entrance fees or donations. Generally, economic
impact of eco-tourism is regarded as positive as it broadens and diversifies the economic base.
2.Ecological Impacts:
Ecological impacts of ecotourism are as important as economic concern but they are not always positive,
instead they have more negative impacts. The unregulated and unmanaged growth of floating population,
for instance, in protected areas the lions and cheetah decreased their hunting activities when expansion of
tourism mostly leaves behind a trail of litter and destroys the fragile forest environment brought about by
a variety of constructive activities for recreation which leads to soil compaction and erosion, change in
plant cover and species diversity, subsequently affecting the wildlife and habitat loss (Sharma, 2000).
In a report (1992) entitled The Tourism· Industry and the Environment, the Economic Intelligence Unit
argues that a growing number of disaster such as pollution of beaches, degraded coral reefs, wildlife parks
without wildlife and disappearing indigenous cultures, are the result of tourism and are "a part of an
acceleration pattern".

3.Socio-cultural Impacts:
Eco-tourism holds the principals of preservation; therefore, it brings cultural consciousness, cultural re-
awakening, cultural-social renovation and preservation. It restores the. architectural monuments, building
and preservation of important landscape. There are a few negative, impacts too, for example, tourists
bring a strong visible life style. Their life style sometimes tempts the local people to adopt the saline.
3.9 Advantages of ecotourism:

1.Preservation of Surrounding Environment:
The idea of eco-tourism revolves around visiting beautiful places and protecting environment through it.
As it does not involve the exploitation of several natural resources for unsustainable gains at a rapid pace,
significant negative impact on the environment seems to be unlikely. Rather, the nature and wildlife can
be preserved, which offers a sustainable choice of earning to the local people from travel and tourism.
2.Provides authentic tourism experience:
Authentic experience is at its best in ecotourism and today’s travelers eagerly look for it. They could get
nearer to the nature and become more aware of its value and importance. As eco tourists, they develop
respect for nature and take responsible measures to preserve it. Once this awareness sets in, they tend
to practice responsible tourism wherever they go and spread awareness to fellow tourists as well.
3.Boosts research and development:
People get the scope of enhanced research and development regarding better environment management
practices and create provisions to uplift the local community. By observing nature from close quarters,
they can device better ways of environment protection. Not only the environmentalists, scientists too can
gather important biological information leading to a better understanding of the conservation practices
and creating more natural habitats.
4.Scopes of Employment for Local People:
The eco-tourism industry is seeing a boom as the concept is getting much popular with each passing day.
More and more job opportunities are opening up as a result of the increasing demand of hotels, resorts
and other accommodations equipped with skilled and trained professionals, experienced tour guides,
merchandise retailers selling lots of necessary items, restaurants offering a variety of tasty foods, and so
on. It is a great way to boost the local businesses.

5.Helps in local economic development:
Many countries could achieve a sustainable economic growth through ecotourism. For example,
destinations like Nepal, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Madagascar, etc. rely on ecotourism practices for their
economic growth. Through regular tourism, the local communities could manage only 20% of the revenue
while through ecotourism they can get 95%. It is for this reason the Madagascar government has included
promoting ecotourism in its economic strategy to cut down poverty hoping more employment and
revenue generation.
6.Provides financial support in conservation:
A significant portion of the revenue from ecotourism goes to various conservation projects like
reforestation, water management, natural breeding of flora and fauna and other rural developmental
activities. More the people spend in ecotourism, easier is to run these conservation projects. South
Africa’s wild life conservation in national parks runs with eco-tourism revenue. They have to deliver what
the visitors pay for.
7.Protects endangered species:
Special protective and conservationist measures prevent endangered species from the brink of extinction.
One such example is Africa, the home to countless exotic flora and fauna. Conservation safaris have been
protecting the threatened species in the Wildebeest Migration Safari by keeping them out of the poachers.
8.Deep and Diverse Cultural Impacts:
Eco-tourism is not only about exploring exotic landscapes, taking care of natural resources and enhancing
the economy of a certain region. It comes with intense socio-cultural effects. While visiting different
places, travelers get to know about local people and their cultures. It develops a sense of much better
conservation ethic in them.
9.Great opportunity to market local products:
Hardly people are aware of the quality local products available in a particular destination. Through
ecotourism, locals get the opportunity to showcase their products which normally include edibles and
handicrafts and improve their earnings for sustenance. They need not have to travel or hire a third party to
sell their products.

10.Form a cross-cultural bridge between the developed and developing nations:
Ecotourism provides an educational benefit for the foreigners who get a glimpse of the diverse natural and
cultural heritage of a destination. A healthy cross-cultural interaction developed with people from
different background which can be beneficial for the locals.
11.Contributes to natural resource management
Exploiting natural resources for business purposes is rampant across the globe. The result is a string of ill-
effects that the global population is suffering from. Ecotourism facilitates natural resource management
through various efforts of replenishment and recycling. It also helps in developing the habit of judicious
usage of natural resources soil, water and air. Gradually, travelers develop a conscientious mindset in
sustainable resource utilization.
12.Ecotourism can be affordable:
Compared to the expenses in conventional leisure and pleasure tourism, ecotourism can be more
affordable. Tourists seeking budget-holiday trips find this more gratifying and enjoyable. In these
locations, you do not always need high-end luxury. With some essential supplies and fewer services, you
can enjoy an adventurous holiday within limited expenses. You carry your backpack, tents and use green
transport which automatically reduces your travel cost.
Disadvantages of Eco-tourism
1.Degradation of Environment:
Like all other unique environmental efforts, eco-tourism also has some negative impacts on our
surroundings. We might claim to be ‘environmentally sophisticated’, but the truth is that we do not realize
how the transportation through which we are traveling or the food / drink which we are consuming there
are taking a toll on the nature. All these inadvertent vicious infrastructures accelerate the environmental
degradation to a large extent.
2.Travel impact on the environment and ecotourism destinations:

More number of eco-tourists may fetch more dollars but there is a flipside to it. Much of the ecotourism
sites are in remote locations not easily accessible. You travel more generating harmful emissions which
not only impacts the environment but also the surroundings of ecotourism spots. Green travel modes are
highly demanded but all ecotourism destinations could not implement it fully.
3.Destruction of the natural habitat:
Though eco-tourism promotes preservation of natural surroundings, too many tourist footfalls in popular
eco-tourism destinations is causing destruction of the natural habitat. Encroachment of the surroundings
sets in which gradually leads to the loss of valuable species those are totally dependent on the natural
habitat. Many species become endangered. Sound pollution, development of new structures and other
tourism activities often aggravate the destruction.
4. Disturbance Caused to the Wildlife:
Each and every type of tourism interrupts the quiet and peaceful wildlife. Despite lots of promotion of
eco-tourism, people do not care much about the inconvenience caused to the birds and animals due to
their illogical demands, wishes and behavior. Even if the tourist’s motto is ‘take nothing but pictures
leave nothing but footprints’ but the manner in which all these are done is not only disturbing but
threatening for the wildlife. They really do not try to become proper eco-tourists. It eventually imposes
negative effects on the ecosystem and affects the ecological balance.
For example, tourism activities in Antarctica are disturbing the local fauna disrupting their natural
activities and breeding pattern. This is posing a threat to the fragile ecosystem out there. Similar effects
are also observed in Costa Rica where monkeys are feeding on the garbage and the selfie-clicking spree
of tourists is disrupting the breeding of endangered turtles.
5.Change in wildlife behavior:
Growing eco-tourism has led to significant changes in wildlife behavior. Wild animals seem to lose their
independence and become more dependent on human beings. Despite the good intent of eco-tourists, it
cannot be that it will not have any adverse impact. In a study of wildlife behavior in ecotourism spots,
researchers found that elks preferred taking shelter in the areas of high-human activity where they felt
safe. As a result, they are losing their natural alertness of self-protection from the predators. Even more
concerning is this docility can be transferred to successive generations.

The safari business in Africa stands as another big example where marked changes in wildlife behavior
are observed. Fast-speeding tourist jeeps scare away the animals that the African predators look for their
prey. Lions in Kenya and Tanzania have to change their hunting schedules. They have to wait till the later
hours of the day when it is hottest to get their prey.
6.Interaction with humans makes the wildlife vulnerable to poaching:
Frequent interaction with human beings sets in a phenomenon named as “habituation” when the wild life
gets used to human interactions. Rising ecotourism fetches 8 million visitors every year in wild life parks
and sanctuaries. This makes the animals more vulnerable to poaching. One such unfortunate event that
struck the news headlines is of the star African lion Cecil who was poached out of the national reserve by
trophy hunters.
7.Displacement of locals:
The local people are worst hit if they are displaced from their original habitat to make provisions for
hotels, resorts and other expansion activities. This goes against the objectives of ecotourism. What is even
worse that these people do not get enough compensation for their habitat loss forget about employment
opportunities. A notable example is in East Africa where 70% of the National Parks and game reserves
have come up through illegal uprooting of the local Masais.
8.Illegal practices defeat the cause:
It is natural for eco-tourists to get excited at the sight of cute and exotic wildlife. This too has some
negative implications. To fuel the excitement, locals/guides resort to some aggressive actions like pulling
out a reptile or tying an animal to enable a closer interaction with the tourists. Often animals are heavily
sedated or brutally tamed to serve various purposes of the tourists. Driven by poverty, locals illegally
keep animals to satisfy the tourists. Cages and enclaves in many wildlife sanctuaries are not up to the
mark where the animals can be animals.
9.Compromised land space:

Ecotourism is gaining popularity and to meet the demands of ecotourists undeveloped land is being
converted into profitable spaces. Resorts and varied types of accommodation set ups are cropping up
disturbing the natural landscape. Too many tourist footfalls are upsetting the natural wilderness.
10.May harm the indigenous culture:
Intermingling with different people through ecotourism may cause a shift in the mindset of the local
community. They may not be able to preserve their culture but borrow unwanted traits through this
mixing. Curiosity and the urge for authentic local experience drive towards commercial exploitation. The
locals, especially the tribal community, turn out to be the “tourist attractions” along with the flora and
fauna. They pose with the tourists in their tribal outfits for a token payment. They put up music and
dance performances to entertain tourists and unknowingly give in to exploitation. Driven by
consumerism, these communities are shunning their traditional practices. The tourists are destroying the
authenticity of the region.
11.Resource crisis:
The growing trend of ecotourism may create water and energy crisis affecting the marginalized
community most. Although ecotourism is aimed at minimizing resource depletion but too much of it can
backfire.
12.Can cause conflict between the tourism sector and locals:
The local communities may not be willing to allow various tourism activities in the specified ecotourism
spot. Conflict with the locals and tourism agencies is not new. Many a times, they do not cooperate with
the tourism development fearing loss of their natural habitat. Often tourism companies are also not willing
to employ the locals leading to serious conflicts.
13.Lack of integrity among ecotourism organization:
It might be encouraging that ecotourism sees 25% growth globally every year but not in the manner as
expected. Many organizations are labeling themselves as “promoters of ecotourism” claiming eco-
friendly practices or green tourism. It has been more of a marketing ploy to attract the growing ecotourist
customer segment than to adhere to ecotourism practices. Littering of plastics and other non-
biodegradable items in the so-called rated ecotourism lodges and facilities is a common scene.

It is difficult to conclude whether the advantages of ecotourism outweigh the disadvantages or vice versa.
Given the prospects of overall development through eco-tourism, there should be targeted efforts to
minimize its negatives.
3.10 Key points/Benefits of Ecotourism:
Ecotourism is tourism which is conducted responsibly to conserve the environment and sustain
the well-being of local people. It...
 Builds environmental awareness.
 Provides direct financial benefits for conservation
 Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people
 Respects local culture
 Supports human rights and democratic movements such as:
 conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity through ecosystem protection
 promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing jobs to local populations
 sharing of all socio-economic benefits with local communities and indigenous peoples by
having their informed consent and participation in the management of ecotourism enterprises
 tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact on the environment being a
primary concern.
 minimization of tourism's own environmental impact
 affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury
 local culture, flora, and fauna being the main attractions
 local people, who benefit from this form of tourism economically, and often more than mass
tourism
The International Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas
that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of local people, and involves
interpretation and education".
For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the environment,
but a major industry of the national economy. For example, in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya,
Madagascar and territories such as Antarctica, ecotourism represents a significant portion of the gross
domestic product and economic activity.
Ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature (see Jungle tourism). Self-
proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating

destinations in natural areas. According to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice, true
ecotourism must, above all, sensitize people to the beauty and the fragility of nature. These critics
condemn some operators as greenwashing their operations: using the labels of "green" and "eco-friendly”,
while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways.
Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little
statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists—the majority of the
ecotourist population—come from the United States, with many others from Western Europe,
Canada and Australia.
Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism accreditation
programs, although the process is also controversial. National ecotourism certification
programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica, Australia, Kenya, Estonia,
and Sweden.
3.11 Criticism:
In the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism, there has
been a lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation, local social-economic benefits,
and environmental impact can be considered “ecotourism”. For this reason, environmentalists, special
interest groups, and governments define ecotourism differently. Environmental organizations have
generally insisted that ecotourism is nature-based, sustainably managed, conservation supporting, and
environmentally educated. The tourist industry and governments, however, focus more on the product
aspect, treating ecotourism as equivalent to any sort of tourism based in nature. As a further complication,
many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism. Nature tourism, low impact tourism, green tourism,
bio-tourism, ecologically responsible tourism, and others have been used in literature and marketing,
although they are not necessarily synonymous with ecotourism.
The problems associated with defining ecotourism have often led to confusion among tourists and
academics. Many problems are also subject of considerable public controversy and concern because of
green washing, a trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised as sustainable, nature
based, and environmentally friendly ecotourism. According to McLaren, these schemes are
environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive at its worst. They are
also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for the
environment. The development and success of such large scale, energy intensive, and ecologically
unsustainable schemes are a testament to the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as
ecotourism.

Negative impact:
Ecotourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry, growing annually by
10–15% worldwide. One definition of ecotourism is “the practice of low-impact, educational,
ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries”. Many of
the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being
executed, the local communities are still facing many of the negative impacts. South Africa is one of the
countries that is reaping significant economic benefits from ecotourism, but the negative effects far
outweigh the positive—including forcing people to leave their homes, gross violations of fundamental
rights, and environmental hazards—far outweigh the medium-term economic benefits. A tremendous
amount of money and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism despite unsuccessful
outcomes, and even more, money is put into public relation campaigns to dilute the effects of criticism.
Ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and
realistic solutions to pressing social and environmental problems. “The money tourism can generate often
ties parks and managements to ecotourism”. But there is a tension in this relationship because ecotourism
often causes conflict and changes in land-use rights, fails to deliver promises of community-level benefits,
damages environments, and has many other social impacts. Indeed, many argue repeatedly that
ecotourism is neither ecologically nor socially beneficial, yet it persists as a strategy for conservation and
development due to the large profits. While several studies are being done on ways to improve the
ecotourism structure, some argue that these examples provide a rationale for stopping it altogether.
However, there are some positive examples, among them the Kavango-Zambezi Trans frontier
Conservation Area (KAZA) and the Virunga National Park, as judged by WWF.
Direct environmental impacts:

Ecotourism operations occasionally fail to live up to conservation ideals. It is sometimes overlooked that
ecotourism is a highly consumer-centered activity, and that environmental conservation is a means to
further economic growth.
Although ecotourism is intended for small groups, even a modest increase in population, however
temporary, puts extra pressure on the local environment and necessitates the development of additional
infrastructure and amenities. The construction of water treatment plants, sanitation facilities, and lodges
come with the exploitation of non-renewable energy sources and the utilization of already limited local
resources. The conversion of natural land to such tourist infrastructure is implicated in deforestation and
habitat deterioration of butterflies in Mexico and squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica. In other cases, the
environment suffers because local communities are unable to meet the infrastructure demands of
ecotourism. The lack of adequate sanitation facilities in many East African parks results in the disposal of

campsite sewage in rivers, contaminating the wildlife, livestock, and people who draw drinking water
from it.
Aside from environmental degradation with tourist infrastructure, population pressures from ecotourism
also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated with the Western lifestyle. Although ecotourists claim
to be educationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned, they rarely understand the ecological
consequences of their visits and how their day-to-day activities append physical impacts on the
environment. As one scientist observes, they “rarely acknowledge how the meals they eat, the toilets they
flush, the water they drink, and so on, are all part of broader regional economic and ecological systems
they are helping to reconfigure with their very activities.” Nor do ecotourists recognize the great
consumption of non-renewable energy required to arrive at their destination, which is typically more
remote than conventional tourism destinations. For instance, an exotic journey to a place 10,000
kilometers away consumes about 700 liters of fuel per person.
Ecotourism activities are, in and of themselves, issues in environmental impact because they may disturb
fauna and flora. Ecotourists believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints, they
keep ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless-sounding activities such as nature hikes can be
ecologically destructive. In the Annapurna Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists have worn down the marked trails
and created alternate routes, contributing to soil impaction, erosion, and plant damage. Where the
ecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing, it can scare away animals, disrupt their feeding and nesting
sites, or acclimate them to the presence of people. In Kenya, wildlife-observer disruption drives cheetahs
off their reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species.
Environmental hazards:
The industrialization, urbanization and agricultural practices of human society are having a serious impact
on the environment. Ecotourism is now also considered to be playing a role in environmental depletion
including deforestation, disruption of ecological life systems and various forms of pollution, all of which
contribute to environmental degradation. For example, the number of motor vehicles crossing a park
increases as tour drivers search for rare species. The number of roads disrupts the grass cover, which has
serious consequences on plant and animal species. These areas also have a higher rate of disturbances and
invasive species due to increasing traffic off of the beaten path into new, undiscovered areas. Ecotourism
also has an effect on species through the value placed on them. “Certain species have gone from being
little known or valued by local people to being highly valued commodities. The commodification of
plants may erase their social value and lead to overproduction within protected areas. Local people and
their images can also be turned into commodities”. Kamuaro points out the relatively obvious
contradiction that any commercial venture into unspoiled, pristine land inevitably means a higher pressure
on the environment.

Local people:
Most forms of ecotourism are owned by foreign investors and corporations that provide few benefits to
the local people. An overwhelming majority of profits are put into the pockets of investors instead of
reinvestment into the local economy or environmental protection leading to further environmental
degradation. The limited numbers of local people who are employed in the economy enter at its lowest
level and are unable to live in tourist areas because of meager wages and a two-market system.
In some cases, the resentment by local people results in environmental degradation. As a highly
publicized case, the Maasai nomads in Kenya killed wildlife in national parks but are now helping the
national park to save the wildlife to show aversion to unfair compensation terms and displacement from
traditional lands. The lack of economic opportunities for local people also constrains them to degrade the
environment as a means of sustenance. The presence of affluent ecotourists encourage the development of
destructive markets in wildlife souvenirs, such as the sale of coral trinkets on tropical islands and animal
products in Asia, contributing to illegal harvesting and poaching from the environment. In Suriname, sea
turtle reserves use a very large portion of their budget to guard against these destructive activities.
Displacement of people:
One of the worst examples of communities being moved in order to create a park is the story of the
Maasai. About 70% of national parks and game reserves in East Africa are on Maasai land. The first
negative impact of tourism was the land lost from the Maasai culture. Local and national governments
took advantage of the Maasai’s ignorance on the situation and robbed them of huge chunks of grazing
land, putting to risk their only socio-economic livelihood. In Kenya, the Maasai also have not gained any
economic benefits. Despite the loss of their land, employment favors better-educated workers.
Furthermore, the investors in this area are not local and have not put any profits back into the local
economy. In some cases, game reserves can be created without informing or consulting the local people.
They only find out when an eviction notice is delivered. Another source of resentment is the manipulation
of the local people by their government. “Eco-tourism works to create simplistic images of local people
and their uses and understandings of their surroundings. Through the lens of these simplified images,
officials’ direct policies and projects towards the local people and the local people are blamed if the
projects fail” (West, 2006). Clearly, tourism as a trade is not empowering the local people who make it
rich and satisfying. Instead, ecotourism exploits and depletes, particularly in African Maasai tribes. It has
to be reoriented if it is to be useful to local communities and to become sustainable.
Threats to indigenous cultures:
Ecotourism often claims that it preserves and “enhances” local cultures. Evidence shows that with the
establishment of protected areas local people have illegally lost their homes, and mostly with no

compensation. Pushing people onto marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water, and
infested with livestock and disease does little to enhance livelihoods even when a proportion of
ecotourism profits are directed back into the community. The establishment of parks can create harsh
survival realities and deprive the people of their traditional use of land and natural resources. Ethnic
groups are increasingly being seen as a “backdrop” to the scenery and wildlife. The local people struggle
for cultural survival and freedom of cultural expression while being “observed” by tourists. Local
indigenous people also have a strong resentment towards the change, “Tourism has been allowed to
develop with virtually no controls. Too many lodges have been built, too much firewood is being used
and no limits are being placed on tourism vehicles. They regularly drive off-track and harass the wildlife.
Their vehicle tracks crisscross the entire Masai Mara. Inevitably the bush is becoming eroded and
degraded”.
Mismanagement:
While governments are typically entrusted with the administration and enforcement of environmental
protection, they often lack the commitment or capability to manage ecotourism sites. The regulations for
environmental protection may be vaguely defined, costly to implement, hard to enforce, and uncertain in
effectiveness. Government regulatory agencies, are susceptible to making decisions that spend on
politically beneficial but environmentally unproductive projects. Because of prestige and
conspicuousness, the construction of an attractive visitor’s center at an ecotourism site may take
precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat, protecting endemic
species, and removing invasive ones. Finally, influential groups can pressure, and sway the interests of
the government to their favor. The government and its regulators can become vested in the benefits of the
ecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate, causing restrictive environmental regulations
and enforcement to become more lenient.
In addition, the systematic literature review conducted by Cabral and Dhar (2019) have identified several
challenges due to slow progression of ecotourism initiatives such as (a) economic leakages, (b) lack of
government involvement, (c) skill deficiency among the local communities, (d) absence of disseminating
environmental education, e) sporadic increase in pollution, (f) conflict
3.12 Expansion of Ecotourism:

Ecotourism activities have been expanding rapidly worldwide over the past two decades and further
growth is expected in the future. There are increasing efforts to use eco-tourism's potential to support

nature conservation and benefit local people especially in developing countries. This rapid growth,
however, has also given rise to concerns about negative (both environmental, socio-cultural) impacts.
Eco-tourism came into prominence in the late eighties as a strategy for reconciling conservation with
development in ecologically rich areas. Ecotourism could generate economic benefits at local levels and
thus create incentives for action to conserve the resources on which it depended. Furthermore, eco-
tourism was a tool to build public, support for conservation and encourage private sector conservation
efforts. Clearly, at a time when traditional conservation through enforced protection of natural areas was
being questioned for its effectiveness and social impacts, strategies such as eco-tourism offered
considerable potential for integrating conservation, community and tourism industry. Major eco-tourism
initiative took place in the developing world, notably in Latin America, Asia, Africa and in Australia.
Since the time tern was introduced, eco-tourism has become a buzzword in the lexicon of practitioners,
academics, industry and the consumer. However, the term eco-tourism has different nuances and
interpretations depending on the purpose and the user. Thus, under the banner of eco-tourism one can find
enterprises that are small scale, locally owned and managed initiatives to large segments of the visitor to
areas of natural and cultural heritage. Community based tourism, rural tourism, village tourism, cultural
tourism and responsible tourism are some of the other terms that can confound the uninitiated.
Ecotourism is part of the general growth in tourism and reflects increased environmental awareness and
desire for more authentic natural and cultural experiences. With the advent of better transport facilities
and communication people are traveling further and taking more risk in the choices for a holiday from
staying with local people in developing countries to adventure sports in some of the world's most remote
wilderness areas, Not surprisingly, various sections of the tourism industry have responded with
customized itineraries and eco-friendly accommodation supporting local development efforts, Although
the eco-tourism market appears to be financially attractive, eco-tourism products are characterized by
high risk owing to market seasonality, high staff to client relations and need for specialized marketing.
3.13 Improving sustainability

Principles
Ecotourism in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems can benefit conservation, provided the complexities
of history, culture, and ecology in the affected regions are successfully navigated. Catherine Macdonald
and colleagues identify the factors which determine conservation outcome, namely whether: animals and
their habits are sufficiently protected; conflict between people and wildlife is avoided or at least suitably
mitigated; there is good outreach and education of the local population into the benefits of ecotourism;

there is effective collaboration with stakeholders in the area; and there is proper use of the money
generated by ecotourism to conserve the local ecology. They conclude that ecotourism works best to
conserve predators when the tourism industry is supported both politically and by the public, and when it
is monitored and controlled at local, national, and international levels.
Regulation and accreditation:
Because the regulation of ecotourism may be poorly implemented, ecologically destructive greenwashed
operations like underwater hotels, helicopter tours, and wildlife theme parks can be categorized as
ecotourism along with canoeing, camping, photography, and wildlife observation. The failure to
acknowledge responsible, low-impact ecotourism puts legitimate ecotourism companies at a competitive
disadvantage.
Many environmentalists have argued for a global standard of accreditation, differentiating ecotourism
companies based on their level of environmental commitment, creating a standard to follow. A national or
international regulatory board would enforce accreditation procedures, with representation from various
groups including governments, hotels, tour operators, travel agents, guides, airlines, local authorities,
conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The decisions of the board would be
sanctioned by governments, so that non-compliant companies would be legally required to disassociate
themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand.
Crinion suggests a Green Stars System, based on criteria including a management plan, benefit for the
local community, small group interaction, education value and staff training. Ecotourists who consider
their choices would be confident of a genuine ecotourism experience when they see the higher star rating.
Ecotourism environmental aspects could also be used as a form of accreditation. Feasibility is evaluated
from a scientific basis, and recommendations could be made to optimally plan infrastructure, set tourist
capacity, and manage the ecology. This form of accreditation is more sensitive to site specific conditions.
Some countries have their own certification programs for ecotourism. Costa Rica, for example, runs the
Certification of Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, which is intended to balance the effect that business
has on the local environment. The CST program focuses on a company's interaction with natural and
cultural resources, the improvement of quality of life within local communities, and the economic
contribution to other programs of national development. CST uses a rating system that categorizes a
company based upon how sustainable its operations are. CST evaluates the interaction between the
company and the surrounding habitat; the management policies and operation systems within the
company; how the company encourages its clients to become an active contributor towards sustainable
policies; and the interaction between the company and local communities/the overall population. Based

upon these criteria, the company is evaluated for the strength of its sustainability. The measurement index
goes from 0 to 5, with 0 being the worst and 5 being the best.
Guidelines and education:
An environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause-and-
effect of their actions on the environment. More initiatives should be carried out to improve their
awareness, sensitize them to environmental issues, and care about the places they visit.
Tour guides are an obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of
ecotourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, tour guides can actively discuss conservation
issues. Informing ecotourists about how their actions on the trip can negatively impact their environment
and the local people. A tour guide training program in Costa Rica's national park has helped mitigate
negative environmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on the parks' beaches
used by nesting endangered sea turtles.
Small scale, slow growth and local control:
The underdevelopment theory of tourism describes a new form of imperialism by multinational

corporations that control ecotourism resources. These corporations finance and profit from the
development of large-scale ecotourism that causes excessive environmental degradation, loss of
traditional culture and way of life, and exploitation of local labor. In Zimbabwe and Nepal's Annapurna
region, where underdevelopment is taking place, more than 90 percent of ecotourism revenues are
expatriated to the parent countries, and less than 5 percent go into local communities.
The lack of sustainability highlights the need for small scale, slow growth, and locally based ecotourism.
Local peoples have a vested interest in the well-being of their community, and are therefore more
accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations, though they receive very little of
the profits. The lack of control, westernization, adverse impacts to the environment, loss of culture and
traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large scale ecotourism. Additionally, culture loss can be
attributed to cultural commodification, in which local cultures are commodified in order to make a profit.
The increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viable economic
opportunities, including high-level management positions, and reduce environmental issues associated
with poverty and unemployment. Because the ecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle
from large scale ecotourism, the development of facilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to

corporate Western tourism standards, and can be much simpler and less expensive. There is a greater on
the economy, because local products, materials, and labor are used. Profits accrue locally and import
leakages are reduced. The Great Barrier Reef Park in Australia reported over half of a billion dollars of
indirect income in the area and added thousands of indirect jobs between 2004 and 2005. However, even
this form of tourism may require foreign investment for promotion or start up. When such investments are
required, it is crucial for communities to find a company or non-governmental organization that reflects
the philosophy of ecotourism; sensitive to their concerns and willing to cooperate at the expense of profit.
The basic assumption of the multiplier effect is that the economy starts off with unused resources, for
example, that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity is sitting idle or
incompletely utilized. By increasing demand in the economy, it is then possible to boost production. If the
economy was already at full employment, with only structural, frictional, or other supply-side types of
unemployment, any attempt to boost demand would only lead to inflation. For various laissez-faire
schools of economics which embrace Say's Law and deny the possibility of Keynesian inefficiency and
under-employment of resources, therefore, the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong-headed.
As an example, consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by $1 million, without a
corresponding increase in taxation. This sum would go to the road builders, who would hire more workers
and distribute the money as wages and profits. The households receiving these incomes will save part of
the money and spend the rest on consumer goods. These expenditures, in turn, will generate more jobs,
wages, and profits, and so on with the income and spending circulating around the economy.
The multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the
increased incomes — and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues, jobs, and income
again. This process does not lead to an economic explosion not only because of the supply-side barriers at
potential output (full employment) but because at each "round", the increase in consumer spending is less
than the increase in consumer incomes. That is, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is less than
one, so that each round some extra income goes into saving, leaking out of the cumulative process. Each
increase in spending is thus smaller than that of the previous round, preventing an explosion.
Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk:
Some of the world's most exceptional biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands. These islands were
designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979, then added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in
Danger in 2007. IGTOA is a non-profit dedicated to preserving this unique living laboratory against the
challenges of invasive species, human impact, and tourism. For travelers who want to be mindful of the

environment and the impact of tourism, it is recommended to utilize an operator that is endorsed by a
reputable ecotourism organization. In the case of the Galapagos, IGTOA has a list of the world's premiere
Galapagos Islands tour companies dedicated to the lasting protection and preservation of the destination.
Natural resource management:
Natural resource management can be utilized as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism.
There are several places throughout the world where a number of natural resources are abundant, but with
human encroachment and habitats, these resources are depleting. Without the sustainable use of certain
resources, they are destroyed, and floral and faunal species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programs
can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management
programs can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched, and there are many organizations–
including nonprofits–and scientists working on this field.
Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and
fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised the situation. Researchers from Jadavpur University are
presently working in this area for the development of ecotourism to be used as a tool for natural resource
management.
In Southeast Asia government and nongovernmental organizations are working together with academics
and industry operators to spread the economic benefits of tourism into the kampungs and villages of the
region. A recently formed alliance, the South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), is bringing
together these diverse players to discuss resource management concerns.
A 2002, summit held in Quebec led to the 2008 Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria–a collaborative
effort between the UN Foundation and other advocacy groups. The criteria, which are voluntary, involve
the following standards: "effective sustainability planning, maximum social and economic benefits for
local communities, minimum negative impacts on cultural heritage, and minimum negative impacts on
the environment." There is no enforcing agency or system of punishments. For summit.

Chapter – 4
Data Analysis And Interpretation

4.1 Introduction:
Data analysis is considered to be an important step and heart of the research work. To fulfill the above-
designated objective the study was conducted by a collection of primary data as well as secondary data.
For primary data, self-constructed questionnaire is used and for secondary data collected from various
sources such as Annual reports, Articles, Magazines, Research papers, Journals, and Books etc. the
analysis and interpretation for collected data are explained below through SPSS.
Table 4.1 Demographic profile of respondents of the study
Particulars Category Frequencies %

Gender Male 65 65
Female 35 35
Below 25 59 59
Age 25-30 30 30
30-50 7 7
Above 50 4 4
Marital Status Married 19 19
Unmarried 81 81
SSLC 2 2
PUC 11 11
Educational Qualification Graduation 20 20
Post-graduation 60 60
Other 7 7
Government Employee 3 3
Professional 5 5
Occupation Student 61 61
Businessman 5 5
Other 26 26
Source: Survey Data
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Demographic profile of the respondents which include
Gender, Age, Marital Status, Educational Qualification and Occupation of respondents.
 In terms of gender, out of 100 respondents 65% respondents are male and 35% respondents are
female.
 In terms of age, out of 100 respondents 59% respondents are below 25 years and 30%
respondents are between 25-30 years and 7% respondents are between 30-50 years and 4%
respondents are above 50 years.

 In terms of marital status, out of 100 respondents 19% respondents are married and 81%
respondents are unmarried.
 In terms educational qualification, out of 100 respondents 2% respondents are from SSLC and
11% respondents are from PUC and 20% respondents are from graduation and 60% respondents
are from post-graduation and 7% respondents are from other qualification.
 In terms of Occupation, 3% respondents are government employees and 5% respondents are
professionals and 61% respondents are students and 5% respondents are businessman and 26%
respondents are from other occupation.
Table 4.2 Gender and Purpose of travel
Purpose of travel of the respondent Total

Attributes Entertainm Education/R Business/Pr Other
ent esearch ofession
Count 48 5 7 5 65
Male % within Gender of
73.8% 7.7% 10.8% 7.7% 100.0%
Gender of the the respondent
respondent Count 24 10 0 1 35
Female % within Gender of
68.6% 28.6% 0.0% 2.9% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 72 15 7 6 100
Total % within Gender of
72.0% 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Source: Primary Data
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and purpose of travel. Out of 100
respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 73.8% says
entertainment purpose, 7.7% says education/research purpose, 10.8% says business/profession purpose,
7.7% says other purpose and among 35 female respondents, 68.6% says entertainment purpose, 28.6%
says education/research purpose, 2.9% says other purpose. Hence, the results show that the majority of
respondents says purpose of travel to entertainment purpose.

Table 4.3 Education and purpose of travel
Purpose of travel of the respondent Total

Attributes Entertain Education/R Business/Pr Other
ment esearch ofession
Count 1 0 0 1 2
SSLC % within Education of
50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 11 0 0 0 11
PUC % within Education of
100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 15 3 2 0 20
Education of the
Graduation % within Education of
respondent 75.0% 15.0% 10.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 41 12 3 4 60
Post-
% within Education of
graduation 68.3% 20.0% 5.0% 6.7% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 4 0 2 1 7
Other % within Education of
57.1% 0.0% 28.6% 14.3% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 72 15 7 6 100
Total % within Education of
72.0% 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of respondent and purpose of
travel a place. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are Graduation, 60 are Post-
graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 50% says
entertainment purpose, 50% says other purpose, among 11 PUC respondents, 100% says entertainment
purpose, among 20 graduation respondents, 75% says entertainment purpose, 15% says
education/research purpose, 10% says business/profession purpose, among 60 post-graduation
respondents, 68.3% says entertainment purpose, 20% says education/research purpose, 5% says
business/profession purpose, 6.7% says other purpose, among 7 other respondents, 57.1% says
entertainment purpose, 28.6% says business/profession purpose, 14.3% says other purpose. Hence, the
results show that the majority of respondents says purpose of travel to entertainment purpose.

Table 4.4 Gender and Sources of information to travel
Attributes Sources of information to travel a place Total

Friends Relatives Media Other
Count 35 5 11 14 65
Male % within Gender of the
53.8% 7.7% 16.9% 21.5% 100.0%
Gender of the respondent
respondent Count 18 7 6 4 35
Female % within Gender of the
51.4% 20.0% 17.1% 11.4% 100.0%
respondent
Count 53 12 17 18 100
Total % within Gender of the
53.0% 12.0% 17.0% 18.0% 100.0%
respondent
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and sources of information to
travel. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male
respondents, 53.8% says information from friends, 7.7% says information from relatives, 16.9% says
information from media, 21.5% says information from other and among 35 female respondents, 51.4%
says information from friends, 20% says information from relatives, 17.1% says information from media,
11.4% says information from other. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says sources
of information to travel a place from friends.
Table 4.5 Education and source of information to travel a place
Attributes Sources of information to travel a place Total

Friends Relatives Media Other
Count 0 1 0 1 2
SSLC
% within Education of the respondent 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%
Count 3 4 1 3 11
PUC
Education of Graduat Count 10 4 2 4 20
the ion % within Education of the respondent 50.0% 20.0% 10.0% 20.0% 100.0%
respondent Post- Count 37 2 13 8 60
graduati
on
Count 3 1 1 2 7
Other

Count 53 12 17 18 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of respondent and their source of
information to travel a place. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are Graduation, 60 are
Post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, Among 2 SSLC respondents, 50%
says information from relatives, 50% says information from other, Among 11 PUC respondents, 27.3%
says information from friends, 36.4% says information from relatives, 9.1% says information from media,
27.3% says information from other, Among 20 graduation respondents, 50% says information from
friends, 20% says information from relatives, 10% says information from media, 20% says information
from other, Among 60 post-graduation respondents, 61.7% says information from friends, 3.3% says
information from relatives, 21.7% says information from media, 13.3% says information from other,
Among 7 other respondents, 42.9% says information from friends, 14.3% says information from relatives,
14.3% says information from media, 28.6% says information from other. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says sources of information to travel a place from friends.
Table 4.6 Gender and Factors influence to travel
Attributes Factors are influence to travel of respondent Total

Vacation Season Climate Events Other
Count 19 10 23 2 11 65
Male % within Gender of the
29.2% 15.4% 35.4% 3.1% 16.9% 100.0%
Gender of the respondent
respondent Count 16 4 8 0 7 35
Female % within Gender of the
45.7% 11.4% 22.9% 0.0% 20.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 35 14 31 2 18 100
Total % within Gender of the
35.0% 14.0% 31.0% 2.0% 18.0% 100.0%
respondent
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of respondent and factors influence to them travel a
place. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male
respondents, 29.2% says vacation, 15.4% says season, 35.4% says climate, 3.1% says events, 16.9% says
other and among 35 female respondents, 45.7% says vacation, 11.4% says season, 22.9% says climate,
20% says other. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says vacation factors influence
to them travel a place.

Table 4.7 Education and Factors influence to travel
Attributes Factors are influence to travel of respondent Total

Vacation Season Climate Events Other
Count 0 0 0 0 2 2
SSLC % within Education of the 100.0
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondent %
Count 5 1 4 0 1 11
PUC % within Education of the 100.0
45.5% 9.1% 36.4% 0.0% 9.1%
respondent %
Education of Count 6 0 4 0 10 20
Graduati
the % within Education of the 100.0
on 30.0% 0.0% 20.0% 0.0% 50.0%
respondent respondent %
Post- Count 23 10 22 2 3 60
graduatio % within Education of the 100.0
38.3% 16.7% 36.7% 3.3% 5.0%
n respondent %
Count 1 3 1 0 2 7
Other % within Education of the 100.0
14.3% 42.9% 14.3% 0.0% 28.6%
respondent %
Count 35 14 31 2 18 100
Total % within Education of the 100.0
35.0% 14.0% 31.0% 2.0% 18.0%
respondent %
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of respondent and factors influence
to them travel a place. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-
graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, Among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says
other, Among 11 PUC respondents, 45.5% says vacation, 9.1% says season, 36.4% says climate, 9.1%
says other, Among 20 graduation respondents, 30% says vacation, 20% says climate, 50% says other,
Among 60 post-graduation respondents, 38.3% says vacation, 16.7% says season, 36.7% says climate,
3.3% says events, 5% says other, Among 7 other respondents, 14.3% says vacation, 42.9% says season,
14.3% says climate, 28.6% says other. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
vacation factors influence to them travel a place.

Table 4.8 Gender and Travel motive
Travel motive of the respondent Total

Attributes Enjoy warm climate Enjoy the
nature
Count 27 38 65
Gender of Male
% within Gender of the respondent 41.5% 58.5% 100.0%
the
Count 11 24 35
respondent Female
Count 38 62 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of respondent and their travel motive. Out of 100
respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 41.5% says
travel motive is to Enjoy warm climate, 58.5% says travel motive is to enjoy the nature and among 35
female respondents, 31.4% says travel motive is to enjoy the warm climate, 68.6% says travel motive is to
enjoy the nature. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says their travel motive is to
enjoy the nature.
Table 4.9 Education and Travel motive
Travel motive of the Total

Attributes respondent
Enjoy warm Enjoy the
climate nature
Count 1 1 2
SSLC
% within Education of the respondent 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%
Count 7 4 11
PUC
Education of
Count 6 14 20
the Graduation
respondent
Post- Count 20 40 60
graduation % within Education of the respondent 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%
Count 4 3 7
Other
Count 38 62 100
Total


Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of respondent and their travel
motive. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-Graduation, 7
are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 50% says travel motive is to
enjoy the warm climate, 50% says travel motive is to enjoy the nature. Among 11 PUC respondents,
63.6% says travel motive is to enjoy the warm climate, 36.4% says travel motive is to enjoy the nature.
Among 20 graduation respondents, 30% says travel motive is to enjoy the warm climate, 70% says travel
motive is to enjoy the nature. Among 60 post-graduation respondents, 33.3% says travel motive is to
enjoy the warm climate, 66.7% says travel motive is to enjoy the nature. Among 7 other respondents,
57.1% says travel motive is to enjoy the warm climate, 42.9% says travel motive is to enjoy the nature.
Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says that their travel motive is to enjoy the
nature.
Table 4.10 Gender and factors influence to Enjoy the warm climate and Enjoy
the nature
Main motive is to enjoy the nature or to enjoy warm climate these factors influence to Total
Attributes respondent
wilder Tropi learn Birds Trees Lakes Photo Mam Natio Be Other
ness cal about and and grap mals nal physi
and forest natur wildfl strea hy of and cally
undist s e owers ms lands provi active
urbed cape ncial
nature and parks
wildli
fe
Count 2 7 18 5 6 11 4 2 3 4 3 65
% within
Male Gender of 10.8 27.7 16.9
3.1% 7.7% 9.2% 6.2% 3.1% 4.6% 6.2% 4.6% 100.0%
the % % %
Gender of
respondent
the
Count 3 2 9 4 3 1 1 2 3 0 7 35
respondent
% within
Female Gender of 25.7 11.4
8.6% 5.7% 8.6% 2.9% 2.9% 5.7% 8.6% 0.0% 20.0% 100.0%
the % %
respondent
Total Count 5 9 27 9 9 12 5 4 6 4 10 100

% within
Gender of 27.0 12.0
5.0% 9.0% 9.0% 9.0% 5.0% 4.0% 6.0% 4.0% 10.0% 100.0%
the % %
respondent

Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and factors influence to Enjoy the
warm climate and Enjoy the nature. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of
gender, among 65 male respondents, 3.1% says wilderness and undisturbed nature, 10.8% says tropical
forests, 27.7% says learn about nature, 7.7% says birds, 9.2% says trees and wilder flowers, 16.9% says
lakes and streams, 6.2% says photography of landscape and wildlife, 3.1% says mammals, 4.6% says
national parks, 6.2% says be physically active, 4.6% says other factors and among 35 female respondents,
8.6% says undisturbed nature, 5.7% says tropical forests, 25.7% says learn about nature, 11.4% says
birds, 8.6% says trees and wild flowers, 2.9% says lakes, 2.9% says photography, 5.7% says mammals,
8.6% says national parks, 20% says other factors. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents
says learn about nature factor influence to them to enjoy the warm climate and enjoy the nature.
Table 4.11 Education and factors influence to enjoy the warm climate and
enjoy the nature
Main motive is to enjoy the nature or to enjoy warm climate these factors influence to Total
respondent
Attributes wilderne Tropic learn Bird Tree Lakes Photogr Mamm Nation Be Other
ss and al about s s and aphy of als al and physic
undistur forests natur and strea landsca provin ally
bed e wild ms pe and cial active
nature flow wildlife parks
ers
Count 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
% within
Education
SSLC 50.0 0.0 100.0
of the 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
% % %
Educatio responden
n of the t
responde Count 0 2 4 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 11
nt
% within
Education
PUC 36.4 0.0 18.2 18.2 100.0
of the 0.0% 18.2% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1% 0.0% 0.0%
% % % % %
responden
t

Count 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 7 20
% within
Grad
Education
uatio 20.0 5.0 5.0 35.0 100.0
of the 10.0% 5.0% 5.0% 10.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0%
n % % % % %
responden
t
Count 3 5 18 7 6 8 1 3 5 3 1 60
Post- % within
grad Education
30.0 11.7 10.0 13.3 100.0
uatio of the 5.0% 8.3% 1.7% 5.0% 8.3% 5.0% 1.7%
% % % % %
n responden
t
Count 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 7
% within
Othe Education
14.3 0.0 0.0 14.3 28.6 100.0
r of the 0.0% 14.3% 28.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
% % % % % %
responden
t
Count 5 9 27 9 9 12 5 4 6 4 10 100
% within
Education
Total 27.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 10.0 100.0
of the 5.0% 9.0% 5.0% 4.0% 6.0% 4.0%
% % % % % %
responden
t

Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of the respondent and factors
influence to enjoy the warm climate and enjoy the nature. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are
PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among
2 SSLC respondents, 50% says birds, 50% says mammals, among 11 PUC respondents, 18.2% says
forests, 36.4% says learn about nature, 18.2% says trees, 18.2% says lakes, 9.1% says national parks,
among 20 graduation respondents, 10% says undisturbed nature, 5% says forests, 20% says learn about
nature, 5% says birds, 5% says trees, 5% says lakes, 10% says photography, 5% says be physically active,
35% says other factors, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 5% says undisturbed nature, 8.3% says
forests, 30% says learn about nature, 11.7% says birds, 10% says trees, 13.3% says lakes, 1.7% says
photography, 5% says mammals, 8.3% says parks, 5% says be physically active, 1.7% says other factors,
among 7 other respondents, 14.3% says forests, 14.3% says learn about nature, 14.3% says lakes, 28.6%
says photography, 28.6% says other factors. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
that learn about factors influence to them to enjoy the warm climate and enjoy the nature.

Table 4.12 Gender and visited places
Respondent visited these places in Shivamogga Total
Attributes Hills and Falls Dams Wildlife Other

Mountains Sanctuaries places
Count 25 25 7 3 5 65
Male
% within Gender of the
38.5% 38.5% 10.8% 4.6% 7.7% 100.0%
Gender of respondent
the
responde
Count 9 14 7 3 2 35
nt
Female
25.7% 40.0% 20.0% 8.6% 5.7% 100.0%
respondent
Count 34 39 14 6 7 100
Total
34.0% 39.0% 14.0% 6.0% 7.0% 100.0%
respondent

Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and visited places. Out of 100
respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 38.5%
visited to hills and mountains, 38.5% visited to falls, 10.8% visited to dams, 4.6% visited to wildlife
sanctuaries, 7.7% visited to other places and among 35 female respondents, 25.7% visited to hills and
mountains, 40% visited to falls, 20% visited to dams, 8.6% visited to wildlife sanctuaries, 5.7% visited to
other places. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents are visited to falls.

Table 4.13 Education and visited places

Respondent visited these places in Shivamogga Total
Attributes Hills and Falls Dams Wildlif Other
Mountains e places
Sanctu
aries
Count 1 1 0 0 0 2
SSLC % within Education of the
50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 1 10 0 0 0 11
PUC % within Education of the
9.1% 90.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 7 11 0 0 2 20
Education of
Graduation % within Education of the
the respondent 35.0% 55.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 22 14 13 6 5 60
Post-
% within Education of the
graduation 36.7% 23.3% 21.7% 10.0% 8.3% 100.0%
respondent
Count 3 3 1 0 0 7
Other % within Education of the
42.9% 42.9% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 34 39 14 6 7 100
Total % within Education of the
34.0% 39.0% 14.0% 6.0% 7.0% 100.0%
respondent
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of the respondent and visited
places of respondent. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-
graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 50% visited to
hills and mountains, 50% visited to falls, among 11 PUC respondents, 9.1% visited to hills and
mountains, 90.9% visited to falls, among 20 graduation respondents, 35% visited to hills and mountains,
55% visited to falls, 10% visited to other places, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 36.7% visited to
hills and mountains, 23.3% visited to falls, 21.7% visited to dams, 10% visited to wildlife sanctuaries,
8.3% visited to other places, among 7 other respondents, 42.9% visited to hills and mountains, 42.9%
visited to falls, 14.3% visited to dams. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents are visited
to falls.

Table 4.14 Gender and problems at visited places
Problems faced by the respondent at visited places Total

Attributes Lack Lack Lack Fear of Fear of Drinkin Food Comm Person Other
of of of animal terrori g water and unicati al
trans infras interes attack sm/the bevera on safety
porta truct t ft ges facility
tion ure
Count 22 11 3 2 8 9 2 0 6 2 100
% within
Gender of
Male 33.8 16.9
the 4.6% 3.1% 12.3% 13.8% 3.1% 0.0% 9.2% 3.1% 100.0%
% %
responden
Gender of
t
the
Count 14 5 3 3 0 0 3 2 1 4 100
respondent
% within
Gender of
Female 40.0 14.3
the 8.6% 8.6% 0.0% 0.0% 8.6% 5.7% 2.9% 11.4% 100.0%
% %
responden
t
Count 36 16 6 5 8 9 5 2 7 6 100
% within
Gender of
Total 36.0 16.0
the 6.0% 5.0% 8.0% 9.0% 5.0% 2.0% 7.0% 6.0% 100.0%
% %
responden
t

Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and problems faced by the
respondent at visited places. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender,
among 65 male respondents, 33.8% says lack of transportation, 16.9% says lack of infrastructure, 4.6%
says lack of interests, 3.1% says fear of animal attack, 12.3% says fear of theft, 13.8% says drinking
water, 3.1% says food and beverages, 9.2% says personal safety, 3.1% says other problems and among 35
female respondents, 40% says lack of transportation, 14.3% says lack of infrastructure, 8.6% says lack of
interests, 8.6% says fear of animal attack, 8.6% says food and beverages, 5.7% says communication
facility, 2.9% says personal safety, 11.4% says other problems. Hence, the results show that the majority
of respondents facing lack of transportation facility at visited places.

Table 4.15 Education and problems at visited places
Problems faced by the respondent at visited places Total
Lack Lack Lack Fear Fear Drink Food Commu Person Other
Attributes of of of of of ing and nication al
trans infras intere ani terro water bevera facility safety
porta truct st mal rism/t ges
tion ure atta heft
ck
Count 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
% within
SSLC 50.0 50.0 0.0
Education of 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
% % %
the respondent
Count 2 2 0 1 0 4 0 0 2 0 11
% within
PUC 18.2 18.2 9.1 36.4
Education of 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 18.2% 0.0% 100.0%
% % % %
the respondent
Count 8 3 0 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 20
Education
Gradu % within
of the 40.0 15.0 5.0 10.0 10.0
ation Education of 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondent % % % % %
the respondent
Count 23 8 6 3 5 3 4 0 3 5 60
Post-
% within
gradua 38.3 13.3 10.0 5.0
Education of 8.3% 5.0% 6.7% 0.0% 5.0% 8.3% 100.0%
tion % % % %
the respondent
Count 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 7
% within
Other 28.6 28.6 0.0 14.3
Education of 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3% 14.3% 100.0%
% % % %
the respondent
Count 36 16 6 5 8 9 5 2 7 6 100
% within
Total 36.0 16.0 5.0
Education of 6.0% 8.0% 9.0% 5.0% 2.0% 7.0% 6.0% 100.0%
% % %
the respondent

Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of the respondent and problems
faced by the respondent at visited places. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are
graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, among 2 SSLC
respondents, 50% says lack of transportation, 50% says lack of infrastructure, among 11 PUC
respondents, 18.2% says lack of transportation, 18.2% says lack of infrastructure, 9.1% says fear of
animal attack, 36.4% says drinking water, 18.2% says personal safety, among 20 graduation respondents,
40% says lack of transportation, 15% says lack of infrastructure, 5% says fear of animal attack, 10% says

fear of theft, 10% says drinking water, 5% says food and beverages, 10% says communication facility,
5% says personal safety, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 38.3% says lack of transportation,
13.3% says lack of infrastructure, 10% says lack of interests, 5% says fear of animal attack, 8.3% says
fear of theft, 5% says problem of drinking water, 6.7% says problem of food and beverages, 5% says
problem of personal safety, 8.3% says other problems, among 7 other respondents, 28.6% says lack of
transportation, 28.6% says lack of infrastructure, 14.3% says problem of fear of theft, 14.3% says
problem of personal safety, 14.3% says other problems. Hence, the results show that the majority of
respondents facing the lack of transportation facility at visited places.
Table 4.16 Gender and opinion about Role of government influence to

development of ecotourism
Role of government influence to Total

Attributes development of ecotourism in
Shivamogga
Yes No
Count 32 33 65
Gender of Male
the
Count 22 13 35
respondent Female
Count 54 46 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and their opinion about role of
government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male
and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 49.2% says role of government
influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, 50.8% says role of government does not
influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga and among 35 female respondents, among 62.9%
says role of government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, 37.1% says role of
government does not influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga. Hence, the results show
that the majority of respondents says role of government influence to development of ecotourism in
Shivamogga.

Table 4.17 Education and opinion about Role of government influence to

development of ecotourism
Role of government influence to Total

Attributes development of ecotourism in
Shivamogga
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 2 9 11
PUC
Education of Graduati Count 12 8 20
the on % within Education of the respondent 60.0% 40.0% 100.0%
respondent Post- Count 35 25 60
graduatio
n
Count 5 2 7
Other
Count 54 46 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of the respondent and their opinion
about role of government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga. Out of 100
respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of
Educational Qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says role of government does not influence
to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, among 11 PUC respondents, 18.2% says role of
government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, 81.8% says role of government does
not influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, among 20 graduation respondents, 60% says
role of government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, 40% says role of government
does not influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, among 60 post-graduation respondents,
58.3% says role of government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, 41.7% says role
of government does not influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga, among 7 other
respondents, 71.4% says role of government influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga,
28.6% says role of government does not influence to development of ecotourism in Shivamogga. Hence,
the results show that the majority of respondents says that the role of government influence to
development of ecotourism in Shivamogga.

Table 4.18 Gender and tourists damaging the environment
Tourists shows the attitude of Total

Attributes damaging the environment
Domestic Foreign
tourists tourists
Count 40 25 65
Male
Gender of the % within Gender of the respondent 61.5% 38.5% 100.0%
respondent Count 22 13 35
Female
Count 62 38 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about the tourist
shows the attitude of damaging the environment. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female.
In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 61.5% says domestic tourists shows the attitude of
damaging the environment, 38.5% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment
and among 35 female respondents, 62.9% says domestic tourists shows the attitude of damaging the
environment, 37.1% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment. Hence, the
results show that the majority of respondents says that the domestic tourists shows the attitude of
damaging the environment.

Table 4.19 Education and tourists damaging the environment
Tourists shows the attitude of Total

Attributes damaging the environment
Domestic tourists Foreign
tourists
Count 1 1 2
SSLC
Count 8 3 11
PUC
Education of Graduat Count 12 8 20
the ion % within Education of the respondent 60.0% 40.0% 100.0%
graduati
on
Count 3 4 7
Other
Count 62 38 100
Total
about tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11
are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification,
among 2 SSLC respondents, 50% says domestic tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment,
50% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment, among 11 PUC respondents,
72.7% says domestic tourists show the attitude of damaging the environment, 27.3% says foreign tourists
shows the attitude of damaging the environment, among 20 graduation respondents, 60% says domestic
tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment, 40% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of
damaging the environment, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 63.3% says domestic tourists shows
the attitude of damaging the environment, 36.7% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of damaging the
environment, among 7 other respondents, 42.9% says domestic tourists shows the attitude of damaging
the environment, 57.1% says foreign tourists shows the attitude of damaging the environment. Hence, the
results show that the majority of respondents says that the domestic tourists shows the attitude of
damaging the environment.

Table 4.20 Gender and factors causing environmental degradation
Factors are causing environmental degradation Total

Soil Lan Des Los Air Wast Nois Groun Resett Ozone
Attributes d erti s of pollu e e d lemen layer
deg fica hab tion disp water t threat
rad tion its osal depleti
atio on
n
Count 5 6 3 7 9 21 7 2 2 3 65
Male % within Gender 7.7 9.2 4.6 10.8 13.8 32.3 10.8
Gender of 3.1% 3.1% 4.6% 100.0%
of the respondent % % % % % % %
the
Count 3 1 8 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 35
respondent Femal
% within Gender 8.6 2.9 22.9 8.6 11.4 11.4
e 2.9% 11.4% 11.4% 8.6% 100.0%
of the respondent % % % % % %
Count 8 7 11 10 10 25 11 6 6 6 100
Total % within Gender 8.0 7.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 11.0
6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 100.0%
of the respondent % % % % % % %
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about factors
causing environmental degradation. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of
gender, among 65 male respondents, 7.7% says soil, 9.2% says land degradation, 4.6% says
desertification, 10.8% says loss of habits, 13.8% says air pollution, 32.3% says waste disposal, 10.8%
says noise, 3.1% says ground water depletion, 3.1% says resettlement, 4.6% says ozone layer threat and
among 35 female respondents, 8.6% says soil, 2.9% says land degradation, 22.9% says desertification,
8.6% says loss of habits, 2.9% says air pollution, 11.4% says waste disposal, 11.4% says noise, 11.4%
says ground water depletion, 11.4% says resettlement, 8.6% says ozone layer threat. Hence, the results
show that the majority of respondents says that waste disposal is the main factor causing the
environmental degradation.

Table 4.21 Education and factors causing environmental degradation
Factors are causing environmental degradation Total

Attributes Soil Land Dese Loss Air Wast Nois Grou Resett Ozone
degra rtific of pollu e e nd lemen layer
dation ation habits tion disp water t threat
osal deple
tion
Count 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
% within
SSLC Education of
0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the
respondent
Count 2 3 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 11
% within
PUC Education of 36.4 18.2
18.2% 27.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the % %
respondent
Educat Count 2 1 6 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 20
ion of % within
Grad
the Education of 30.0 15.0 10.0
uation 10.0% 5.0% 10.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 100.0%
respon the % % %
dent respondent
Count 4 1 3 5 5 20 8 4 5 5 60
Post- % within
gradu Education of 33.3 13.3
6.7% 1.7% 5.0% 8.3% 8.3% 6.7% 8.3% 8.3% 100.0%
ation the % %
respondent
Count 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 7
% within
Other Education of 28.6 14.3
0.0% 14.3% 28.6% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the % %
respondent
Count 8 7 11 10 10 25 11 6 6 6 100
% within
Total Education of 11.0 10.0 25.0 11.0
8.0% 7.0% 10.0% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 100.0%
the % % % %
respondent

about factors causing the environmental degradation. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC,
20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of Educational Qualification, among 2
SSLC respondents, 50% says land degradation, 50% says loss of habits, among 11 PUC respondents,
18.2% says soil, 27.3% says land degradation, 36.4% says air pollution, 18.2% says waste disposal,
among 20 graduation respondents, 10% says soil, 5% says land degradation, 30% says desertification,
10% says loss of habits, 5% says air pollution, 15% says waste disposal, 10% says noise, 5% says ground
water depletion, 5% says resettlement, 5% says ozone layer threat, among 60 post-graduation
respondents, 6.7% says soil, 1.7% says land degradation, 5% says desertification, 8.3% says loss of
habits, 8.3% says air pollution, 33.3% says waste disposal, 13.3% says noise, 6.7% says ground water
depletion, 8.3% says resettlement, 8.3% says ozone layer threat, and among 7 other respondents, 14.3%
says land degradation, 28.6% says desertification, 28.6% says loss of habits, 14.3% says noise, 14.3%
says ground water depletion. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says that waste
disposal is the main factor causing environmental degradation.
Table 4.22 Gender and alternatives available for reducing environmental

degradation
Alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation Total

Zoning of Control Increased Use of fees to Other
ecotourism of tourist level of control access
Attributes destinations vehicles public policy to important
discussion and fragile
resources
Count 7 28 2 23 5 65
Gender of Male % within Gender of
10.8% 43.1% 3.1% 35.4% 7.7% 100.0%
the the respondent
responde Count 5 13 6 10 1 35
Femal
nt % within Gender of
e 14.3% 37.1% 17.1% 28.6% 2.9% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 12 41 8 33 6 100
Total % within Gender of
12.0% 41.0% 8.0% 33.0% 6.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and alternatives available for
reducing the environmental degradation. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms

of gender, among 65 male respondents, 10.8% says zoning of ecotourism destinations, 43.1% says control
of tourist vehicles, 3.1% says increased level of public policy discussion, 35.4% says use of fees to
control access to important and fragile resources, 7.7% says other factors and among 35 female
respondents, 14.3% says zoning of ecotourism destinations, 37.1% says control of tourist vehicles, 17.1%
says increases level of public policy discussion, 28.6% says use of fees to control access to important and
fragile resources, 2.9% says other factors. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
that control of tourist vehicles is the main alternative available for reducing environmental degradation.
Table 4.23 Education and alternatives available for reducing environmental

degradation
Alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation Total

Zoning of Control Increased Use of fees to Othe
ecotourism of level of control and access r
Attributes destinations tourist public to important and
vehicles policy fragile resources
discussion
Count 0 2 0 0 0 2
SSLC % within Education of
0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 1 6 0 4 0 11
PUC % within Education of
9.1% 54.5% 0.0% 36.4% 0.0% 100.0%
Educat the respondent
ion of Count 1 3 4 11 1 20
Graduat
the % within Education of
ion 5.0% 15.0% 20.0% 55.0% 5.0% 100.0%
respon the respondent
dent Post- Count 9 24 4 18 5 60
graduati % within Education of
15.0% 40.0% 6.7% 30.0% 8.3% 100.0%
on the respondent
Count 1 6 0 0 0 7
Other % within Education of
14.3% 85.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
the respondent
Count 12 41 8 33 6 100
Total % within Education of
12.0% 41.0% 8.0% 33.0% 6.0% 100.0%
the respondent

Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification of the respondent and alternatives
available for reducing the environmental degradation. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC,
20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among 2
SSLC respondents, 100% says control of tourist vehicles, among 11 PUC respondents, 9.1% says zoning
of ecotourism destinations, 54.5% says control of tourist vehicles, 36.4% says use of fees to control
access to important and fragile resources, among 20 graduation respondents, 5% says zoning of
ecotourism destinations, 15% says control of tourist vehicles, 20% increased level of public policy
discussion, 55% says use of fees to control access to important and fragile resources, 5% says other
factors, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 15% says zoning of ecotourism destinations, 40% says
control of tourist vehicles, 6.7% says increased the level of public policy discussion, 30% says use of fees
to control access to important and fragile resources, 8.3% says other factors, among 7 other respondents,
14.3% says zoning of ecotourism destinations, 85.7% says control of tourist vehicles. Hence, the results
show that the majority of respondents says that the control of tourist vehicles is the main alternative
available for reducing the environmental degradation.
Table 4.24 Gender and perception about Ecotourism is responsible for overall
regional growth
Ecotourism is responsible for Total

Attributes overall regional growth
Yes No
Count 49 16 65
Male
Female
Count 77 23 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about ecotourism
is responsible for overall regional growth. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In
terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 75.4% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional
growth, 24.6% says ecotourism does not responsible for overall regional growth and among 35 female
respondents, 80% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth, 20% says ecotourism does
not responsible for overall regional growth. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
that the ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth.

Table 4.25 Education and perception about Ecotourism is responsible for

overall regional growth
Ecotourism is responsible for Total

Attributes overall regional growth
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 10 1 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 5 2 7
Other
Count 77 23 100
Total
about the ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11
are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification,
among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth, among 11
PUC respondents, 90.9% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth, 9.1% says
ecotourism does not responsible for overall regional growth, among 20 graduation respondents, 90% says
ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth, 10% says ecotourism does not responsible for
overall regional growth, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 70% says ecotourism is responsible for
overall regional growth, 30% says ecotourism does not responsible for overall regional growth, among 7
other respondents, 71.4% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth, 28.6% says
ecotourism does not responsible for overall regional growth. Hence, the results show that the majority of
respondents says that the ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth.

Table 4.26 Gender and perception about Tourist inflows increases the
occupational opportunities
Tourist inflows increases the Total

Attributes occupational opportunities
Yes No
Count 40 25 65
Male
Female
Count 65 35 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and their opinion about tourist
inflows increases the occupational opportunities. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female.
In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 61.5% says tourist inflows increases the occupational
opportunities, 38.5% says tourist inflows does not increases the occupational opportunities and among 35
female respondents, 71.4% says tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities, 28.6% says
tourist inflows does not increases the occupational opportunities. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says that the tourist inflows increases and creates the occupational opportunities.

Table 4.27 Education and perception about tourist inflows tourist inflows
increases the occupational opportunities

Attributes occupational opportunities
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 5 6 11
PUC
Education of Graduati Count 16 4 20
the on % within Education of the respondent 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%
graduatio
n
Count 5 2 7
Other
Count 65 35 100
Total
about tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are
PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among
2 SSLC respondents, 100% says tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities, among 11 PUC
respondents, 45.5% says tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities, 54.5% says tourist
inflows does not increases the occupational opportunities, among 20 graduation respondents, 80% says
tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities, 20% says tourist inflows does not increases the
occupational opportunities, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 61.7% says tourist inflows increases
the occupational opportunities, 38.3% says tourist inflows does not increases the occupational
opportunities, among 7 other respondents, 71.4% says tourist inflows increases the occupational
opportunities, 28.6% says tourist inflows does not increases the occupational opportunities. Hence, the
results show that the majority of respondents says that the tourist inflows increases the occupational
opportunities.

Table 4.28 Gender and Tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the
country
Tourist inflows provide foreign Total

Attributes exchange to the country
Yes No
Count 39 26 65
Male
Female
Count 61 39 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about tourist
inflows provide foreign exchange to the country. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female.
In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 60% says tourist inflows provides foreign exchange to
the country, 40 % says tourist inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country and among 35
female respondents, 62.9% says tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country, 37.1% says
tourist inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country. Hence, the results show that the majority
of respondents says that the tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country.
Table 4.29 Education and Tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the
country
Tourist inflows provide foreign Total

Attributes exchange to the state
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 9 2 11
PUC
Education of % within Education of the respondent 81.8% 18.2% 100.0%
the Graduat Count 9 11 20
respondent ion % within Education of the respondent 45.0% 55.0% 100.0%
graduati
on

Count 4 3 7
Other
Count 61 39 100
Total
about tourist inflows provide foreign exchange. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are
graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among 2 SSLC
respondents, 100% says tourist inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country, among 11 PUC
respondents, 81.9% says tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country, 18.2% says tourist
inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country, among 20 graduation respondents, 45% says
tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country, 55% says tourist inflows does not provide foreign
exchange to the country, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 65% says tourist inflows provide foreign
exchange to the country, 35% says tourist inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country,
among 7 other respondents, 57.1% says tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country, 42.9%
says tourist inflows does not provide foreign exchange to the country. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says that the tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country.
Table 4.30 Gender and Tourist inflows create awareness
Tourist inflows create awareness Total

Attributes among local youth lead them towards
urbanization
Yes No
Count 41 24 65
Gender of Male
the
Femal Count 26 9 35
respondent
e % within Gender of the respondent 74.3% 25.7% 100.0%
Count 67 33 100
Total
inflows create awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization. Out of 100 respondents, 65
are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 63.1% says tourist inflows
create awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization, 36.9% says tourist inflows does not
create awareness among local youth, does not lead them towards urbanization and among 35 female

respondents, 74.3% says tourist inflows create awareness among local youth lead them towards
urbanization, 25.7% says tourist inflows does not create awareness among local youth, does not lead them
towards urbanization. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows create
awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization.
Table 4.31 Education and Tourist inflows create awareness
Tourist inflows create awareness Total

Attributes among local youth lead them
towards urbanization
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 7 4 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 3 4 7
Other
Count 67 33 100
Total
about tourist inflows create awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization. Out of 100
educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says tourist inflows create awareness among
local youth lead them towards urbanization, among 11 PUC respondents, 63.6% says tourist inflows
create awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization, 36.4% says tourist inflows does not
create awareness among local youth, does not lead them towards urbanization, among 20 graduation
respondents, 65% says tourist inflows create awareness among local youth lead them towards
urbanization, 35% says tourist inflows does not create awareness among local youth, does not lead them
towards urbanization, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 70% says tourist inflows create awareness
among local youth lead them towards urbanization, 30% says tourist inflows does not create awareness

among local youth, does not lead them towards urbanization, among 7 other respondents, 42.9% says
tourist inflows create awareness among local youth lead them towards urbanization, 57.1% says tourist
inflows does not create awareness among local youth, does not lead them towards urbanization. Hence,
the results show that the majority of respondents says that tourist inflows create awareness among local
youth lead them towards urbanization.
Table 4.32 Gender and Tourist inflows provide the guidelines for
modernization
Tourist inflows provide the guidelines for Total

Attributes modernization in infrastructural facilities
Yes No
Gender of Count 38 27 65
Male
the % within Gender of the respondent 58.5% 41.5% 100.0%
responde Femal Count 16 19 35
nt e % within Gender of the respondent 45.7% 54.3% 100.0%
Count 54 46 100
Total
inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities. Out of 100 respondents, 65
are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 58.5% says tourist inflows
provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, 41.5% says tourist inflows does not
provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities and among 35 female respondents,
45.7% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, 54.3%
says tourist inflows does not provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities. Hence,
the results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for
modernization in infrastructural facilities to the local places.

Table 4.33 Education and Tourist inflows provide the guidelines for
modernization
Tourist inflows provide the Total

Attributes guidelines for modernization in
infrastructural facilities
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 6 5 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 5 2 7
Other
Count 54 46 100
Total
about tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities. Out of 100
educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines
for modernization in infrastructural facilities, among 11 PUC respondents, 54.5% says tourist inflows
provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, 45.5% says tourist inflows does not
provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, among 20 graduation respondents,
35% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, 65% says
tourist inflows does not provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities, among 60
post-graduation respondents, 56.7% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in
infrastructural facilities, 43.3% says tourist inflows does not provide the guidelines for modernization in
infrastructural facilities, among 7 other respondents, 71.4% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for
modernization in infrastructural facilities, 28.6% says tourist inflows does not provide the guidelines for
modernization in infrastructural facilities. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities to the local place.

Table 4.34 Gender and tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities

Attributes educational opportunities to the
children of the area
Yes No
Male
Count 62 38 100
Total
inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area. Out of 100 respondents,
65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 63.1% says tourist
inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area, 36.9% says tourist
inflows does not increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area and among 35
female respondents, 60% says tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of the
local area, 40% says tourist inflows does not increases the educational opportunities to the children of the
local area. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows increases than
automatically local area will be improved hence it also increase the educational opportunities to local area
children.

Table 4.35 Education and tourist inflows increases the educational

opportunities

Attributes educational opportunities to the
children of the area
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 5 6 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 4 3 7
Other
Count 62 38 100
Total
about tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area. Out of 100
educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says tourist inflows does not increases the
educational opportunities to the children of the local area, among 11 PUC respondents, 45.5% says tourist
inflows does not increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area, among 20
graduation respondents, 95% says tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of
the local area, 5% says tourist inflows does not increases educational opportunities to the children of the
local area, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 56.7% says tourist inflows increases the educational
opportunities to the children of the local area, 43.3% says tourist inflows does not increases the
educational opportunities to the children of the local area, among 7 other respondents, 57.1% says tourist
inflows does not increases the educational opportunities to the children of the local area. Hence, the

results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows increases than automatically local area
will be improved hence it also increases the educational opportunities to the local area children.
Table 4.36 Gender and Tourist inflows improved the self-image of the
community
Tourist inflows improved the self- Total

Attributes image of the community
Yes No
Count 20 45 65
Male
Female
Count 37 63 100
Total
inflows improved the self-image of the community. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are
female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 30.8% says tourist inflows improved the self-
image of the community, 69.2% says tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the community
and among 35 female respondents, 48.6% says tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community,
51.4% says tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the community. Hence, the results show
that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows increases it improved the local area but does not
improved the self-image of the community.

Table 4.37 Education and Tourist inflows improved the self-image of the
community
Tourist inflows improved the Total

Attributes self-image of the community
Yes No
Count 1 1 2
SSLC
Count 4 7 11
PUC
Education of
Count 14 6 20
the Graduation
respondent
Count 1 6 7
Other
Count 37 63 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification and their opinion about tourist
inflows improved the self-image of the community. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20
are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among 2 SSLC
respondents, 50% says tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community, 50% says tourist
inflows does not improved the self-image of the community, among 11 PUC respondents, 36.4% says
tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community, 63.6% says tourist inflows does not improved
the self-image of the community, among 20 graduation respondents, 70% says tourist inflows improved
the self-image of the community, 30% says tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the
community, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 28.3% says tourist inflows improved the self-image
of the community, 71.7% says tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the community, among
7 other respondents, 14.3% says tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community, 85.7% says
tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the community. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says tourist inflows improves the local area but does not improved the self-image
of the community.

Table 4.38 Gender and Ecotourism provide the opportunities to local people
to learn something new
Ecotourism provides the Total

Attributes opportunities to local people to learn
something new
Yes No
Male
responde Count 29 6 35
Female
nt % within Gender of the respondent 82.9% 17.1% 100.0%
Count 71 29 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about ecotourism
provides the opportunities to local people to learn something new. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male
and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 64.6% says ecotourism provides the
opportunities to local people to learn something new, 35.4% says ecotourism does not provide the
opportunities to local people to learn something new and among 35 female respondents, 82.9% says
ecotourism provides opportunities to local people to learn something new, 17.1% says ecotourism does
not provide any opportunities to local people to learn something new. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says ecotourism provides opportunities to local people to learn something new
about the value of environment and the value of ecotourism.

Table 4.39 Education and Ecotourism provide the opportunities to local

people to learn something new
It provides the opportunities to Total

local people to learn something
Attributes new
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 8 3 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 3 4 7
Other
Count 71 29 100
Total
about ecotourism provides the opportunities to local people to learn something new. Out of 100
educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says ecotourism does not provide any
opportunities to local people to learn something new, among 11 PUC respondents, 72.7% says ecotourism
provides opportunities to local people to learn something new, 27.3% says ecotourism does not provide
any opportunities to local people to learn something new, among 20 graduation respondents, 80% says
ecotourism provides the opportunities to local people to learn something new, 20% says ecotourism does
not provide any opportunities to local people to learn something new, among 60 post-graduation
respondents, 73.3% says ecotourism provides the opportunities to local people to learn something new,
26.7% says ecotourism does not provide any opportunities to local people to learn something new, among
7 other respondents, 42.9% says ecotourism provides the opportunities to local people to learn something
new, 57.1% says ecotourism does not provide any opportunities to local people to learn something new.
Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says ecotourism provides opportunities to local
people to learn something new about value of environment and value of ecotourism.

Table 4.40 Gender and Tourist inflows change the life style of local people
The increased tourist inflows change the Total

Attributes life style of local people
Yes No
Count 43 22 65
Gender of Male
the
Femal Count 26 9 35
respondent
e % within Gender of the respondent 74.3% 25.7% 100.0%
Count 69 31 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about the
increased tourist inflows change the life style of local people. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35
are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 66.2% says the increased tourist inflows
change the life style of local people, 33.8% says the increased tourist inflows does not change the lifestyle
of local people and among 35 female respondents, 74.3% says the increased tourist inflows change the
life style of local people, 25.7% says the increased tourist inflows does not change the life style of local
people. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says the increased tourist inflows change
the life style of local people.

Table 4.41 Education and Tourist inflows change the life style of local people
The increased tourist inflows Total

Attributes change the life style of local
people
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 8 3 11
PUC
Graduati Count 16 4 20
Education of
on % within Education of the respondent 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%
the respondent
graduatio
n
Count 2 5 7
Other
Count 69 31 100
Total
about the increased tourist inflows change the life style of local people. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are
SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational
qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of
local people, among 11 PUC respondents, 72.7% says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of
local people, 27.3% says the increased tourist inflows does not change the life style of local people,
among 20 graduation respondents, 80% says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of local
people, 20% says the increased tourist inflows does not change the life style of local people, among 60
post-graduation respondents, 68.3% says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of local
people, 31.7% says the increased tourist inflows does not change the life style of local people, among 7
other respondents, 28.6% says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of local people, 71.4%
says the increased tourist inflows does not change the life style of local people. Hence, the results show
that the majority of respondents says the increased tourist inflows change the life style of local people.

Table 4.42 Gender and Tourist inflows increases the standard of living
Tourist inflows increases the standard of Total

Attributes living
Yes No
Gender Count 44 21 65
Male
of the % within Gender of the respondent 67.7% 32.3% 100.0%
Female
Count 65 35 100
Total
inflows increases the standard of living of local people. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are
female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 67.7% says tourist inflows increases the
standards of living of local area people, 32.3% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of
living of local area people and among 35 female respondents, 60% says tourist inflows increases the
standard of living of local area people, 40 % says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of living
of local area people. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows
increases the life style and standard of living of local area people.
Table 4.43 Education and Tourist inflows increases the standard of living
Attributes standard of living
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 5 6 11
PUC
Education of Graduatio Count 8 12 20
the respondent n % within Education of the respondent 40.0% 60.0% 100.0%
Count 4 3 7
Other
Count 65 35 100
Total


about Tourist inflows increases the standard of living of local area people. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are
qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of
living of local area people, among 11 PUC respondents, 45.5% says tourist inflows increases the standard
of living of local area people, 54.5% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of living of local
area people, among 20 graduation respondents, 40% says tourist inflows increases the standard of living
of local area people, 60% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of living of local area
people, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 80% says tourist inflows increases the standard of living
of local area people, 20% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of living of local area
people, among 7 other respondents, 57.1% says tourist inflows increases the standard of living of local
area people, 42.9% says tourist inflows does not increases the standard of living of local area people.
Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says tourist inflows increases the life style and
also standard of living of local area people.
Table 4.44 Gender and Tourist inflows affect on local culture
Tourist inflows affect on the local Total

Attributes culture
Yes No
Count 46 19 65
Male
Female
Count 64 36 100
Total
inflows affect on local culture. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender,
among 65 male respondents, 70.8% says tourist inflows affect on local culture, 29.2% says tourist inflows
does not affect on local culture and among 35 female respondents, 51.4% says tourist inflows affect on
local culture, 48.6% says tourist inflows does not affect on local culture. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says tourist inflows affect on local culture.

Table 4.45 Education and Tourist inflows affect on local culture
Tourist inflows affect on the Total

Attributes local culture
Yes No
Count 1 1 2
SSLC
Count 6 5 11
PUC
Education of
Count 15 5 20
the Graduation
respondent
Count 4 3 7
Other
Count 64 36 100
Total
about tourist inflows affect on local culture. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are
graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification, among 2 SSLC
respondents, 50% says tourist inflows affect on local culture, 50% says tourist inflows does not affect on
local culture, among 11 PUC respondents, 54.5% says tourist inflows affect on local culture, 45.5% says
tourist inflows does not affect on local culture, among 20 graduation respondents, 75% says tourist
inflows affect on local culture, 25% says tourist inflows does not affect on local culture, among 60 post-
graduation respondents, 63.3% says tourist inflows affect on local culture, 36.7% says tourist inflows
does not affect on local culture, among 7 other respondents, 57.1% says tourist inflows affect on local
culture, 42.9% says tourist inflows does not affect on local culture. Hence, the results show that the
majority of respondents says tourist inflows affect on local culture.

Table 4.46 Gender and Ecotourism leads towards Environmental problems
Ecotourism leads towards overcrowding Total

Attributes congestion and environmental problems
Yes No
Male
Female
Count 14 86 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about Ecotourism
leads towards overcrowding congestion and environmental problems. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are
male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 13.8% says ecotourism leads
towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problem, 86.2% says ecotourism does not leads
towards overcrowding, congestion, environmental problems and among 35 female respondents, 14.3%
says ecotourism leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, 85.7% says
ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems. Hence, the
results show that the majority of respondents says ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding,
congestion and environmental problems because ecotourism is an environmentally friendly in nature
ecotourism is focusing for conservation of environment.

Table 4.47 Education and Ecotourism leads towards environmental problems
Ecotourism leads towards Total

Attributes overcrowding congestion and
environmental problems
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 3 8 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 2 5 7
Other
Count 14 86 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Educational Qualification and their opinion about ecotourism
leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are
qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding,
congestion and environmental problems, among 11 PUC respondents, 27.3% says ecotourism leads
towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, 72.7% says ecotourism does not leads
towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, among 20 graduation respondents, 5%
says ecotourism leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, 95% says
ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, among 60
post-graduation respondents, 13.3% says ecotourism leads towards overcrowding, congestion and
environmental problems, 86.7% says ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding, congestion and
environmental problems, among 7 other respondents, 28.6% says ecotourism leads towards
overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems, 71.4% says ecotourism does not leads towards
overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems. Hence, the results show that the majority of
respondents says ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental

problems because ecotourism is an environmentally friendly in nature and ecotourism is mainly focus on
conservation of environment.
Table 4.48 Gender and Tourist inflows increases GDP
Increased tourist inflows create Total

Attributes demand for capital and consumer
goods resulting increase of GDP
Yes No
Male
Female
Count 63 37 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the Gender of the respondent and their opinion about increased
tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP. Out of 100
respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 60% says
increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, 40%
says increased tourist inflows does not create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase
of GDP and among 35 female respondents, 68.6% says increased tourist inflows create demand for capital
and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, 31.4% says increased tourist inflows does not create
demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP. Hence, the result show that the
majority of respondents says increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods
resulting increase of GDP.

Table 4.49 Education and Tourist inflows increases GDP
Increased tourist inflows create Total

Attributes demand for capital and
consumer goods resulting
increase of GDP
Yes No
Count 0 2 2
SSLC
Count 7 4 11
PUC
Education of
Count 14 6 20
the Graduation
respondent
Count 3 4 7
Other
Count 63 37 100
Total
about increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP.
Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other.
In terms of educational qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says increased tourist inflows
does not create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, among 11 PUC
respondents, 63.6% says increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting
increase of GDP, 36.4% says increased tourist inflows does not create demand for capital and consumer
goods resulting increase of GDP, among 20 graduation respondents, 70% says increased tourist inflows
create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, 30% says increased tourist
inflows does not create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, among 60
post-graduation respondents, 65% says increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer
goods resulting increase of GDP, 35% says increased tourist inflows does not create demand for capital
and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, among 7 other respondents, 42.9% says increased tourist
inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP, 57.1% says increased
tourist inflows does not create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP. Hence,

the results show that the majority of respondents says increased tourist inflows create demand for capital
and consumer goods resulting increase of GDP.
Table 4.50 Gender and Ecotourism provide employment to local youth
Ecotourism provide employment Total

Attributes to local youth
Yes No
Count 41 24 65
Male
Female
Count 70 30 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and their opinion about Ecotourism
provide employment to local youth. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and 35 are female. In terms of
gender, among 65 male respondents, 63.1% says Ecotourism provide employment to local youth, 36.9%
says Ecotourism does not provide employment to local youth and among 35 female respondents, 82.9%
says Ecotourism provide employment to local youth, 17.1% says Ecotourism does not provide
employment to local youth. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says Ecotourism
provide employment opportunities to local youth.

Table 4.51 Education and Ecotourism provide employment to local youth
Ecotourism provide employment Total

Attributes to local youth
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 7 4 11
PUC
Education of
Graduatio Count 16 4 20
the
n % within Education of the respondent 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%
respondent
Count 3 4 7
Other
Count 70 30 100
Total
about Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth. Out of 100 respondents, 2 are SSLC,
11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational qualification,
among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth,
among 11 PUC respondents, 63.6% says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth,
36.4% says Ecotourism does not provide employment opportunities to local youth, among 20 graduation
respondents, 80% says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth, 20% says
Ecotourism does not provide employment opportunities to local youth, among 60 post-graduation
respondents, 70% says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth, 30% says
Ecotourism does not provide employment opportunities to local youth, among 7 other respondents, 42.9%
says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth, 57.1% says Ecotourism does not
provide employment opportunities to local youth. Hence, the results show that the majority of
respondents says Ecotourism provide employment opportunities to local youth.

Table 4.52 Gender and Negative impact of ecotourism can be minimized
If planned carefully the negative impacts of Total

Attributes ecotourism can be minimized
Yes No
Male
Count 76 24 100
Total
Interpretation: The above table depicts the gender of the respondent and their opinion about If planned
carefully the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized. Out of 100 respondents, 65 are male and
35 are female. In terms of gender, among 65 male respondents, 83.1% says If planned carefully the
negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized, 16.9% says If planned carefully the negative impacts
of ecotourism cannot be minimized and among 35 female respondents, 62.9% says If planned carefully
the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized, 37.1% says If planned carefully the negative
impacts of ecotourism cannot be minimized. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
If planned carefully the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized.

Table 4.53 Education and Negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized
If planned carefully the negative Total

Attributes impacts of ecotourism can be
minimized
Yes No
Count 2 0 2
SSLC
Count 10 1 11
PUC
graduati
on
Count 5 2 7
Other
Count 76 24 100
Total
about If planned carefully the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized. Out of 100 respondents,
2 are SSLC, 11 are PUC, 20 are graduation, 60 are post-graduation, 7 are other. In terms of educational
qualification, among 2 SSLC respondents, 100% says If planned carefully the negative impacts of
ecotourism can be minimized, among 11 PUC respondents, 90.9% says If planned carefully the negative
impacts of ecotourism can be minimized, 9.1% says If planned carefully the negative impacts of
ecotourism cannot be minimized, among 20 graduation respondents, 90% says If planned carefully the
negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized, 10% says If planned carefully the negative impacts of
ecotourism cannot be minimized, among 60 post-graduation respondents, 68.3% says If planned carefully
impacts of ecotourism cannot be minimized, among 7 other respondents, 71.4% says If planned carefully
impacts of ecotourism cannot be minimized. Hence, the results show that the majority of respondents says
If planned carefully the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized.

Table 4.54 Respondents perception about ecotourism benefits

(in numbers and percentage)
SI.NO Attributes Strongly Somewhat Not sure Somewhat Strongly Total
disagree disagree agree agree
% % % % %
1 Ecotourism is an 5 5 24 33 33 100
Enjoyable place (5%) (5%) (24%) (33%) (33%)
2 Ecotourism 9 14 29 31 17 100
Benefits to (9%) (14%) (29%) (31%) (17%)
economy
3 Ecotourism 6 15 37 29 13 100
Creating awareness (6%) (15%) (37%) (29%) (13%)
4 Ecotourism is 7 10 29 41 13 100
helpful (7%) (10%) (29%) (41%) (13%)
Development
tourism places
Interpretation: The above table depicts the respondent’s perception about ecotourism benefits in
Shivamogga. The results show that, among 100 respondents 10% disagree with the ecotourism is an
enjoyable place and 66% agreed with the ecotourism is an enjoyable place. 23% disagree with the
ecotourism is benefits to economy and 48% agreed with the ecotourism is benefits to economy. 21%
disagree with the ecotourism creating awareness and 42% agreed with the ecotourism creating awareness.
17% disagree with the ecotourism is helpful to development tourism places and 54% agreed with the
ecotourism is helpful to development of tourism places. Hence the above results show that the majority of
respondents agreed with the ecotourism is an enjoyable place, benefits to economy, creating awareness
and helpful for development of tourism places.

Table 4.55 Respondents perception about concerns of ecotourism

SI.NO Attributes Strongly Somewhat Not sure Somewhat Strongly Total
disagree disagree agree disagree
% % % % %
1 Absence of visitor 16 10 22 25 27 100
education in (16%) (10%) (22%) (25%) (27%)
ecotourism places
2 Ecotourism policies 48 28 10 9 5 100
creates damage to (48%) (28%) (10%) (9%) (5%)
ecology
3 No enforcement of 6 13 21 27 33 100
rules in ecotourism (6%) (13%) (21%) (27%) (33%)
places
4 Tourist inflows 13 13 19 38 17 100
creates Congestion (13%) (13%) (19%) (38%) (17%)
(overcrowd) in
ecotourism places
Interpretation: The above table depicts the respondent’s perception about concerns of ecotourism. The
results show that, among 100 respondents 26% disagree with the absence of visitor education at
ecotourism places and 52% agreed with the absence of visitor education at ecotourism places. 76%
disagree with the ecotourism policies creates damage to ecology and 14% agreed with the ecotourism
policies creates damage to ecology. 19% disagree with no enforcement rules in ecotourism places and
60% agreed with the no enforcement of rules in ecotourism places. 26% disagree with the tourist inflows
creates congestion in tourism places and 55% agreed with the tourist inflows creates congestion in
ecotourism places. Hence the above results show that the majority of respondents agreed with the absence
of visitor education at ecotourism places, there is no enforcement of rules at ecotourism places, tourist
inflows creates congestion at ecotourism places and also disagree with the ecotourism creates damage to
ecology.

Table 4.56 Respondents Perception about attitude of ecotourism authorities

SI.NO Attributes Highly Dissatisfied Neutral Highly Highly Total
dissatisfied satisfied dissatisfied
% % % % %
1 Locating important 11 27 17 32 13 100
places (11%) (27%) (17%) (32%) (13%)
2 Providing 33 40 12 9 6 100
transportation (33%) (40%) (12%) (9%) (6%)
facilities
3 Providing 22 33 10 30 5 100
accommodation (22%) (33%) (10%) (30%) (5%)
4 Providing 9 43 16 16 16 100
protection (9%) (43%) (16%) (16%) (16%)
5 Hospitality attitude 9 36 29 21 5 100
(9%) (36%) (29%) (21%) (5%)
Interpretation: The above table depicts the respondent’s perception about attitude of ecotourism
authorities. The results show that the 38% dissatisfied with the locating importance places and 45%
satisfied with the locating important places. 73% dissatisfied with the transportation facilities provided by
the ecotourism authorities and 15% satisfied with the transportation facilities provided by ecotourism
authorities. 55% dissatisfied with the accommodation facilities provided by ecotourism authorities and
35% satisfied with the accommodation facilities provided by ecotourism authorities. 52% dissatisfied
with the protection facilities provided by ecotourism authorities and 32% satisfied with the protection
facilities provided by ecotourism authorities. 45% dissatisfied hospitality facilities provided by
ecotourism authorities and 26% satisfied hospitality facilities provided by ecotourism authorities. Hence
the above results show that the majority of respondents dissatisfied with the transportation facilities,
accommodation facilities, protection facilities, hospitality facilities and attitude of ecotourism authorities.
Summary of the study:

The data collected various respondents have to analysis for the drawing conclusions. So, in this chapter
efforts have been made to analysis and interpret the collective data towards people’s perception towards
ecotourism in malnad region.
The maximum respondents agree the ecotourism is helpful to development of tourism places and it
creates awareness among the people towards environment.

Chapter – 5
Findings, Suggestions And Conclusion

Introduction:
This chapter gives an idea about the whole research work carried out by the researcher and the results
obtained by the researcher to have precise information to the reader about the work done. Summary of all
five chapters included in this chapter in the forms of findings, suggestions and conclusions. The
researcher has also shown direction about research leads and future trends.
5.1 Findings
 In terms of gender, out of 100 respondents, 65% are male and remaining 35% are female
respondents.
 In terms of age, out of 100 respondents, 59% are below 25 years, 30% are between 25-30 years,
7% are between 30-50 years, 4% are above 50 years.
 In terms of marital status, out of 100 respondents, 19% are married and 81% are unmarried.
 In terms of education, out of 100 respondents, 2% are from SSLC, 7% are from PUC, 11% are
from under-graduation, 60% are from post-graduation, 7% are from other Qualification.
 In terms of occupation, out of 100 respondents, 3% are government employee, 5% are
professional, 61% are students, 5% ae businessman, 26% are others.
 Most of respondents says purpose of travel for entertainment purpose (72%), education/research
purpose (15%), business/profession purpose (7%), other purpose (7%).
 Majority of respondents says they get source of information to travel a place from friends (53%),
from relatives (12%), from media (17%), from other sources (18%).
 Most of respondents says factors influence to travel are vacation factors (35%), season factors
(14%), climate factors (31%), event factors (2%), other factors (18%).
 Most of respondents says their travel motive is enjoy the nature (62%), enjoy the warm climate
(38%).
 Majority of respondents says factors influence to enjoy the nature and enjoy the climate is learn
about nature (27%).
 The survey found that out of 100 respondents, 34% are visited to hills and mountains, 39% are
visited to falls, 14% are visited to dams, 6% are visited to wildlife sanctuaries, 7% are visited to
other places.
 Majority of respondents says the major problem of they faced when they visited to tourist places
lack of transportation facilities (36%).
 The survey found that 5% strongly disagree, 5% disagree, 33% agree, 33% are strongly agree
with ecotourism is an enjoyable place.

with ecotourism is benefits to economy.
 The results show that 6% strongly disagree, 15% disagree, 29% agree, 13% are strongly agree
with ecotourism is creating awareness.
 The study found that 7% strongly disagree, 10% disagree, 41% agree, 13% are strongly agree
with ecotourism is helpful to development of tourism places.
with the absence of visitor education are the concerns of ecotourism.
 The results show that 48% strongly disagree, 28% disagree, 9% agree, 5% are strongly agree with
the ecotourism creates damage to ecology.
 Out of 100 respondents 6% strongly disagree, 13% disagree, 27% agree, 33% are strongly agree
with the there is no enforcement of rules in tourist places are the concern of ecotourism.
 The study found that 13% strongly disagree, 13% disagree, 3% agree, 33% are strongly agree
with the tourist inflows creates congestion at the tourist places are the concern of ecotourism.
 The results show that 11% strongly dissatisfied, 27% dissatisfied, 32% satisfied, 13% are strongly
satisfied with ecotourism authorities attitude about locating important places.
 The survey found that 33% strongly dissatisfied, 40% dissatisfied, 9% satisfied, 6% are strongly
satisfied with ecotourism authorities’ attitude about providing transportation facilities.
 Out of 100 respondents, 22% strongly dissatisfied, 33% dissatisfied, 30% satisfied, 5% are
strongly satisfied with the ecotourism authorities’ attitude about providing accommodation
facilities.
 The study found that 9% strongly dissatisfied, 43% dissatisfied, 16% satisfied, 16% are strongly
satisfied with the ecotourism authorities’ attitude about providing protection facilities.
 The results show that 9% strongly dissatisfied, 36% dissatisfied, 21% satisfied, 5% are strongly
satisfied with the ecotourism authorities’ attitude about providing hospitality facilities.
 Majority of respondents 54% agree with the role of government influence to development of
ecotourism.
 Out of 100 respondents, 62% says domestic tourists show the attitude of damaging the
environment.
 Out of 100 respondents, 25% says waste disposal is the main causes for environmental
degradation.
 The study found that, out of 100 respondents, 41% says control of tourist vehicles is the
alternative available for reducing environmental degradation.

 Most of respondents 77% says ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth.
 The results show that 65% says tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities to local
area people.
 The survey found that 61% says the tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the country.
 Out of 100 respondents, 67% says tourist inflows create awareness among local youth, which lead
them towards urbanization.
 Majority of respondents, 54% says tourist inflows provide the guidelines for modernization in
infrastructural facilities.
 Most of respondents, 62% says tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities to the
children of the local area.
 The survey found that, 63% says tourist inflows does not improved the self-image of the local
community.
 The study found that, 71% says tourist inflows provide the opportunities to local people to learn
something new.
 The results show that, 69% says tourist inflows change the life style of the local area people.
 Out of 100 respondents, 65% says tourist inflows increases the standard of living of the local area
people.
 Majority of respondents, 64% says tourist inflows affect on the local culture.
 Most of respondents, 86% says ecotourism does not leads towards overcrowding, congestion and
environmental problems.
 The survey found that 63% says increased tourist inflows creates demand for capital and
consumer goods resulting increase of GDP.
 The study found that, 70% says ecotourism provides employment opportunities to local youth of
local area.
 The results show that, 76% says if planned carefully the negative impact of ecotourism can be
minimized.

5.2 Suggestions:
 Ecotourism is a very good aspect as it creates awareness among each and every individual about
the social conditions. It is also beneficial for the local people as it gives more and more job
opportunities...it also promotes and preserves traditional practices So ecotourism is a must which
must be improved further.
 Ecotourism is a fantastic thought but it needs many developmental aspects. The ecotourism
programs need to be more effective than they are (awareness programs are not up to the mark).
we can overcome the negative impacts of ecotourism through the well-organized eco-friendly
planning.
 Ecotourism is one of the good things for the economy as well as world also... In tourism point of
view safety & facilities is more important to everyone. So that we consider as tourism is good ...
Sometimes we suffer some problems.so it both.
 Ecotourism-Responsible travel to natural areas which helps to conserve the environment and
improve the welfare of local people offers a simple way that travelers can support environmental
protection all year round.
 Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed
natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial
mass tourism.
 Ecotourism helps protect natural habitats and pristine environments. The wealth of poorer
countries is often tied up in natural resources like forests, minerals and land that could be used for
agriculture.
 Ecotourism it's deals with nature and people standards and make the people happier. Ecotourism
is a part of environmental conservation, and understanding what the needs of the people are who
are local to the area so that you can help to improve their quality of life.
 Ecotourism is a responsible travel to a natural area that conserves the environment, sustains the
well-being of local people and integrates interpretation and education.
 Creates new experience of nature & provide awareness about many new things even too enjoy the
nature well. But need some tourism improvements. Summation of both government and private
sectors can lead to a drastic change in the field of tourism in the place like malnad.
 Ecotourism is environmentally friendly activity is to people understand the things and concerns
about the nature. Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth and
environmental sustainability. It is good and we have done proper work and efficiency on that
work to maintain good ecotourism.

 Good concept ecotourism is our responsibility it’s our duty to protect the ecotourism. It's a good
ecological strategy to maintain eco balance with human and environment.
 Travelling is very important to know about social environment practically. Use fees to control the
disciples and improving the tourism places. Government must provide infrastructure facilities to
the tourist. Ecotourism is very good concept it is healthy for environment. Stop anthropological
activities and save natural habitat.
 Always prefer less environmentally damaging vehicles to reach your travel destination. Trains,
buses and ferries are generally more “eco-friendly” than planes or cars, although cycling holidays
are clearly the best possible choice.
 Use public transportation, when possible, and walk or cycle to move around. This will benefit not
only the environment but your health & well-being as well.
 To minimize the environmental impact of your trip, just behave like you were at home: recycle
and reuse, don’t waste water and energy, leave no trace, don’t grab or kill anything, don’t light
unnecessary fires, be wise and travel light.
 Support the local economy by paying a fair price for services and products. Eat locally produced
organic food and enjoy the typical cuisine of the area. Ecotourism can also mean volunteering
with local communities or global NGOs to help protect endangered species and their habitats.
 Waste management is an important aspect for promoting ecotourism. The tourist spots should be
‘plastic free’. Adequate waste boxes should be kept in all tourist areas to keep the surroundings
clean. These wastes should be collected and disposed in a scientific manner. Burning of waste
should be done in safe places under controlled conditions. Hi-tech pollution control equipment is
in continuous operation to ensure and improve our efforts in preventing pollution.
 Separate policies are required for ecotourism, distinguishing it from mainstream tourism
operations. We need long term planning. The Government and other agencies should examine
ways to provide assistance to ecotourism operations research. A holistic and integrated
development of the ecotourism sector would require significant funds in creation of supporting
infrastructure and in capacity building amongst the local community to manage and operate the
sector.
 The central and state governments should allocate necessary funds from time to time for the
purpose to improve roadways, transportation, ensure clean and hygienic environment and
provision of safety and security conditions at tourist spots. Every year, give separate budget for
ecotourism development programs.

5.3 Conclusion:
Ecotourism has expanded fast and in a revolutionary way. It is an offshoot wave of environmental
awareness. Due to tourism’s strong role in the nations and economies of the world, the need for tourism
research is imperative. The movement towards ecotourism in India is at once a threat and an opportunity
to create more sustainable tourism. By diverting tourist traffic to ensure that the carrying capacity of any
destination is not exceeded, by planning for regeneration of natural resources, and by generating
awareness in the host community whereby they are prepared to deal with the negative impact of mass
tourism are the ways of attaining sustainability. International tourists would want to travel in
environmentally friendly ways to environmentally sound destinations. As ecotourism grows in popularity
there are a number of challenges that need to be faced. For eliminating weaknesses mentioned in this
thesis, a planned approach is needed and thereby malnad region can attract more and more eco-tourists
and create an image of one of the world’s best ecotourism destination. Ecotourism has the capacity to
deliver a lot of economic benefits to traditional cultures. However, whether those benefits are realized
depends on how well the ecotourism is managed. There is an urgent need for improved analysis of
ecotourism issues as part of the ecotourism planning and development process. The growth of tourism
without proper control and supervision will endanger the environment. Tourism in ecologically sensitive
area needs close monitoring. In Short, tourism in nature-based areas should be ecologically sustainable.
There should also be provision for learning process for a visitor. Ecotourism could be a tool for
environmental conservation, local empowerment, poverty alleviation and so on. So, it requires well
planning on the basis of regulations. This study reveals that tourism has a positive impact on the social
aspects as it provides more and high-quality services. The economic benefit of such an activity should
accrue to the local population to ensure sustainability. Ecotourism enjoys a significant superiority over
general tourism with regard to tourist arrivals and economic, social and environmental benefits. In a
nutshell, it can be concluded that ecotourism development and protection of environment can be made
possible with the careful planning and execution by the government departments, tourist officials along
with the co-operation of the public. In future, ecotourism will continue to grow in several parts of the
world as a profitable way of life.

Annexure
Bibliography
Questionnaire

Bibliography
Journals
1. Anitha K.P and Dr. B. Chandrashekara conducted a study on A study on prospects and
problems of heritage tourism in Karnataka. 17 April 2017.
2. Anitha. K.P and Dr. B. Chandrashekara conducted a study on Assessment of opportunities and
challenges of tourism industry in Karnataka. volume 3, issue 2, March 2018. Page no, 1675-1678.
3. B. S. Gunarekha and Dr. Binoy. T.A made a study on Community based sustainable tourism
development in Karnataka: A study on Mysuru District.
4. Dayananda. K.C made a study on Tourism and Employment: Opportunities and challenges in
Karnataka- special reference to Kodagu district. Volume 19, issue 11, November 2014.
5. Dr. Amit. K. Chakravarthy made a study on Unemployment problems and tourism industry in
India: A Qualitative Study, volume 4, issue 3, May 2017.
6. Dr. Honnappa and Sujathamma conducted a study on Problems and prospects in tourism
industry with special reference to Karnataka. volume 2, issue 7, July 2016.
7. Dr. K. Nanje gowda, Dr. S. Nagabhushana and Dr. D. Govindappa conducted a study on An
analytical study on future outlook and development of tourism in Chikkamagaluru district of
Karnataka. volume 2, issue 7, July 2014.
8. Dr. Manoj P.K conducted a study on Environmentally friendly tourism for sustainable
economic development in India.
9. Dr. N. Srinivasa Reddy, Dr. G. Venkat Ramana and S.V Konda Reddy Sathi conducted a
study on Need for infrastructure development with special focus on ecotourism, volume 8, issue
10, October 2017.
10. Mosleh Abdu Mosleh Al-Najjar and Ishwara. P conducted a study on Problems and prospects
of tourism industry in India literature review study. Issue 36, volume 1, December 2017.
11. Moushumi Banerjee made a study on Food tourism: An effective Marketing tool for Indian
tourism industry, volume 4, special issue 2, February 2015.
12. Nandagopal. P conducted a study on Society and management participation in ecotourism at
Yana reserve forest, Uttara kannada district, Karnataka. volume 6(2), may-august 2016.
13. Nataraja. T.C. Gundupagi Manjunath and Venkatesh. R conducted a study on Ecotourism in
Karnataka.
14. Nichola Anastasia Ramchurjee and Suresha.S made a study on Ecotourism: A case study of
environmental responsible behavior of tourists in Mysore Karnataka. volume 4(3), March 2014.

15. Parvathy. R. Nair conducted a study on Problems and prospects of ecotourism with special
reference to Konni, volume 6, issue 1(8), January 2019.
16. Shri Manjunath Hongalad and Dr. S.I. Biradar conducted a study on Ecotourism in Uttar
kannada districts and its impact on tourism industry, volume 6, issue 9. September 2019.
17. Srinivasa Murthy B.V and Dr. Noor Afza made a study on Pilgrimage tourism in malnad
region of Karnataka and environmental issues, volume 3, issue 6, June 2015.
18. Vinayaka. R. Naik and B.C. Sanjeevaiah made a study on Role of government in development
of sustainable ecotourism in Karnataka. AJTS,7,1 (2012).
Web Source
 www greenglobaltravel.com
 www tourismnotes.com
 www wedocs.unep.org
 www scholar.google.co.in
 www worldtrips.com
 www holidayiq.com
 www academia.edu
 www shodhganga.inflibnet.com
 https:// drpem.com
 www studocu.com
 http:// greengarageblog.org
 http:// traveltips.ustoday.com
 www tourismreview.com
 https:// en.m.wikipedia.org

QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Sir/Madam
I am pleased to introduce myself Ganesha B M studying 4th semester M.com in Dept. of Post-Graduation
Studies and Research in Commerce, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta. As a part of
my curriculum, I have undertaken the project work entitled on "A Study on Ecotourism in malnad
region-A perceptional Analysis (with special reference to Shivamogga)" under the guidance of Dr.
Prashanth, Faculty member, Dept. of post-graduation studies and research in commerce, Jnana Sahyadri
Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta.
I request you to spend few minutes with this questionnaire and give your opinion. I strongly assure that
the information given by you is kept confidential and only for the academic purpose.
Thanking you
Your faithfully
Ganesha B M
1. Name: ______________________
2. Place: ______________________
3. Gender:
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
4. Age (years):
a. Below 25 ( ) b. 25 – 30 ( )
c. 30-50 ( ) d. Above 50 ( )
5. Marital status
a. Married ( ) b. Unmarried ( )
6.Educational Qualification
a. SSLC ( ) b. PUC ( )
c. Graduation ( ) d. Post-graduation ( )
e. Other ( )
7.Occupation
a. Government employee ( ) b. Professional ( )
c. Student ( ) d. Businessman ( )
e. Other ( )
8.Purpose of travel:
a. Entertainment ( ) b. Education/research ( )
c. Business/Profession ( ) d. Others ( )

9.Source of information to travel a place.

a. Friends ( ) b. Relatives ( )
c. Media ( ) d. Other ( )
10. Which are the following factors influence your travel?
a. Vacation ( ) b. Season ( )
c. Climate ( ) d. Events ( )
e. Other ( )
11.What is your travel motive? Please tick in the appropriate box.
a. Have fun and be entertained ( )
b. See maximum places in time available ( )
c. Feel at home away from home ( )
d. Visit friends and relatives ( )
e. Being together as a family ( )
f. Enjoy the warm climate ( )
g. Enjoy the nature ( )
h. Meet people with similar interests ( )
i. Go to places where one feels safe ( )
j. other ( )
12. If your main motive is to enjoy nature or to enjoy warm climate, please express the factors
influence to you.
a. Wilderness and undisturbed nature ( )
b. Tropical forests ( )
c. learn about nature ( )
d. Birds ( )
e. Trees and wildflowers ( )
f. lakes and streams ( )
g. Photography of landscape and wildlife ( )
h. Mammals ( )
i. National and provincial parks ( )
j. Be physically active ( )
k. Other ( )

13.Are you visited these places of shivamogga. Please tick in appropriate box
a. Hills and mountains ( )
b. Falls ( )
c. Dams ( )
d. Wildlife sanctuaries ( )
e. Other places ( )
14.What are the problems facing when you visited tourist places. Please tick in the cell representing
the reason thereof.
a. Lack of transportation ( )
b. Lack of infrastructure ( )
c. Lack of interest ( )
d. Fear of animal attack ( )
e. Fear of terrorism/theft ( )
f. Drinking water ( )
g. Food and beverages ( )
h. Communication facility ( )
i. Personal safety ( )
j. Other ( )
15.Please express your perception of benefits of ecotourism in shivamogga? Please tick ( ) in the
appropriate box.
Strongly Somewhat Not sure Somewhat Strongly
Ecotourism is an Enjoyable place
Ecotourism Benefits to economy
Ecotourism Creating awareness
Ecotourism is helpful Development
of tourism places

16.Do you agree with the following concerns of ecotourism in shivamogga? Please tick ( ) in the
appropriate box.
Strongly Somewhat Not sure Somewhat Strongly
Absence of visitor education at ecotourism
places
Ecotourism policies Creates damage to
ecology
No enforcement of rules at ecotourism
places
Tourist inflows creates Congestion
(overcrowd) in tourism places
17.What is your perception about the attitude of the Ecotourism authorities in shivamogga? Please
tick in the appropriate box.
Highly Dissatisfied Neutral Highly Satisfied
dissatisfied satisfied
Locating important places
Providing transportation facilities
Providing accommodation
Providing protection
Hospitality attitude
18. Is the role government influence to development of ecotourism in the shivamogga?

Yes ( ) No ( )
19.Which of tourists shows the attitude of damaging environment? Please tick in the appropriate
box.
a. Domestic tourists ( )
b. Foreign tourists ( )
20.Which are the factors causing environmental degradation.

a. Soil ( )
b. Land degradation ( )
c. Desertification ( )

d. Loss of habits ( )
e. Air pollution ( )
f. Waste disposal ( )
g. Noise ( )
h. Ground water depletion ( )
i. Resettlement ( )
j. Ozone layer threat ( )
21.What are the alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation?

a. Zoning of ecotourism destinations ( )
b. Control of tourist vehicles ( )
c. Increased level of public policy discussion ( )
d. Use of fees to control access to important and fragile resources ( )
e. Other ( )
22.Impacts of ecotourism are there please tick in appropriate box.

Yes No
Ecotourism is responsible for overall regional growth
Tourist inflows increases the occupational opportunities
Tourist inflows provide foreign exchange to the state
Tourist inflows create awareness among local youth, which lead them towards
urbanization.
Tourist inflows provide the. guidelines for modernization in infrastructural facilities
Tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities to the children of the area
Tourist inflows improved the self-image of the community
Ecotourism provide the opportunities to local people to learn something new
The increased tourist inflows change the life style of local people
Tourist inflows increases the standard of living
Tourists inflows affect on the local culture
Ecotourism leads towards overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems
Increased tourist inflows create demand for capital and consumer goods resulting
increase of G.D.P.
Ecotourism provide employment to local youth

If planned carefully the negative impacts of ecotourism can be minimized
23. Your valuable opinion about Ecotourism.

…………………………….…………………………….……………………………………………………
…….…………………………….………………....…………………………….…………………………
….………………………………………………………….…………………………….………………....
…………………………….………………
Thanks for your kind information and cooperation.
Date:
Place: Signature

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A Study on Ecotourism in Malnad Region-A Perceptional

Project Report Submitted to Kuvempu University in partial fulfillment of the

I wish to acknowledge my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my mentor, supervisor and

I hereby declare that,

Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Commerce,

SI. Particulars Page

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Research Gap

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Need for the study

1.6 Objectives of the study

1.7 Research Methodology

1.8 Tools and Techniques

1.9 Scope of the study

1.10 Limitations of the study

1.11 Chapter Scheme

2 Chapter-2 Review of Literature 7 - 14

3.2 Definition of ecotourism

3.3 Ecotourism and its emerging

3.4 Application of ecotourism

3.5 Appearance of ecotourism

3.6 Components of ecotourism

3.8 Impacts of ecotourism

3.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of ecotourism

3.10 Key points/ Benefits of ecotourism

3.12 Expansion of ecotourism

3.13 Improving sustainability

SI. No. Table Page

1 4.1 Demographic profile of respondents 52

2 4.2 Gender and purpose of travel 53

3 4.3 Education and purpose of travel 54

4 4.4 Gender and source of information to travel 55

5 4.5 Education and source of information to travel 55-57

6 4.6 Gender and factors influence to travel 57

7 4.7 Education and factors influence to travel 57

8 4.8 Gender and travel motive 58

9 4.9 Education and travel motive 59

12 4.12 Gender and visited places 64

13 4.13 Education and visited places 64-66

14 4.14 Gender and problems at visited places 66

15 4.15 Education and problems at visited places 67-69

16 4.16 Gender and opinion about role of government influence to development of 69

17 4.17 Education and opinion about role of government influence to development 69

18 4.18 Gender and tourist damaging the environment 70

19 4.19 Education and tourist damaging the environment 71

21 4.21 Education and factors causing environmental degradation 73-75

22 4.22 Gender and alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation 75

23 4.23 Education and alternatives available for reducing environmental degradation 76

25 4.25 Education and perception about ecotourism is responsible for overall 78

30 4.30 Gender and tourist inflows create awareness 82

31 4.31 Education and tourist inflows create awareness 83

34 4.34 Gender and tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities 86

35 4.35 Education and tourist inflows increases the educational opportunities 87

43 4.43 Education and tourist inflows increases the standard of living 94

44 4.44 Gender and tourist inflows effect on local culture 95

45 4.45 Education and tourist inflows effect on local culture 95

46 4.46 Gender and ecotourism lead towards environmental problems 96

47 4.47 Education and ecotourism lead towards environmental problems 97

48 4.48 Gender and tourist inflows increases GDP 98

49 4.49 Education and tourist inflows increases GDP 99

50 4.50 Gender and ecotourism provide employment to local youth 100

51 4.51 Education and ecotourism provide employment to local youth 101

52 4.52 Gender and negative impact of ecotourism can be minimized 102