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MATA KULIAH:APLIKASI BAHASA INGGRIS

NUTRITIONAL DISORDER
1A.Defenition Of Nutritional Disorder
Malnutrition is a serious health disorder that occurs when the body does not receive adequate nutrition. In
fact, nutrients are needed by the body to function properly. Malnutrition can occur because the body is
malnourished for a long time. A more precise definition of malnutrition is a condition in which your child
receives less or more of a nutrient than is recommended.With excessive nutritional intake, your little one will
be at risk for obesity. In the short term, this may not have much effect. However, over time, your little one will
experience more health risks due to obesity conditions, such as hypercholesterolemia or dyslipidemia,
diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and many more.But does this put children who receive less nutrition in a safer
position? Of course not. Without proper nutritional intake, your little one will experience stunting which can
become a permanent condition.

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition condition characterized by short stature in children under five years old.
Children who experience stunting will be seen at the age of 2 yearsLack of nutrients such as protein, calories,
and vitamins and minerals can inhibit your little one’s growth. If, you think this obstacle can be targeted at a
skinny body and disproportionately overweight or thin compared to children his age, you are not completely
wrong. However, these two conditions can still be reversed by improving nutritional intake. To better explain
what stunting is, it should be noted that this condition occurs due to malnutrition that occurs over a long
period of time. Stunting conditions cannot be changed if it is more than 2 years and will have an impact on
cognitive development. The reason is, stunting is a concern and dangerous, because it not only affects height,
but also irreversible brain development. If you are an adult, the child will no longer be able to change his
height. Indeed, for a minority of people, this is not a problem. However, stunting can clearly hinder and affect
how a person lives his life. Therefore, the thing that can be done is to avoid it. Conditions that include
malnutrition require a unique approach for each child. It is true that the explanation of what stunting is is the
same for everyone. However, the things that cause stunting can be different.

It could be that your little one does not receive the right intake, is lazy to eat, or has certain health conditions.
So, you should consult a doctor for a more effective approach.

 However, to give you an idea, here are things you can do to avoid stunting!
 Recognize what stunting is and its symptoms
 Consuming iron, folic acid and protein during pregnancy
 Breastfeeding up to 6 months old
 Provide food containing Vitamin A and Vitamin D
 Maintain food hygiene
 Provide accurate and timely complementary foods
 Invite your little one to do physical activity
 The little one sleeps so that the growth hormone can be produced properly

However, it should be realized that stunting is a problem that is of concern to many parties, not only mothers.
This is because stunting is also influenced by other factors, such as economic conditions, housing, or access to
nutrition.

Therefore, various parties, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indonesian Ministry of
Health, have taken various direct approaches to the community. That way, more children will be protected
from the risk of stunting.The signs of a child being malnourished include various things, such as a thin body,
weakness, and not liking to eat. However, apart from that, stunting can also be a serious threat because it
cannot be fixed if it is too late.

B.Carbohydrate Malabsorption
Malabsorption or malabsorption syndrome is a collection of symptoms caused by impaired absorption of one
or more nutrients in the small intestine. This condition can be caused by various things. One of them is
inflammation of the intestines.

Malabsorption syndrome can result in a person experiencing nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition. If

experienced by children, nutritional deficiencies caused by malabsorption syndrome can affect their growth
and development. One of the signs is the weight and height of children who are lower than children his age.
Normally, the process of digestion and absorption of food will go through 3 stages, namely the process of
processing food in the intestine, absorption of nutrients by the intestinal mucosal layer, and the process of
flowing these nutrients throughout the body through the bloodstream. Food malabsorption can occur if there
is a disturbance in one or more of the three stages. Food malabsorption occurs when digestion is unable to
absorb food nutrients. This condition generally occurs due to digestive disorders.Indigestion that affects only
one type of nutrient is easier to treat, such as lactose intolerance, where the body can’t accept lactose.
However, if this digestive disorder affects the intestines and develops more seriously, it can result in a lack of
nutrients, vitamins and minerals in the body.

Some of the diseases and conditions that can cause malabsorption are:

Have pancreatic disease, eg chronic pancreatitis

Have liver or gallbladder disease, such as inflammation of the liver or biliary atresia (absence of bile ducts)

Suffering from diseases of the gut, such as celiac disease, short small bowel syndrome, or colitis

Have had surgery, such as bariatric surgery or removal of part of the small intestine

Suffering from an infectious disease, such as giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, helminth infection, or HIV/AIDS

Have cystic fibrosis, cow’s milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance, or congenital glucose-galactose
malabsorption

Long term use of laxatives or antibiotics

Symptoms of Malabsorption

Malabsorption can include impaired absorption of macro (protein, fat and carbohydrates) or micro (vitamins
and minerals) nutrients. Patients with malabsorption often feel they have eaten a nutritionally balanced diet
but still feel complaints.

This absorption disorder will cause various complaints and symptoms, ranging from persistent diarrhea to
malnutrition.

If described further, some of the symptoms that can appear when a person experiences malabsorption are:

1. Bloating and discomfort in the stomach

2. Stool that is light in color, looks oily, has a bad smell, or is sticky
3. Continuous diarrhea
4. Losing weight
5. Dry skin
6. Low blood pressure
7. Anemia
8. Hair loss
9. Malnutrition
10. Edema (fluid buildup), can be characterized by swelling of the legs
11. Weak muscles
12. Tingling
13. Night blindness

In women, malabsorption can cause disturbances in the menstrual cycle, and can even cause menstruation to
stop. While in children malabsorption can be characterized by disturbances in growth and development.
Growth disorders can be characterized by weight or height that is less than normal.

Malabsorption Treatment
The goals of treatment for malabsorption are to relieve symptoms, treat the underlying disease, and prevent
complications. Here are some of the things that methods do to treat malabsorption:

Fulfillment of body fluids

Patients with malabsorption often have chronic diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea is prone to causing dehydration
which can be fatal. Fulfillment of fluid needs can be done by giving ORS or water if the patient can still drink. If
this is not possible, the fulfillment of fluid needs can be done through intravenous fluids.

Nutritional regulation

Diet and eating patterns are important to prevent complications due to malabsorption. The doctor will adjust
the food menu according to the patient’s condition. For example, if the malabsorption is due to the presence
of celiac disease, the patient will be asked to avoid foods that contain gluten, such as many cereals or
wheat.Likewise, if malabsorption is caused by lactose intolerance, patients will be advised to avoid foods that
contain lactose, such as milk and processed products. Dietary arrangements will also help patients meet their
nutritional needs

Administration of drugs

The administration of drugs is intended to relieve complaints and symptoms experienced by patients with
malabsorption. Several types of drugs are also used to treat the causes of food malabsorption. The drugs that
will be given by the doctor to treat malabsorption are:

Medications to stop diarrhea, eg loperamide

Anti-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory drugs if the malabsorption is caused by a condition that causes

inflammation of the gut, for example corticosteroid drugs

Medicines to treat infections, for example antibiotics if caused by a bacterial infection or deworming if caused
by a worm infection

Vitamin and mineral supplements, to overcome vitamin and mineral deficiencies caused by malabsorption

Protease or lipase supplements, to aid in the digestion of protein or fat, if the malabsorption is caused by a lack
or not enough of these enzymes

In addition, surgery can be performed because of malabsorption caused by a blockage in the bile or biliary
atresia. other types of food.

Malabsorption Complications

Food malabsorption that is not treated or treated too late can increase the risk of certain health problems or
diseases, such as:

 Chronic diarrhea
 Losing weight
 Bone loss
 Anemia
 Tingling
 Numb
 Often forget
 Developmental disorders in children
 Malnutrition

Malabsorption Prevention
 In some conditions, such as due to celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, or lactose intolerance, food
malabsorption cannot be prevented. Regular control and following the recommendations and diet
suggested by the doctor is the best way to prevent the worsening of malabsorption conditions.
If it is caused by an infection, then the best way to prevent it is to avoid infectious diseases by living a
clean and healthy lifestyle.
Also avoid using laxatives or antibiotics indiscriminately and without a doctor’s prescription. If you are
constipated or have difficulty passing stool, consult your doctor before using laxatives.
Likewise, if you have a health condition that requires long-term use of antibiotics, make regular check-
ups with your doctor to monitor your condition.

Malabsorption Prevention
In some conditions, such as due to celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, or lactose intolerance, food
malabsorption cannot be prevented. Regular control and following the recommendations and diet
suggested by the doctor is the best way to prevent the worsening of malabsorption conditions.
If it is caused by an infection, then the best way to prevent it is to avoid infectious diseases by living a
clean and healthy lifestyle.
Also avoid using laxatives or antibiotics indiscriminately and without a doctor’s prescription. If you are
constipated or have difficulty passing stool, consult your doctor before using laxatives.
Likewise, if you have a health condition that requires long-term use of antibiotics, make regular check-
ups with your doctor to monitor your condition.

Appropriate Actions for Food Malabsorption

To ensure the body is experiencing malabsorption of food requires careful examination. One of the
signs of food malabsorption is weight loss, although it is not always absolute as a sign of digestion not
being able to work optimally. Generally, food malabsorption is accompanied by other symptoms, such
as bloating and abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, strong-smelling stools, and feeling weak.
Food malabsorption cannot be tolerated. If it occurs in adults it can cause weight loss, while in
children it can have a greater risk. In addition to losing weight, children’s growth and development
can also be hampered.
Food malabsorption must be treated immediately. The doctor may perform a thorough examination,
to assess the nutritional status of the patient with food malabsorption, as well as to determine the
cause.
The principle of handling to overcome this condition there are two ways, namely:
Fulfillment of nutritional needs the balance of nutritional levels, by providing intake that contains
protein and replacement calories. The need for vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium and
magnesium as much as possible is fulfilled.
Disease treatment
Handling of food malabsorption caused by certain diseases, adjusted to the illness. For example,
people with lactose intolerance should avoid foods containing lactose. Administration of digestive
enzymes such as proteases and lipases may be given to patients with impaired pancreatic function.
The provision of other drugs such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, can be given
with full consideration by the doctor, according to the condition and needs of the patient from the
results of a careful examination.
If you have symptoms of food malabsorption, don’t try totreat it yourself. To determine the cause and
treatment of food malabsorption should be done in consultation with a doctor.

C. Disorders Of Amino Acid Absorption

– Amino acids are one of the most studied groups of organic compounds because of their very
important function in organisms, namely as a building block for proteins.

Amino acids have an important function in the body’s metabolism and are divided into two groups,
namely essential and non-essential amino acids.
Amino Acid Classification
In general, the structure of an amino acid is one carbon atom (C) bonded to the following four
groups:
The amine group (–NH2), which is an organic compound and a functional group consisting of
nitrogen compounds.
The carboxyl group (-COOH), which is also known as alkanoic acid.
Atomic Hydrogen (H), or the substance of air.
Residues (remaining groups), which distinguish one amino acid from another.
Amino acids are divided into two types, namely essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids.
Here is the explanation
 Essential Amino Acids
Essential amino acids are amino acids that are not produced in the body, or if they are produced, the amount
is insufficient for the body’s metabolic needs. For that, the body must get a source of amino acids from outside
by eating foods rich in amino acids.
Amino acids which are essential amino acids include ten types of amino acids that are very important for the
formation of body proteins, such as arginine, isimecine, lysine, methionine, histidine, phenylaline, threonine,
tryptophan, and valine.
amino acids themselves have the following functions:
As forming and repairing body tissues such as connective tissue, muscle tissue, skin, nails and hair.
Energy producer for the body.
Producing antibodies as the body’s immune system.
The following compounds help children grow and develop optimally.
Helps absorb essential minerals such as selenium and zinc.
Helps the formation of hemoglobin in the blood.
Producing collagen and accelerating the wound healing process.
Mood, appetite and sleep cycle.
Because most of the essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body, even though this type of amino
acid is very important in metabolism, it is necessary to consume foods rich in essential amino acids. Types of
foods that are rich in essential amino acids are beef, eggs, milk, fish, beans, and turkey.

 Non-essential Amino Acids

Non-essential amino acids are amino acids that can be made in the body using common organic acids, such as
alanine, arginine, serine, syrocyne, glycine, proline, norkucine, tyrosine, citrulline, and asparagine acid. The
functions of these non-essential amino acids include:
Help speed up wound healing.
Promote blood circulation.
Libido enhancer.
Maximize the absorption of essential minerals, such as magnesium, potassium and calcium.
Meghan is aging prematurely.
Amino acid deficiency in children under 2 years of age can cause stunting and in adults it can cause protein
deficiency which can trigger muscle weakness, difficult to heal wounds, weakness, and easily get sick.
In an effort to meet the needs of amino acids, we do not need to sort out the types of foods that contain
essential or non-essential amino acids, because in every food that is high in protein, there are amino acids
needed by the body.
Although amino acids are very important for the body, we are also not advised to consume food sources of
amino acids in excess because it will have a bad impact on the body.
Too many amino acids contained in the body, the work of the kidneys will become heavier and can result in
impaired kidney performance. Excess amino acids can also increase the risk of osteoporosis, because if the
body has excess protein, more calcium in the body will be excreted.
Eating foods with balanced nutrition and not excessive is the best way to get vitamins and minerals that are
good for the body. In addition, you can also take additional amino acid supplements such as Ketocid from Pyfa
Health to meet your daily needs. Hope it is useful!
There are twenty amino acids that the body uses to form proteins, and nine of them are essential amino acids,
namely,

Histidine, helps repair and growth of body tissues

Isoleucine, produces hemoglobin and carries oxygen throughout the body
Leucine, helps speed up the healing process of injured skin and bones
Lysine, helps the absorption of calcium in the body
Methionine, helps remove or neutralize toxins in the body
Phenylalanine, helps the production of the hormone dopamine which increases happy levels in the brain
Threonine, helps the production of elastin and collagen which keeps the skin bright and healthy.
Tryptophan, produces melatonin, a hormone that helps control sleep cycles, appetite, and mood
Valine, helps maintain emotional balance and stimulates muscle growth and regeneration
In research led by Richard Semba of Johns Hopkins University published in the online journal EBioMedicine, it
was revealed that essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body alone. That’s why, Moms are obliged
to give your little one quality food and contain essential amino acids to encourage maximum growth and
development.

Here are some of the effects if your little one lacks essential amino acids.

1. Children get sick easily

Essential amino acids are used as the main fuel by the immune system, either directly or converted into other
amino acids, such as glutamine or glucose, quoted from The Journal of Nutrition.
If the body lacks essential amino acids, of course, it means that his body’s immunity is reduced and he gets sick
easily.
2. Difficulty Concentration
Lack of essential amino acids is also dangerous for brain development. Moreover, children at the golden age
are the time to absorb many things.
If the intake of essential amino acids is not met, your little one will find it difficult to concentrate and catch the
stimulation that you give.
3. Dull Skin
The essential amino acid threonine is needed by the little one’s body because it is an important component in
the skin and connective tissue.
Its job is to help the production of elastin and collagen which keeps children’s skin healthy and supple. If the
child lacks this essential amino acid, his skin can look dull.
4. Wounds are difficult to heal
In an online journal published by the University of Rochester Medical Center, the essential amino acid leucine
has the ability to help speed up the healing process of your baby’s skin and bones when injured.
Lack of this essential amino acid makes it difficult for children’s wounds to heal and feel sick for longer.
5. Easy Fatigue and Anemia
Essential amino acids also have an important role in the production process of hemogloblin, a protein that
contains lots of iron and red blood cells. Hemogloblin is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the child’s
body.
If your child lacks essential amino acids, especially isoleucine, valine, and histidine, the production of
hemoglobin will be disrupted, causing the child to be easily tired, anemic, and have low blood levels.
6.Easy cranky
The essential amino acid tryptophan is used by the body to make serotonin, which the body uses to produce
melatonin, a hormone that helps control a child’s sleep cycle, appetite, and mood.
Lack of the essential amino acids tryptophan and valine, which maintain a child’s emotional balance, can make
your little one moody and cranky easily. If it’s cranky, Moms must have had a hard time calming it down.
7.Experiencing Stunting
From a previous study led by Richard Semba, it was found that a lack of essential amino acids in food intake
can cause children to be malnourished and experience stunted growth in height or stunting.
Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body so they need to be taken from food. There are several
types of essential amino acids with their respective functions. Get to know what foods are sources of these
essential amino acids so you can get enough of them.
The body needs at least 20 types of amino acids which are the building blocks of protein. Nine of them are
classified as essential amino acids and the rest are non-essential amino acids.
Essential amino acids cannot be produced by the body, so they must be obtained from food. Food sources of
essential amino acids need to be consumed regularly in sufficient quantities, so that the body’s needs for these
nutrients can be met.
Foods Containing Essential Amino Acids
Sources of essential amino acids can be in the form of foods containing animal protein or foods containing
vegetable protein. Here are various types of essential amino acids and foods that can be consumed to obtain
them:
1. Isoleucine
Isoleucine is a BCAA (branched-chain amino acid) that builds the most muscle. This amino acid also has an
important role in regulating energy levels in the body, increasing endurance, and producing hemoglobin.
You can get isoleucine from beef. In addition, eggs, milk, and dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, can
also be sources of isoleucine for your daily consumption.
2. Lysine
Lysine plays an important role in the production of various tissue-building proteins, hormones, enzymes, and
antibodies. Consuming these essential amino acids in sufficient quantities can increase endurance, and keep
hormones and enzymes in the body working properly.
Fish and eggs are foods that contain quite a lot of lysine. In addition, you can also get lysine from beef, chicken,
seafood, milk, and dairy products.
3. Leucine
This essential amino acid has many roles in the body, ranging from helping the wound healing process,
producing growth hormone, increasing muscle strength, and regulating blood sugar levels.
Salmon is included in foods that are high in leucine content. Other sources of leucine that you can consume
are chickpeas, eggs, soybeans, and nuts.
4. Valin
Similar to leucine, valine also has an important role in stimulating growth hormone and repairing muscle
damage. In addition, valine also plays a role in supplying energy for the body.
One of the foods with high levels of valine is fresh egg whites. In addition, valine can also be be obtained from
milk and dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, although the amount is not as much as in eggs.
5.Histidine
Histidine is a type of essential amino acid that is important for children. This is because histidine has a role in
the development and maintenance of various body tissues, including nervous tissue.
Cod, chicken, turkey, and kidney beans are foods that are high in histidine.
6. Methionine
This essential amino acid plays a role in metabolism and detoxification in the body. Not only that, methionine
can also help the body absorb the minerals zinc and selenium from food.
You can get a lot of methionine from egg whites. In addition, fish and meat also contain quite a lot of
methionine.
7. Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine plays an important role in the formation of other amino acids that are also needed by the body.
The body will also convert this essential amino acid into tyrosine and dopamine which are important for brain
function.
The essential amino phenylalanine type is most commonly found in plant-based protein sources, such as seeds
and nuts. In addition, animal products such as beef, seafood, and eggs are also known to be high in
phenylalanine.
8. Tryptophan
In the body, tryptophan is used to make serotonin, a hormone that regulates appetite, sleep, mood, and pain.
Chicken and turkey are foods that contain quite a lot of tryptophan. Fish, tofu, chocolate, soy, nuts, and seeds.
In addition to consuming foods that are sources of essential amino acids, you also need to eat a variety of
foods with balanced nutrition to meet the intake of other nutrients. If necessary, consult a nutritionist to get a
daily menu recommendation that is healthy and according to your needs.

D. Disorders Of Fat Digestion

Fat refers to a large group of natural molecules consisting of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins,
monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, terpenoids and others. Other.
Fat is also one of the three vital macronutrients that our bodies need in large amounts to
carry out daily activities. It is a type of lipid-protein that provides energy, cushions organs,
helps cells grow and reproduce, and keeps the body warm.
Almost all the food you eat in a day contains some amount of fat. The difference is that
some of them are healthy and necessary for optimal health, while others can pave the way
for a myriad of health problems.
For your internal organs to function efficiently, you not only need to eat healthy fats, but
your body must be able to digest them. Fat that is not digested properly can lead to various
conditions such as liver disorders, small bowel syndrome, and problems with the small
intestine.

Here are five signs that your body is not absorbing fat as efficiently as compiled from
Times of India.

.Floating dirt
Illustration of Urinating in the Bathroom Enlarge
Source: Freepik
Your stools reveal many secrets about your health and if you see them floating in your toilet,
it means fat is not being digested properly. This type of stool is paler in color and keeps
coming back to the surface after you flush.
If it happens once in a while then there is nothing to worry about. When the stomach is
digesting fat properly, the stool is medium to dark brown in color and smells good.

Gastric pains
Stomach ache illustration/freepic Enlarge
Sick stomach illustration/freepik
We tend to experience heartburn after eating spicy or oily food or after eating in a hurry.
But if you experience heartburn even after eating a healthy diet then it could be a sign of fat
indigestion. Check with your doctor for any underlying causes or health conditions.

Pain under the ribs

Stomach ache illustration/pexels Enlarge
Sick stomach illustration/pexels
When your body has difficulty producing the special enzymes needed to digest fat, you can experience pain
under your ribs. It occurs due to a build-up of gas and low-grade inflammation. The pain usually lasts for 30 or
40 minutes after eating fatty foods

Skin problems
Accelerates Exfoliation of the Skin and Prevents Acne Enlargement
Acne free face illustration
Dull and dry skin; Wounds that scar easily and take a long time to heal are visible signs of fat indigestion. Our
skin is a water-insoluble fat barrier that protects our internal organs from the outside world.
To perform its function properly it needs fat. Lack of these nutrients can leave your skin dry, scaly and itchy,
which can easily scar.

Lack of energy
Illustration of weak body due to too much sleep/pexels Enlarge
Illustration of a weak body due to too much sleep/pexels
Our bodies also need fat to produce some energy as well as carbohydrates. Having a poor diet, which is low in
carbohydrates, makes your body burn fat. When you add enough healthy fats to your diet, you will stay
energized and active throughout the day.
Here’s how the body digests fat from start to finish.

1. Mouth
Digestion has already started as soon as you put food in your mouth. When chewing, the teeth will break the
food into small pieces while the lipase enzyme from saliva also breaks down the texture so that later the food
is easier to swallow.

2. Esophagus (esophagus)
The mashed food will then flow through the esophagus. This flow occurs because in the esophagus peristalsis
occurs which makes the muscles in the throat move continuously to push food into the stomach.

3. Stomach
In the stomach, the muscles of the stomach wall will work like a blender to stir and mix all the food you have
just swallowed with the food you have previously eaten.

In addition, the lining of your stomach will naturally produce acids and enzymes to break down food
chemically. This is done so that the fat can be broken down into much more refined parts that can be digested
directly in the small intestine.

4. Small intestine
The actual process of fat digestion occurs after the food you swallow is in the small intestine. Fat is not soluble
in water, so the fat emulsification (mixing) process is necessary.
In the upper part of the small intestine, more precisely the duodenum, the process of mechanical fat
emulsification continues with the help of bile acids produced from the gallbladder. Bile acids are substances
that are able to emulsify fats and change their size to be hundreds of times smaller than their normal size
At the same time, the pancreas, a small organ located under the stomach, produces lipase enzymes to
hydrolyze fat into glycerol and fatty acids. Both compounds will react with bile salts to produce smaller fat
molecules, called micelles.
After the fat molecules are converted into micelles, the lipase enzyme works again to break down the fat
molecules into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which will then pass through the small intestine. After
successfully passing through the small intestine, fatty acids are converted into triglycerides, combining with
cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins to form new structures called chylomicrons.
The protein coating of the chylomicrons makes these molecules water soluble. As a result, fat can be directly
channeled through the lymph vessels and blood flow to various body tissues that need it.
As chylomicrons move through the bloodstream, they carry triglycerides to adipose tissue. 20 percent of the
triglycerides are then sent to the liver to be broken down and absorbed by liver cells or used to produce
energy. All of your cells can use fatty acids for energy, except for those in your brain, red blood cells, and eyes.

5. Large intestine and anus

The remaining fat that cannot be absorbed by the body will later enter the large intestine to be excreted from
the body through the anus in the form of feces. This is known as the defecation process.

How long does it take for the body to digest fat?

Basically, everyone has a different digestive system and response to food. This is what makes everyone digest
fatty foods at different times.
There are many factors that affect how long fatty foods can be absorbed by the body. Some of these include
psychological conditions, gender, to the type of food you consume.
Foods high in protein and fatty foods, such as meat and fish, take longer to digest than foods high in fiber, such
as fruit and vegetables. While sweets, such as candy, biscuits, and pastries, are examples of fast-digesting
foods.
In general, it takes about 24 to 72 hours for the body to completely digest fatty foods. According to research
conducted by the Mayo Clinic, the average digestion time for men is 33 hours and for women 47 hours.
Types of fat that can increase bad cholesterol
You need to know, the type of fat contained in different foods. There are good fats and bad fats. So, actually
not all fatty foods are bad for the body. This type of good fat is actually needed for the body to help carry out
its normal functions.
Fatty foods can affect the balance of cholesterol levels in the body because fatty acids bind to liver cells and
regulate cholesterol production.
Types of fat that can increase bad cholesterol in the body are saturated fat and trans fat. This is the link
between fatty foods and bad cholesterol (LDL).
Saturated fats are found in meat and processed meat products, as well as dairy products. Excess saturated fat
intake can trigger the liver to produce more bad cholesterol in the body.
Trans fats can be found in solid oil products, so they are found in many fried products. For example, junk food,
fried foods, and packaged foods. This type of fat is very unhealthy, because in addition to causing an increase
in bad cholesterol, trans fats can also reduce good cholesterol levels in the body.
Fatty foods and cholesterol can actually support each other
Not all fatty foods should be avoided. Healthy fats are actually needed by the body to help carry out its
functions. Healthy fats are unsaturated fats, including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
This type of fat is said to be good because it can help improve the work of the liver in reabsorbing and
destroying bad cholesterol in the body, as quoted from Medical News Today. That way, consuming
unsaturated fats can help lower bad cholesterol levels in the body and increase good cholesterol levels.

Fat helps our body in the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Fat also plays a role in protecting vital organs,
nerve cells, and brain. In addition, fat helps build cells and produce hormones, so the body can function
properly. The presence of fat can help regulate body temperature and make the body warm.

Fats are molecules that are insoluble in water or very slightly soluble in water. Because fat is not soluble in
water, a fat emulsification or mixing process is necessary. Most of the fat we eat and digest is fat in the form of
triglycerides. The addition of fat in food can give a delicious taste effect and the texture of the food becomes
soft and savory. However, keep in mind that fat takes longer to digest than other foods and the time it takes to
digest it varies by type of fat. The types of fat that are in the diet include:

Monounsaturated fats: Unsaturated fats can lower LDL (bad cholesterol) levels and maintain HDL (good
cholesterol) levels in the body. These fats can reduce the risk of heart disease and can also help reduce the risk
of type 2 diabetes. These fats can be found in avocados, olive oil, and nuts.

Polyunsaturated fats: Polyunsaturated fats can help lower LDL levels in the body. Omega-6 and omega-3 are
included in the type of polyunsaturated fat. This fat is found in salmon and tuna.

Trans fat: Trans fat is an unhealthy type of fat because it can increase LDL levels in the body, so it can increase
the risk of stroke, type 2 diabetes, and heart problems if consumed in excess. This type of fat is found in
processed products such as French fries, fast food, and chocolate.

Saturated fat: Saturated fat is included in the fat that should be avoided because it can increase LDL in the
body. This fat can be found in butter, red meat, milk, cheese, or chicken skin.

Of these types of fat, trans fat and saturated fat tend to be more difficult for our bodies to digest. The process
of fat digestion in the body involves a series of processes that begin when food enters our mouths.

How is the process of our body in digesting fat from beginning to end?
Digestion begins when food enters the mouth. When chewing, the teeth will grind the food and break it into
small pieces. Glands on the tongue will produce lipase enzymes (enzymes that break down fat) where these
enzymes and saliva will crush food to make it easier to swallow. The mashed food then passes through the
esophagus where there is a squeezing motion, namely the muscles of the esophagus move continuously to
push the food into the stomach. The stomach lining will produce acid and lipase enzymes to break down fat
chemically. The muscles of the stomach wall will work to mix all the food. This is done so that the fat can be
broken down into much more refined and digestible parts in the intestines. Digestion with enzymes from the
mouth and stomach is not dominant, only 10% of all digestion will occur and has little effect on the digestion of
fat itself.
Our stomachs take longer to digest fat than carbohydrates or protein, so high-fat foods can make us feel full
faster. The longer it stays in the stomach, the more stomach acid is produced to help digest these
After passing through the stomach, the food will enter the duodenum, where the fat emulsification process
continues with the help of bile acids produced by the gallbladder. At the same time, the pancreas produces
lipase enzymes to emulsify fats. The lipase enzyme produced by the pancreas is the most effective enzyme for
digesting fat. The fat fractions will react with bile salts to produce even smaller molecules called micelles. After
fat molecules become micelles, the lipase enzyme works again to break down molecules so they can pass
through the small intestine, where fat digestion is most abundant and mainly occurs in the small intestine.
During this process, fat and cholesterol are packaged into tiny particles called chylomicrons. The protein layer
on chylomicrons is made water soluble so that fat can be directly channeled through lymph vessels and then
distributed throughout the body through our bloodstream to be used or stored as energy, cell repair, and
growth of various body tissues that need it. Fat that cannot be absorbed by the body will be excreted in the
feces.

Fat Refers to a large group of natural molecules consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids,
glycolipids, terpenoids and others – other.

E. Disorders Of Metal Absorption

Heavy metals are metal elements that have a density greater than 5 g/cm3 Heavy metals
are metallic elements with high molecular weights. In low levels, heavy metals are generally
toxic to plants and animals, including humans. Including heavy metals that often pollute
habitats are Hg, Cr, Cd, As, and Pb including Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Ni. Heavy metals Cd, Hg, and
Pb are called non-essential metals and at certain levels become toxic metals for living things.

Metals are unique toxicants. Metals are found and persist in nature but their chemical form
can change due to physicochemical, biological, or human activities. Metals in nature are
found in the form of compounds with other elements and are very rarely found in single
elements. This element in room temperature conditions is not always in solid form, but
there is a liquid, for example mercury (Hg). In water, metals are generally in the form of
ions, either as ion pairs or in the form of single ions (Lestari, 2010).
Heavy metals are chemical elements with specific gravity greater than 5 g/cm3, located in
the lower right corner of the periodic system, have a high affinity for element S, and atomic
numbers 22 to 92 from periods 4 to 7. Can be found in dissolved and insoluble forms.
Dissolved heavy metals are metals that form complexes with organic and inorganic
compounds, while undissolved heavy metals are colloidal particles and metal group
compounds that are adsorbed on suspended particles (Purnama, 2009).
From a toxicological point of view, heavy metals can be divided into two types. The first type
is essential heavy metals, where their presence in certain amounts is needed by living
organisms, but in excessive amounts can cause toxic effects. Examples of these heavy
metals are Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, and so on. The second type is non-essential or toxic heavy
metals, where their presence in the body is still unknown or even toxic, such as Hg, Cd, Pb,
Cr and others (Darmono, 1995). These heavy metals can pollute the environment.
Heavy metal pollution can cause various problems including those related to aesthetics
(changes in smell, color and taste of water), harmful to plant and animal life, harmful to
human health, and causing damage to ecosystems. Some of the heavy metals are essential
for aquatic organisms for their growth and development, including the formation of
hemocyanin in the blood system and enzymatic activity in biota. However, if the amount of
heavy metal enters the body in excess, it will change its function to become toxic to the
body (Darmono, 1995). Based on their chemical and physical properties, the level or toxicity
of heavy metals to aquatic animals can be ranked (from high to low) as follows: mercury
(Hg), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) , nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). The list
in order of highest to lowest metal toxicity to humans who consume fish is as follows: Hg2+
> Cd2+ >Ag2+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+ > As2+ > Cr 2+ > Sn2+ > Zn2+.

Metal Contamination in Food

In accordance with the decision of the Director General of Drug and Food Control
No.03725/B/SK/VII/1989 concerning the maximum limit of metal contamination in food, it is
regulated that the maximum limit of metal contamination allowed in several food products
is:
Arsenic (As) 0.1 – 1.0 mg/kg
Lead (Pb) 0.1 – 10 mg/kg
Copper (Cu) 0.1 – 150 mg/kg
Zinc (Zn) 2.0 – 100 mg/kg
Tin (Sn) 40 mg/kg
Mercury 0.03 – 0.5 mg/kg
Every increase in blood lead levels by 10-20 g/dl, can lower IQ by 3 pins on average.
Maximum allowable metal content in water (in mg/L):
Calcium (Ca): 200
Magnesium (Mg): 150
Barium (Ba): 0.05
Iron (Fe): 1
Manganese (Mn): 0.5
Copper (Cu): 1
Zinc (Zn): 15
Chrome (Cr 6+): 0.05
Cadmium (Cd): 0.01
Mercury (Hg): 0.00
Lead (Pb): 0.1
Arsenic (As): 0.05
Selenium (Se): 0.01
Mercury (Hg)
Mercury (Hg) has the atomic number 80; atomic weight 200.59; specific gravity 13.55 g/cm
3; melting point -38.9 °C; boiling point 357.3 °C; steam pressure 163 x 10-3 Pa; water
solubility 60 g/l at 20 °C, 250 g/l at 50 °C with a conversion factor of 1 mg/kg = 8.34 mg/m
3.1 mg/m3 = 0.12 mg/kg. MercuryMercury is a heavy metal that is dangerous and can occur
naturally in the environment, as a result of mineral degradation in nature through
weather/climate processes, from wind and water. Mercury compounds can be found in the
air, soil and water near dirty and dangerous places. Mercury can combine with other
compounds such as chlorine, sulfur or oxygen to form inorganic mercury compounds or
salts. Most inorganic mercury compounds are white powders or solutions except for
mercury sulfide (known as cinnabar) which is red and turns black when exposed to light.
Generally, mercury is found in nature in the form of metallic mercury, mercury sulfide,
mercury chloride and methyl mercury.
Heavy metals include hazardous and toxic materials that are usually produced by industry in
the form of waste. Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) are some of the
heavy metals that are toxic to humans. The toxic effects that appear on the tissues and
organs of the body are the result of the interaction of heavy metals with important cell
molecules that damage the structure and function of cells in the target organ. Lead (Pb) is a
heavy metal with a soft consistency and black in color. There are many industries that use
Pb as raw material, such as the battery and accumulator industry, and many industries that
produce Pb-containing products, such as the paint industry and other dyes. Heavy metal Pb
can poison the human body both acutely and chronically. Organic Pb compounds have a
stronger toxicity than inorganic Pb compounds. Pb compounds can enter the human body
by way of the respiratory tract, the digestive tract of food or direct contact with the skin.
The entry of Pb particles through the respiratory tract is very important and is the dominant
route of entry into the body. Acute Pb poisoning can cause physiological disturbances and
chronic poisoning effects in children who are experiencing growth and development will
cause physical and mental growth disorders.
Heavy metal mercury (Hg) is a silvery white liquid with a freezing point of –38.87oC and a
boiling point of 356.90oC and a specific gravity of 13.6 and an atomic weight of 200.6.
Exposure to heavy metals Hg, especially methyl mercury can increase fetal abnormalities
and death at birth and can cause Fetal Minamata Disease as happened to Japanese
fishermen in Minamata Bay. In addition to the above, Hg can cause brain damage, motor
nerve damage, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. Exposure in the workplace primarily
to inorganic mercury in men can cause impotence and libido disorders, while in women it
can cause menstrual disorders.
Cadnium heavy metal (Cd) is a natural material found in the earth’s crust. Pure cadnium (Cd)
heavy metal is a soft white metal, but this form is not commonly found in the environment.
Cadnium is generally found in combination with other elements such as oxygen (cadnium
oxide), chlorine (cadnium chloride) and sulfur (cadnium sulfide). This compound is a stable,
non-volatile solid, but cadnium oxide is often found as small particles in air. Most cadnium is
a by-product in the casting of zinc, lead or copper. Cadnium is widely used in various
industries, especially metal plating, pigments, batteries and plastics.
The effect of arsenic on reproductive function is usually fatal and can also be in the form of
defects in the baby at birth, commonly known as the malformation effect. In the
immunological system, there is a decrease in body resistance / decreased immunity, as a
result, it is sensitive to carcinogens (cancer triggers) and viral infections. In the cell system,
the effect on the cell causes damage to the mitochondria in the cell nucleus causing the
cell’s energy to decrease and the cell can die.
Heavy Metal Contamination in foodstuffs is regulated nationally by Regulation of the Head
of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Number HK.00.06.1.52.4011 of 2009 concerning
Determination of Maximum Limits of Microbial and Chemical Contamination in Food.
Internationally regulated under the regulations of the World Health Organization (

F. Disorders of Protein Digestion

Protein is one of a number of important nutrients that contribute
various benefits to the body. Starting from donating energy, building
cells and body tissues, repairing damaged cells and tissues, boosting
the immune system, and helping maintain fluid balance.
Sources of protein are divided into two, namely from animals
(animals) and plants (vegetables). You can get sources of animal
protein by eating red meat, chicken, fish, eggs, and dairy products.
While sources of vegetable protein can be easily obtained from nuts,
wheat, seeds, tempeh, tofu, broccoli, and others.

1.Starting from the mouth

All food that enters the body will be chewed first in the mouth.
Likewise with foods that contain protein. The goal is to produce
smaller and smoother forms of food so as to facilitate the digestive
process.

2. Digested into a smaller form in the stomach

After the texture of the food is completely mashed and smooth, the
food will be swallowed and then enter the digestive system in the
stomach. Here, the stomach starts to run and creates an acidic
atmosphere that will activate the protease enzymes.
Protein contained in food, will be converted by protease enzymes
into smaller forms, namely amino acids. It doesn’t stop there, the
pepsin enzyme as one of the main protease enzymes will also
convert proteins into smaller sizes, which are called peptides.

3. Protein is readily absorbed in the small intestine

If the task in the stomach has been completed, then the amino acids
will enter the small intestine which is located between the stomach
and large intestine. At the same time, the pancreas will release
bicarbonate, which is stored to neutralize any acid particles that may
be carried away from the stomach.
Although it has been broken down into smaller ones, amino acids
and peptides still cannot be absorbed, they must be digested again
into simpler forms. Well, this process requires the help of enzymes
trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, in order to decompose
amino acids and peptides.
Furthermore, the simplest proteins will be absorbed by the walls of
the small intestine. In the wall of the small intestine, there are
sections called villi and microvilli that facilitate the absorption of
amino acids.
After that, the amino acids will enter the bloodstream along with
other nutrients that have also been absorbed by the small intestine.
Blood flow will pass through all body cells and distribute amino acids
to the parts that need it, including muscle cells.
Other body parts also take part in digesting protein
The process of protein digestion does not only rely on the work of a
series of digestive systems. Nerves and hormones in the body also
have a role in delivering signals and regulating the work of the
digestive organs, so that they carry out their duties according to their
functions.
Take for example, the hormone gastrin in the stomach will stimulate
the cells in it to produce acid. While the hormone secretin plays a
role in regulating the production of bicarbonate enzymes in the
pancreas. Likewise with the hormone cholecystokinin which will
signal the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, proteins and other
nutrients.
On the other hand, the body’s nervous system can help the process
of protein digestion by providing nerve stimulation that signals that
there is food that must be processed in the digestive tract. This nerve
stimulation will later help move food from one place to another in
the digestive system according to the stages
Signs of protein deficiency
Easily hungry
One of the most common consequences of protein deficiency is
hunger. You see, protein keeps blood sugar levels stable. When the
amount of protein is not enough, the glucose level becomes
unbalanced.
As a result, your body will encourage you to keep eating as if you
haven’t gotten enough energy. If left unchecked, this can increase
the risk of obesity or overweight.
Cognitive disorders
In addition to being hungry easily, a lack of protein can trigger
fluctuations in blood sugar that can affect brain health. As a result,
the brain becomes difficult to focus, think, to often feel dazed.
This has been proven through studies from Brain Disorders &
Therapy. The study revealed that a low-protein diet affects the
communication of neurons that change the nervous system
(neurotransmitters).
This condition may occur because the body cannot release
carbohydrate nutrients for energy and move the brain due to a lack
of protein. Therefore, meeting daily protein needs is important for
maintaining brain health.
Signs of protein deficiency
1.Easily hungry
One of the most common consequences of protein deficiency is hunger. You see, protein
keeps blood sugar levels stable. When the amount of protein is not enough, the glucose
level becomes unbalanced.
As a result, your body will encourage you to keep eating as if you haven’t gotten enough
energy. If left unchecked, this can increase the risk of obesity or overweight.
2. Cognitive disorders
In addition to being hungry easily, a lack of protein can trigger fluctuations in blood sugar
that can affect brain health. As a result, the brain becomes difficult to focus, think, to often
feel dazed.
This has been proven through studies from Brain Disorders & Therapy. The study revealed
that a low-protein diet affects the communication of neurons that change the nervous
system (neurotransmitters).
This condition may occur because the body cannot release carbohydrate nutrients for
energy and move the brain due to a lack of protein. Therefore, meeting daily protein needs
is important for maintaining brain health.
3.Some parts of the body swell (edema)
Edema occurs when fluid builds up in tissues and body cavities causing swelling. One of the
causes of edema is protein deficiency.
When you do not get enough protein intake, the body also lacks serum albumin. Serum
albumin is a type of protein that is stored and circulated in the blood.
When the body lacks albumin, swelling of the affected body part appears. It may also occur
because protein deficiency makes it difficult for the body to regulate and maintain fluid and
electrolyte balance.
Keep in mind that edema is a symptom of severe protein deficiency, also known as
kwashiorkor. This condition is generally characterized by swelling of the abdomen, or a
distended abdomen with a thin body.
4.Loss of muscle mass
It is no secret that protein plays an important role in supporting muscle growth and
strength. This is because the body’s muscle tissue is the part that stores and uses the most
protein.
When you have a protein deficiency, the protein in skeletal muscle will be slowly taken up to
meet protein requirements. It’s no wonder that muscles that don’t get enough protein will
shrink and their mass will drop too.
Not only that, you can also feel pain and cramping due to this lack of macronutrients.
5.Fatty liver
Generally, fatty liver is caused by excessive alcohol abuse. However, this liver problem can
also be caused by a protein deficiency.
The exact cause is unknown, but experts think it may be because the body doesn’t produce
enough lipoproteins. This type of protein is responsible for transporting fat.
As a result, the accumulation of fat in the liver can cause liver function failure if left
unchecked.
6. Hair loss
There are many things that can cause hair loss and one of them is protein deficiency. The
reason is, hair contains 90% protein and a lack of protein can make hair brittle and fall out.
In addition, the hair becomes drier, changes color, and becomes visibly thin.
However, experts still need further research. This aims to find out what the exact cause of
protein deficiency affects hair health.
7. Skin and nail problems
People who are deficient in protein often experience changes in the skin and nails. How not,
both of these things are mostly made of protein.
For example, kwashiorkor in children can be distinguished by features of problematic skin,
such as:
Chipped or cracked,
Looks flushed, as well
Skin rash.
On the other hand, protein deficiency can make your nails brittle easily because this part
contains quite a lot of keratin. However, skin and nail problems are common in very severe
cases of protein deficiency.

G. Disorders Of Vitamin Absorption

Vitamin deficiency is one of the most common nutritional problems worldwide. This
condition, which is also known as vitamin deficiency or avitaminosis, occurs when the body
does not get the vitamins it needs.
This nutritional problem can afflict everyone from every age group. However, those most at
risk are pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children. This is because their nutritional
needs are greater than other groups.
Unfortunately, vitamin deficiency is often only diagnosed or even detected when the
condition is severe enough. In fact, even a mild level of avitaminosis can cause real health
problems
Causes of vitamin deficiency include an unbalanced diet, taking medications that interfere
with nutrient absorption, or both. In addition, there are also several medical conditions that
can cause vitamin deficiency, such as:
Crohn’s disease,
Intestinal bacterial imbalance,
Celiac disease,
Autoimmune disorders,
Colon cancer, as well as
Thinning of the stomach wall due to gastritis.
A study in the journal Advances in Nutrition also found a link between avitaminosis and
bariatric surgery. This surgery may affect food intake or digestion, increasing the risk of
certain nutritional deficiencies.

Below are various symptoms that may appear based on the type of vitamin.
1. Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A is best known for its benefits for maintaining eye health. In fact, the body actually
also needs this vitamin to support the function of the immune system and maintain healthy
skin.
The following are common symptoms of vitamin A deficiency.
Night blindness is caused by a lack of a light pigment called rhodopsin.
Xerophthalmia, which is thickening of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye.
Keratomalacia, which is a condition when the cornea is eroded or injured.
The appearance of keratin spots in the eyes so that vision becomes blurred.
Dry eyes due to decreased tear production.
Wound healing is slower.
The appearance of acne and breakouts.

Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Adequate intake of vitamin D also plays a role in
maintaining the function of the immune system, nervous system, and muscles. This is why
you need to meet the needs of vitamin D from the food that is the source.
Vitamin D deficiency can cause a variety of symptoms, including:
Easy fatigue or pain for no apparent reason,
High blood pressure,
Muscle cramps, weakness, or pain,
Bone pain, and
Drastic mood swings.

Vitamin E deficiency
Vitamin E is a micronutrient as well as an antioxidant that is beneficial for the body.
Avitaminosis E is very rare in otherwise healthy people. This condition usually begins with a
disease that interferes with digestion or fat absorption.
Once a person has a vitamin E deficiency, possible symptoms include:
A tingling feeling in the arms or legs,
Movement disorders,
Susceptible to infection,
Muscle weakness, and
Visual impairment

Vitamin K deficiency
The main function of vitamin K is to help the blood clotting process. Deficiency of this
vitamin is rare in otherwise healthy people. However, the risk is increased in people who
regularly take blood-thinning medications or have impaired fat absorption.
Vitamin K deficiency generally has the following characteristics.
Body bruises easily.
Small blood clots form under the nails.
Stool is black and sometimes mixed with blood.
Bleeding occurs in the tissue that lines the inside of the body.

Vitamin B complex deficiency

Vitamin B complex includes eight types of B vitamins with their respective functions. In
general, this group of vitamins plays a role in nerve function, energy formation, blood
circulation, and cell development.
Vitamin B complex deficiency can cause symptoms such as:
Lethargic body,
Muscle weakness,
The appearance of tingling in the feet and hands,
Balance disorders,
Susceptible to disease,
Rough and dry skin,
The appearance of sores on the tip of the lips, and
Changes in the color of the skin, hair, or nails.

Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin C apparently is not just a nutrient that can prevent canker sores. This vitamin also
helps protect body cells, aids wound healing, and maintains healthy skin, bones, blood
vessels, and cartilage.
Vitamin C deficiency usually causes the following signs.
Dry, dull, or damaged-looking skin.
Nails look like spoons.
Body bruises easily.
Joints are painful and swollen.
Wounds heal longer.
Bleeding gums and loose teeth.
Easy to get sick.
Weak body and bad mood.
The condition of avitaminosis can have serious consequences. In certain groups, this
condition can even cause dangerous health problems. One way to prevent it is to follow a
balanced nutritional diet.
A variety of foods will provide your body with different vitamins. In this way, the risk of
developing a vitamin deficiency can be reduced.

H. Growth Problems
What is a Growth Problem
Children who go through puberty show changes in their bodies, including their growth and
physical development. Some children may be shorter or taller than their average age. This
may be due to various factors that are considered normal. Having a shorter body length or
height than other children is not necessarily a problem that hinders normal growth and
development.
However, some patients may experience growth retardation. This condition prevents
children from growing normally in terms of weight, height, other physical characteristics,
and sexual maturity. Growth disorders are usually the pituitary gland, which is responsible
for producing growth hormone that triggers the musculoskeletal system. Too much or too
little of this growth hormone can cause problems for the individual in the long run.
There are many types of growth disorders, including the following:
Dwarfism. This disorder involves different slow growth, which can be caused by hundreds of
different medical conditions. There are two basic types of dwarfism: proportional dwarfism,
in which the patient’s body looks normal and proportionate, but is smaller than usual; and
disproportionate dwarfism, in which one or more body parts appear too large or too small in
another for the average body size.
Acromegaly. This rare condition occurs due to excessive growth hormone production during
puberty. As a result, growth in height and size is abnormal, distorts the face, and results in
serious health complications as the patient ages.
Turner syndrome. This condition occurs due to a complete, partial or complete lack of the X
chromosome in female patients. Girls who suffer from this condition do not show signs of
normal sexual maturity during and after puberty, such as menstruation, breast
development, and the ability to bear children.
Gigantism. With this condition, the patient grows excessively
To have a height that is well above average. Like acromegaly, gigantism is characterized by
overproduction of growth hormone.
Sekel syndrome. This term is known as birds with small heads, this condition causes distinct
facial features and stunted growth in patients.
Causes of Disruptive Conditions
Growth disorders can be caused by conditions that affect the pituitary gland. However,
there are also other causes that are classified according to the type of disorder, namely:
Dwarfism
70 percent of all patients with dwarfism suffer from achondroplasia, a condition that causes
aberrant skull growth, abnormal increase in spinal curvature, and shortening of proximal
extremities. Research shows that this condition is usually the father of the patient.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), a condition that prevents the body from producing
sufficient amounts of growth hormone, or somatotropin. Malnutrition, [stress]
(/en/info/condition/stress), and genetic mutations can cause this condition.
Noonan syndrome
Turner syndrome
Dystrophic Dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Osteogenesis is not perfect
Hypochondroplasia

Acromegaly
Benign tumors of the pituitary gland, also known as pituitary adenomas, are the leading
cause of acromegaly, accounting for more than ninety percent of cases.
Benign tumors in any part of the body, including the adrenal glands, lungs, and pancreas
Turner Syndrome Causes
A genetic problem, which prevents the X chromosome from fully forming in the patient’s
cells
Gigantism Cause
Excess growth hormone
Sekel Sindrom syndrome
Genetic defects on chromosomes 3 and 18
Main Symptoms of Growth Problems
Symptoms of growth disorders are usually observed through visual inspection. However the
signs and symptoms of the disorder largely depend on the individual cause of the condition
and the part of the body that is affected. Following are some of the main symptoms of
growth disorders described above:
Dwarfism
Stunted growth is observed from childhood
Skeletal dysplasia, accompanied by an unusual shape of the skull or face
Disproportion in body measurements, including arm span
Acromegaly
Enlargement of the ears, nose, lips, hands, and feet, caused by swelling of the soft tissues
Skin thickening
Soft tissue swelling in the heart and kidneys
Soft tissue swelling of the vocal cords, which can result in producing, and thick, a deep voice
Protruding eyebrows
Enlarged tongue and visible tooth spacing
Excessive sweating and hyperpigmentation
[Syndrome ship aisle]

E. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron is an essential nutrient for your child’s growth and development. Iron helps transport
oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body via red blood cells and helps muscles store
and use oxygen. If your child’s diet is low in iron, he may develop a condition known as iron
deficiency.

What are the signs of iron deficiency anemia?

The child looks lethargic, tired, weak, restless, not excited to play.
Pale skin, due to reduced red blood cells.
Difficulty concentrating in studying, impaired learning achievement, dizziness/headache.
Appetite down. In severe cases the child likes to eat unusual foods (ice cubes, soil, paper,
walls, etc.).
Children are more often attacked by infections, because iron deficiency makes the body’s
immunity decreases.
If there are these symptoms, the doctor will usually recommend laboratory tests.
Iron deficiency can happen to anyone. When this condition occurs, the body can develop
iron deficiency anemia which causes a variety of characteristic symptoms.
Iron (Fe) is a mineral needed by the body to form hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a type of protein that functions to bind oxygen and distribute it
throughout the body. So that when a person experiences iron deficiency, the distribution of
oxygen throughout his body will also be disrupted. The effect, the body’s metabolism will
not run smoothly. This condition is known as iron deficiency anemia.
Iron has an important role for the body, including DNA synthesis, mitochondrial function,
oxygen transportation, and protecting cells from damage caused by oxidation. Most of the
iron is stored in the brain in the form of ferritin, and is required for myelination and
synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Myelination is the process of forming nerve sheaths / myelin which is important for
perfecting the work of the brain. Myelin helps the conduct of nerve impulses in the brain to
run optimally. While neurotransmitters are related to cognitive function and are influenced
by iron levels. Decreased iron levels will cause a lack of neurotransmitter function that can
increase myelin decline and inhibit nerve maturation (maturation process) so that cognitive
function declines.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurs when children are in a period of rapid brain
development, which has the potential to cause brain function disorders, because iron is an
important mineral in brain tissue.
Children who develop IDA in infancy are at risk for serious long-term growth and
developmental disorders. He is at risk for cognitive and behavioral disorders. At school age,
the effect is more pronounced with learning difficulties and unskilled problem solving.

What happens when a child is iron deficient?

Iron deficiency can happen to anyone. When this
condition occurs, the body can develop iron deficiency
anemia which causes a variety of characteristic
symptoms.
Iron (Fe) is a mineral needed by the body to form
hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin (Hb) is a
type of protein that functions to bind oxygen and
distribute it throughout the body. So that when a person
experiences iron deficiency, the distribution of oxygen
throughout his body will also be disrupted. The effect,
the body's metabolism will not run smoothly. This
condition is known as iron deficiency anemia.
Iron has an important role for the body, including DNA
synthesis, mitochondrial function, oxygen
transportation, and protecting cells from damage
caused by oxidation. Most of the iron is stored in the
brain in the form of ferritin, and is required for
myelination and synthesis of the neurotransmitters
serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Myelination is the process of forming nerve sheaths /
myelin which is important for perfecting the work of the
brain. Myelin helps the conduct of nerve impulses in the
brain to run optimally. While neurotransmitters are
related to cognitive function and are influenced by iron
levels. Decreased iron levels will cause a lack of
neurotransmitter function that can increase myelin
decline and inhibit nerve maturation (maturation
process) so that cognitive function declines.
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurs when children are in
a period of rapid brain development, which has the
potential to cause brain function disorders, because iron
is an important mineral in brain tissue.
Children who develop IDA in infancy are at risk for
serious long-term growth and developmental disorders.
He is at risk for cognitive and behavioral disorders. At
school age, the effect is more pronounced with learning
difficulties and unskilled problem solving.

What happens when a child is iron deficient?

Myelination process is disrupted
Children who experience iron deficiency at the age of 6 months show impaired nerve
conduction from hearing due to incomplete myelination. This effect persists until the child
is 2-4 years old despite treatment. Myelination of the optic nerve continues until the child
is 2 years old. If the child has experienced iron deficiency at the age of 3-5 years, the visual
response will be slower.
disrupt
2. The formation of chemicals that support the work of the brain (neurotransmitters)
is inhibited
Nerve cells are regulated by chemicals called neurotransmitters and iron deficiency can
inhibit their production. Iron plays a role in the formation of the neurotransmitter
dopamine, as a result children who are deficient in dopamine will exhibit hyperactive
behavior.

Reduced learning ability and intelligence

Children who have experienced iron deficiency show lower motor scores and IQ at the age
of 11-14 years. Iron deficiency at school age also causes difficulty in concentration and
intelligence disorders, especially for mathematics.
Research shows that school children whose hemoglobin levels are less than 11 g/dl
(experiencing IDA), treated for three months, have improved learning abilities but are still
lower than children with normal hemoglobin.
Synaptogenesis is the process of forming connections between nerve cells, which runs since
the baby is born. Most are completed by the age of 2-3 years and some continue into
adolescence.
Synaptogenesis for visual and auditory functions: maximum 3 months of age, completed by
5 years of age.
Synaptogenesis for speech function: a maximum of 9 months of age and completed by 5
years of age.
Synaptogenesis for the function of intelligence continues to develop into adolescence.
Mother, meet your little one’s iron needs
The iron supply of children is determined since the mother is pregnant, so it is important to
maintain iron intake during pregnancy, to support the formation of the brain that has
started in the womb.
In addition, to maintain iron intake for your little one, make sure the food you serve at the
table is rich in iron, such as red meat, eggs, fish, beef and chicken liver, green vegetables,
nuts, dried fruit (raisins). , prunes), cereals, etc. Mothers can also give Maltofer®, an iron
supplement for iron (Fe) deficiency, which can be given to children, adolescents, adults, as
well as pregnant and lactating women. Maltofer is available in the form of syrup, chewable
tablets and drops.

J. Malabsorption

Malabsorption or malabsorption syndrome is a collection of

symptoms caused by impaired absorption of one or more nutrients
in the small intestine. This condition can be caused by various things.
One of them is inflammation of the intestines.
Malabsorption syndrome can result in a person experiencing
nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition. If experienced by children,
nutritional deficiencies caused by malabsorption syndrome can affect
their growth and development. One of the signs is the weight and
height of children who are lower than children his age.
Causes of Malabsorption
Normally, the process of digestion and absorption of food will go
through 3 stages, namely the process of processing food in the
intestine, absorption of nutrients by the intestinal mucosal layer, and
the process of flowing these nutrients throughout the body through
the bloodstream. Food malabsorption can occur if there is a
disturbance in one or more of the three stages.

Some of the diseases and conditions that can cause malabsorption

are:
Have pancreatic disease, eg chronic pancreatitis
Have liver or gallbladder disease, such as inflammation of the liver or
biliary atresia (absence of bile ducts)
Suffering from diseases of the gut, such as celiac disease, short small
bowel syndrome, or colitis
Have had surgery, such as bariatric surgery or removal of part of the
small intestine
Suffering from an infectious disease, such as giardiasis,
cryptosporidiosis, helminth infection, or HIV/AIDS
Have cystic fibrosis, cow’s milk protein allergy, lactose intolerance, or
congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption
Long term use of laxatives or antibiotics
Symptoms of Malabsorption
Malabsorption can include impaired absorption of macro (protein,
fat and carbohydrates) or micro (vitamins and minerals) nutrients.
Patients with malabsorption often feel they have eaten a
nutritionally balanced diet but still feel complaints.
This absorption disorder will cause various complaints and
symptoms, ranging from persistent diarrhea to malnutrition.
If described further, some of the symptoms that can appear when a
person experiences malabsorption are:
 Bloating and discomfort in the stomach
 Stool that is light in color, looks oily, has a bad smell, or is sticky
 Continuous diarrhea
 Losing weight
 Dry skin
 Low blood pressure
 Anemia
 Hair loss
 Malnutrition
 Edema (fluid buildup), can be characterized by swelling of the
legs
 Weak muscles
 Tingling
 Night blindness
In women, malabsorption can cause disturbances in the menstrual
cycle, and can even cause menstruation to stop. While in children
malabsorption can be characterized by
Disturbances in growth and development. Growth disorders can be
characterized by weight or height that is less than normal.

Malabsorption Diagnosis
Malabsorption often causes symptoms similar to those of other
diseases. To determine the diagnosis of malabsorption and
determine the underlying cause, the doctor will ask questions about
complaints and symptoms as well as medical history, including
diseases that have been suffered and drugs that have been
consumed.
Next, the doctor will perform an examination, including to see
whether there is weight loss, edema, or muscle disorders, which
could indicate impaired absorption or malabsorption of certain
nutrients.
Then to determine the cause and confirm the patient’s condition, the
doctor will carry out supporting examinations which include:
Complete blood test, to detect signs of infection and see levels of
vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and
albumin
Breathing test, to check for the presence of hydrogen gas which
could indicate that a person is lactose intolerant.
Stool test, to check for fat in the stool which can indicate fat
malabsorption
CT scan, to see the condition of organs that play a role in the
digestive system, including the liver, pancreas, or gallbladder
Biopsy by taking a sample of small intestine tissue, to see whether
there are abnormal tissue or cells in the intestine

Malabsorption Treatment
The goals of treatment for malabsorption are to relieve symptoms,
treat the underlying disease, and prevent complications. Here are
some of the things that methods do to treat malabsorption:
Fulfillment of body fluids
Patients with malabsorption often have chronic diarrhea. Chronic
diarrhea is prone to causing dehydration which can be fatal.
Fulfillment of fluid needs can be done by giving ORS or water if the
patient can still drink. If this is not possible, the fulfillment of fluid
needs can be done through intravenous fluids.
Nutritional regulation
Diet and eating patterns are important to prevent complications due
to malabsorption. The doctor will adjust the food menu according to
the patient’s condition. For example, if the malabsorption is due to
the presence of celiac disease, the patient will be asked to avoid
foods that contain gluten, such as many cereals or wheat.
Likewise, if malabsorption is caused by lactose intolerance, patients
will be advised to avoid foods that contain lactose, such as milk and
processed products. Dietary arrangements will also help patients
meet their nutritional needs through other types of food.

Administration of drugs
The administration of drugs is intended to relieve complaints and
symptoms experienced by patients with malabsorption. Several
types of drugs are also used to treat the causes of food
malabsorption. The drugs that will be given by the doctor to treat
malabsorption are:
Medications to stop diarrhea, eg loperamide
Anti-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory drugs if the malabsorption is
caused by a condition that causes inflammation of the gut, for
example corticosteroid drugs
Medication to treat infection, for example antibiotics if it is caused by
a bacterial infection or deworming medicine if it is caused by a worm
infection
Vitamin and mineral supplements, to treat vitamin and mineral
deficiencies caused by malabsorption
Protease or lipase supplements, to aid in the digestion of protein or
fat, if the malabsorption is caused by a lack or not enough of these
enzymes
In addition, surgery can be performed because of malabsorption
caused by a blockage in the bile or biliary atresia.

Malabsorption Complications
Food malabsorption that is not treated or treated too late can
increase the risk of certain health problems or diseases, such as:
Chronic diarrhea
Losing weight
Bone loss
Anemia
Tingling
Numb
Often forget
Developmental disorders in children
Malnutrition
Malabsorption Prevention
In some conditions, such as due to celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, or
lactose intolerance, food malabsorption cannot be prevented.
Regular control and following the recommendations and diet
suggested by the doctor is the best way to prevent the worsening of
malabsorption conditions.
If it is caused by an infection, then the best way to prevent it is to
avoid infectious diseases by living a clean and healthy lifestyle.
Also avoid using laxatives or antibiotics indiscriminately and without
a doctor’s prescription. If you are constipated or have difficulty
passing stool, consult your doctor before using laxatives.
Likewise, if you have a health condition that requires long-term use
of antibiotics, make regular check-ups with your doctor to monitor
your condition.

K. Malnutrition

How common is malnutrition?

Malnutrition can happen to anyone, whether it’s men or women.
However, most of the cases are reported to be experienced by
children.
Do not worry. You can reduce your risk of developing this disease by
reducing the risk factors you or a family member have. Consult your
doctor to find out more information. Malnutrition occurs when the
body does not get enough nutrients. The cause is a poor diet,
conditions.

What are the signs and symptoms of malnutrition?

As previously explained, malnutrition is divided into two distinct
groups of conditions. Following are the symptoms of malnutrition
according to the condition:
Malnutrition
This condition is usually caused by insufficient nutritional intake in
accordance with the daily needs of the child. Symptoms of
malnutrition include:
 Drastic weight loss
 Decreased muscle mass
 Decreased tissue mass
 Loss of fat (adipose tissue)
 Swollen belly
 Sunken cheeks and eyes
 Skin can become thinner, dry, inelastic, pale and cold
 Hair loss
 Severe fatigue
 Long wound recovery time
 Recovery time from infection is longer
 Longer recovery time from illness
 Easy to feel depressed and anxious
 Easy to get angry
 Difficult to concentrate
 High risk of complications after surgery
 High risk of hypothermia – very low body temperature
 The total number of certain types of white blood cells
decreases, the immune system weakens, increasing the risk of
infection
 Vulnerable to cold
In addition to having these symptoms, malnutrition in children also
causes quite typical symptoms

Lack of vitamin and mineral intake. Some of the most common types
of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and their symptoms include:
Vitamin A: dry eyes, difficulty seeing at night or in the dark,
increased risk of infection.
Zinc: decreased appetite, stunted body growth, wound healing tends
to take longer, hair loss, and diarrhea.
Iron: disorders of brain function and have problems regulating body
temperature.
Iodine: enlargement of the thyroid gland, decreased production of
thyroid hormones, and problems with growth and development.
More nutrition
This condition can be caused by too much daily nutritional intake, so
that it even exceeds the daily needs of the child. Symptoms of
overnutrition include:

 Weight gain
 Fat body
 Difficulty breathing, high risk of respiratory failure
 Joint and muscle pain
 Severe fatigue

What causes malnutrition?

Broadly speaking, malnutrition in children is caused by an imbalance
between intake and the daily nutritional needs of children. But not
only that, this condition is also caused by various things, including:

Bad diet
When a child’s food intake is too little or too much, so that it cannot
meet the optimal daily nutritional needs, the child is at risk for
malnutrition.
A poor diet can be caused by several factors. Starting from
experiencing dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), experiencing illness,
not having enough food, or the desire to overeat.
Mental health problems
Some patients with mental health conditions, such as depression,
can develop this condition. Generally, this is experienced in children
with poor nutritional conditions, because they consume too little
food.
Inability to obtain and provide adequate food. Most children with
malnutrition usually find it difficult to obtain adequate daily
nutritional intake.
This is caused by the unavailability of food sources that can meet
their needs, or the surrounding environment that is not supportive.

Imbalance between energy entering and leaving the body

Children who experience more nutrition are usually very fond of
eating, even in large portions. However, this is not accompanied by
actively carrying out various activities.
It is not impossible, this condition will actually make the rest of the
energy that is not used by the body, will settle to form fat.

Problems with the digestive system

Some people may be able to eat well, but their bodies do not have
the ability to absorb the necessary nutrients.
For example, in patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis,
who need to remove the small intestine (ileostomy).
Individuals with Celiac disease who have a genetic disorder that
makes them gluten-intolerant.
Children who have Celiac disease are at higher risk of damage to the
lining of the intestines, which then causes the absorption of food to
be hampered.
Children who experience severe diarrhea and vomiting may be
deprived of essential nutrients, and are at increased risk of
malnutrition.

Alcoholism
Alcoholism is a chronic (long-term) disease. Individuals suffering from
alcoholism may develop gastritis or pancreatic damage.
This problem also interferes with the body’s ability to digest food,
absorb vitamins and produce hormones that regulate metabolism.

Lack of mother’s milk intake

Experts say that a lack of breast milk can lead to malnutrition in
infants and young children.
This is because breast milk contains a variety of nutrients that are
important to support the growth and development of children in
their early life

L. Obesity

Obesitas merupakan penumpukan lemak yang berlebihan akibat ketidakseimbangan asupan

energi (energy intake) dengan energi yang digunakan (energy expenditure) dalam waktu
lama. ...

Penyebab obesitas sangat komplek dalam arti banyak sekali faktor yang menyebabkan
obesitas seperti faktor lingkungan, genetik, psikis, kesehatan, obat-obatan, perkembangan,
dan aktivitas fisik. Penyebab obesitas adalah multi faktorial, dengan faktor asupan
makananan sebagai salah satu dari sekian banyak faktor.

Jenis obesitas
Obesitas akibat jarang berolahraga. Salah satu jenis obesitas yang paling sering dialami
oleh masyarakat yaitu obesitas yang terjadi akibat jarang berolahraga, alias tidak aktif
bergerak. ...
1.Obesitas akibat makanan. ...
2.Obesitas vena. ...
3.Obesitas karena merasa cemas. ...
4.Obesitas aterogenik. ...
5.Obesitas gluten.
A disorder that involves excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems.
Obesity often occurs because you take in more calories than you burn through exercise and
normal daily activities.

Usually self-diagnosed
Obesity occurs when a person’s body mass index is 30 or greater. The main symptom is
excessive body fat, which increases the risk of developing serious health problems.
Asian people are considered overweight if they have a BMI of more than 23.0 kg/m2 and
are considered obese if they have a BMI of 25.0 kg/m2 or more. In people who have a BMI
of less than 23.0 kg/m2, it is necessary to examine the circumference of the abdomen to
determine whether there is central obesity
Obesity is a disease. Those who disagree stated that many people were overweight but
remained healthy and led normal lives. So obesity is definitely not a disease.
Risk Factors for Obesity in Children – Part One
Genetics: Genetics or heredity. ...
Eating Habits: Often eat fast food and processed. ...
Decrease in Physical Activity: With advances in technology, children will take advantage of
their free time by playing at home rather than outside.

M. Protein Losing-Losing-Enteropathy
Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a rare and complex disease characterized by excessive
protein loss through the gastrointestinal tract. Normally, albumin catabolism occurs in the
gastrointestinal tract by 10%. However, in PLE this catabolic process can occur up to 60%.
Generally, patients have hypoproteinemia, peripheral edema, and pleural effusion or
pericardial effusion in some cases

PLE can be caused by various diseases, eg systemic disease, disease with mucosal ulceration,
and also abnormalities of lymphatic pressure. The risk factors for PLE include a history of
inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), malignancies in the digestive tract, or heart disease.
The clinical manifestations of PLE vary greatly depending on the underlying disease. The
diagnosis of PLE can be suspected in patients who have edema and hypoalbuminemia, in
whom other possible causes can be ruled out, such as, no impaired protein loss through the
urine (proteinuria), inadequate protein formation (liver impairment), or inadequate protein
supply (malnutrition). .

Investigations in PLE can be planned based on the medical history obtained at the initial
examination. If the patient has digestive complaints and it is suspected that the cause is an
abnormality in the gastrointestinal tract or gastrointestinal tract, then an endoscopy or
colonoscopy is definitely done. If the patient complains of dyspnea on exertion, the
recommended examination is echocardiography

Investigations in PLE can be planned based on the medical history obtained at the initial
examination. If the patient has digestive complaints and it is suspected that the cause is an
abnormality in the gastrointestinal tract or gastrointestinal tract, then an endoscopy or
colonoscopy is definitely done. If the patient complains of dyspnea on exertion, the
recommended examination is echocardiography

Management of PLE includes treating the underlying cause of the disease and modifying
diet. The main diet that is better in PLE is a diet high in protein, low in fat, and high in
medium chain triglycerides. Consultation should be made to each expert section for the
primary cause. The prognosis of this disease depends on the primary cause. If the main
cause of PLE is successfully treated, the prognosis will be good and complete recovery.
2.NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Nutritional Disorders
 Carbohydrate Malabsorption.
 Disorders of Amino Acid Absorption.
 Disorders of Fat Digestion.
 Disorders of Metal Absorption.
 Disorders of Protein Digestion.
 Disorders of Vitamin Absorption.
 Growth Problems.
 Iron Deficiency Anemia.

5 Diseases Nutrition Can Help Prevent

 Cardiovascular disease. According to The Heart Foundation, cardiovascular disease
claims more lives than all forms of cancer combined. ...
 Cancer. Certain types of cancer can be prevented with the proper diet. ...
 Osteoporosis. ...
 Obesity. ...
 Diabetes.
Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world,
particularly in developing countries.

There are 4 broad sub-forms of undernutrition: wasting, stunting, underweight, and

deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Undernutrition makes children in particular much
more vulnerable to disease and death.

The five most important deficiency diseases are:

 Anaemia. Anaemia by iron deficiency. ...
 Endemic goitre. Enlargement of the thyroid gland (at the front of the neck) by a
deficit of iodine (hypothyroid). ...
 Kwashiorkor. ...
 Marasmus. ...
 Vitamin A deficiency. ...
 Other vitamins. ...
 Vitamin B1. ...
 The vitamin B2 complex.

Nutritional disease, any of the nutrient-related diseases and conditions that cause illness in
humans. They may include deficiencies or excesses in the diet, obesity and eating disorders,
and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes
mellitus.
Indeed, diet-related chronic diseases – such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
cancer, dental disease, and osteoporosis – are the most common cause of death in the
world and present a great burden for society
Nutrient deficiency occurs when a plant lacks sufficient quantity of an essential nutrient
required for growth. Without sufficient essential nutrients, plants will not grow well and
show various symptoms to express the deficiency.
MULTIPLE CHOISE QUESTIONS
1.Carbohydrate malabsorption occurs when the main dietary carbohydrates, sugars and
starches, are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Is it right?
A.yes thats right
B.No
C.maybe
D.not yet
2.Fat digestion begins in the?
A.mouth
B.head
C.stomatch
D.hand
3.what is the right choice about type of disorder of metal absorption?
A.zinc deficiency, vitamin A,biotin
B.zinc deficiency, Cooper deficiency,selenium deficiency, Chromium deficiency,iodine
deficiency
C.copper deficiency, selenium deficiency,folate
D.chromium deficiency & biotin
4.Malabsorption is a disorder that occurs when people are unable to absorb nutrients from
their diets...
A.carrot,cabage
B.ketchup, bread
C.meat, alcohol
D. carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins, or vitamins.
5.Malnutrition is the condition that ..
A.happy
B.sad
C.anoying
D.develops when the body is deprived of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to
maintain healthy tissues and organ function.

6.Albumin is the most abundant protein in your ..

A.blood
B.hair
C.eye
D.leg
7.Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of ....
A.body language
B.love language
C.body fat
D.body goals
8.malabsorption affects a person’s abilities to get nutrients from....
A.money
B.alcohol
C.body
D.food
9. Children with short bowel syndrome are also at risk for ...
A.Iodine deficiency
B.zinc deficiency
C.selenium deficiency
D.copper deficiency
10.Amino acids are the building blocks of.....
A.kalcium
B.energy
C.protein
D.carbohydrate

Easay Question
1.write down the meaning of stunting
2.What are the risks of obesity in the body?
3.What is meant by obesity?
4.What is the impact of obesity on health
5.Factors That Cause Stunting

Answer

1.A
2.C
3.B
4.D
5.D
6.A
7.C
8.D
9.B
10.C
1.Stunting is a chronic malnutrition condition characterized by short
stature in children under five years old. Children who experience
stunting will be seen at the age of 2 years.

2.Being too fat can cause high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and
arteries. These three conditions should not be underestimated,
because they all contribute to the risk of developing heart disease

3.Obesity is an excessive increase in fat due to an imbalance between

energy intake and energy used for a long time.

4.Causes of Obesity
-A diet high in carbohydrates and fat, for example, often eating -fast
food and drinks containing sugar.
-Congenital disorders, such as Prader-

5.Factors That Cause Stunting

The reason is because the mother does not have access to healthy
and nutritious food, so that your baby is also not lacking in nutrients.
In addition, the low intake of vitamins and minerals consumed by the
mother can also affect the condition of fetal malnutrition.

Daftar pustaka
https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
https://www.lift-fund.org/en/lift-voices/five-proven-measures-
reduce-stunting
https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/top-8-ways-to-increase-
height-in-children/https://promkes.kemkes.go.id/pencegahan-
stunting
https://www.alodokter.com/obesitas#:~:text=Obesitas%20adalah
%20kondisi%20ketika%20lemak,jantung%2C%20hipertensi%2C
%20hingga%20diabetes.
https://www.alodokter.com/bahaya-badan-terlalu-gemuk
https://www.alodokter.com/obesitas