Leptospiroris

Dirtributaion of The direare --

It has High prevalence in warm Hsmid tropical countries. Out
breaks martly occurs. Out breaks mortly occurs as a result of
Heavy rainfull and cenrequent floodings.

 It is eidespred in India.
 Recently there was out break of leptaroris in orirra. After the Super
cuclohe of 29th oct 1999.

Agent Factars---
 Agent--- Leptospira, a Spirochlates.
 Source of Infection--- urine of owected ahimals.
 Rerevrvoirs Domertic and wild animals sach ar rat,
 Mice and other rodents.
 Cattle
 Sheep
 Goats
 Pigs
 Horse etc.
Hart Factors
(1)Age and sex--- Common in children and equally in both sexes.
(2)Occupation Common in agricultural and liveratock farmers.
( !) Workers in rice Field.
(!!) Sugarcani filld.

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(!!!) Underhound suwers.
(!!!!) Meat and animal Handlers.
(!!!!!) Veterinarians etc.
(3) Immunity Immunity develops after intection.
Environmental Factors----

 Poor Housing
 Limited water supply
 Inadequate method of wate disporal etc.
Mode of Inansmission---
(1)Direct contact of urine ar tirue of infected animal with skin
abrarions.
(2)Indirected contact of sail, water ar Vegetation contaminated by
wrine of iwected animals into the broken skin.
(3)By Innalation of urine droplet of infected animal while milking This
diseare transmits from animals to man derect man to man wiction is rare.
Incubation Period---- 4-20 day.
Clenical Features---
Headache
Sewre myalgia
Pyrexia
Conjunctival Suffurion.
Anorexia

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Vomiting
A rash may dewlop with petechil
Cnlargement of the liver and spleen occurs.
Inuestigation
(1) Irolation of leptospora from blood during acute illness and from
urine after Tst week.
(2) Indirect Haemogglutination test
 Immunoflourecent ahtibody
 Eljsa test to ditect antibody titre.
Contral
(1)ure of Benzylpenicelline 1.2 gm IV or IM 6 ur is drags of chaice.

 Alternative drugs are doxycline.

 Erythro my cine.
(2)Supportve and Symptom atic treatment.
(3) prevention of exposure to cotaminted water.
Chickungunya Fever-----
Distribution of the direare
It is on unban disease rerembling dengue.
Seen mainly in
Africa
Pakistan
Indian sub continent

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 South east aria
And philipppihes

 The virus was firrt irolated from patients and mosquitoes, during
on epidemic in
 Tanzania in 1952-53
 In india epidemic had occcred in-
Karnataka
Maharastra
Tamil Nadu
Andra Prdesh
During march 2006 to August 2006.

Agent—Chickungunya virus Cbuggy creek uirus. An RNA uirus

of group A Arbovirusis.

Rerervoir--- Only Human cares.

Trahsmission---- From person to perron, by the bite of Infective

Femal mosquitore.

Vector--- mosquitoes of Aldes, cullx by Aldes.

They bitl during 6am to 9am and 3pm to 6pm.

Extrinric incubation period--- 10-12 days.

Incudation period--- 1-2 weeks.

Clinical Features---

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 Sudden ohret of chills and ferer (103-104 F)
Headache
Naurea
Vomiting

 Sivere muscular and joint pains.

 The joints of the extremitud become sueollen and painful to touch.

Management

 No specific treatment is required.

 Symptomatic treatment with analgerics, Antipyrltics,
 Antihistaminics bed rest is given.
Prevention and contral
This is done mainly by the mosquito. Control and Health education
of the people.

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