Chemical Process Safety

ChE 422

Dr. Faheem Akhtar

SBASSE, LUMS Sep. 17, 2021
faheem.akhtar@lums.edu.pk
1
 Toxicology

Elimination, Response and Treatment

2
 Elimination of toxicants from body

➢ Excretion; through kidneys, liver, lungs or other organs

➢ Detoxification; changing chemical into something less harmful

by biotransformation

➢ Storage; in the fatty tissue

3
 Elimination of toxicants from body

➢ Excretion; through liver (ingestion)

➢ Elimination; through lungs (volatile, e.g., alcohol, chloroform etc.)

➢ Detoxification; through liver (biotransformation)

➢ Elimination; through storage

4
 Toxicological studies

➢ Toxicant

➢ Target or test organ

➢ The effect of response to be monitored

➢ The dose range

➢ The period of the test

5
 Dose vs Response (Gaussian distribution)
➢ Response variance w.r.t. factors (MIC)

1  x− 
2

1 −  
2  
f ( x) = e
 2
f ( x) Probability of individual
x The response
 Standard deviation
 mean Characterizes shape and location
of the distribution curve 6
 n

 x f (x ) i i
= i =1
n

 f (x )
i =1
i

(x − )
2
i f ( xi )
 =2 i =1
n
Variance

 f (x )
i =1
i

n is no. of data points

Problem statement
Seventy-five people are tested for skin irritation due to of a specific dose of a
substance. The responses are recorded on a scale from 0 to 10, with 0
indicating no response and 10 indicating a high response. The number of
individuals exhibiting a specific response is given in the following table:
Response No. of individuals affected
0 0
1 5
2 10
3 13
4 13
5 11
6 9
7 6
8 3
9 3
10 2
Total 75