Chemical Process Safety

ChE 422

Dr. Faheem Akhtar

SBASSE, LUMS Sep. 22, 2021
faheem.akhtar@lums.edu.pk
1
 Toxicology

Introduction, Routes and Exposure

Elimination, Response and Treatment

2
 Dose vs Response (Gaussian distribution)
➢ Response variance w.r.t. factors (MIC)

1  x− 
2

1 −  
2  
f ( x) = e
 2
f ( x) Probability of individual
x The response
 Standard deviation
 mean Characterizes shape and location
of the distribution curve 3
Dose vs Response (S.D.)
 Cumulative mean response

Dose

% Response
Dose vs Response

Log Dose
 Dose limit values
Measures of toxicity
➢ If the response of interest is lethal;
LD50, LD10 LD90
➢ LD for oral or dermal, mg/kg
➢ For inhalation of gases, vapors,
mist; LC50 ppm, mg/L
➢ If the response to chemical agent is
minor and reversible (minor eye-
irri); response-log dose; ED50
➢ If the response to agent is toxic (not
lethal but irreversible; liver, lung
damage) toxic dose curve; TD50, ..

➢ Acute toxicity-4hr
 Dose-response relationship
Correlation between the amount of exposure and the
resulting effect

Death
Labored breathing
Unconsciousness
% Response

Deep asleep

Sleep

Giddy

No effect

Log Dose
 Models for dose-response curve
➢ Various models; exposure to heat, pressure, radiation, impact
sound, etc.
 Probit model
Y −5
1  u2 
P= − exp  2  du
( 2 )
1
2
 Y −5
1  u2 
P= − exp  2  du
( 2 )
1
2
Probit equation for various exposures
Y = K1 + K 2 ln V
Y = Probit variable
K1 , K 2 = Probit parameters
Causative variable represents the dose V
Probit-Percentage variation

Inverse normal cumulative distribution for a given

probability value

% = 5 + NORM .S .INV (%)

 Relative toxicity
➢ Threshold limit values (TLV)
➢ TLV-TWA
➢ Permissible exposure level
(PEL)
➢ Immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)

• ppm, mg/m3

22.4  T   1 
C ppm =    ( mg / m 3
)
M  273   P 
NFPA diamond
 Industrial hygiene

➢ Science of anticipating, recognizing,

evaluating, and controlling
workplace conditions that may
cause workers’ injury or illness

Key factors
➢ Employee exposure to hazards
➢ Control of hazards to protect
employees
Steps to protect employees

AREC

➢ Anticipate potential hazard

➢ Recognize potential hazard
➢ Evaluate exposure and risk
➢ Control exposure and risk
 Exposure in operations

➢ What are the chemicals used in various operations?

➢ How can employees be exposed?

➢ What toxic effects do these chemicals have?

➢ How can employees be protected from these effects?