CoTM

Forming System
Timber Framed construction

Bridge
types
Course Title Modern Construction Technology

BY;Yisihak M.
 Chapter One (1)
Framed Building Structure

Modern Construction
Technology in History

1. Modern
1. Belonging to present day: relating or
belonging to the present period in history
2. of latest kind: most advanced kind, or using
the most advanced equipment and techniques
available modern medicine
3. using latest styles: relating to or using ideas
and techniques that have only recently been
developed or are still considered experimental
 Modern
Construction
Technology in 2. Technology
History

Application of tools and methods: the study,

development, and application of devices,
machines, and techniques for manufacturing
and productive processes recent developments.

Method of applying technical knowledge:

Machines and systems: machines, equipment,

and systems considered as a unit the latest laser
technology.

Cultural anthropology sum of practical

knowledge: the sum of a society's or culture's practical
knowledge, especially with reference to its material
culture.
Modern Construction
Technology in
History

3. Construction:
Act or process of constructing: the building of
something, especially a large structure such as a house,
road, or bridge
Buildings built structure: a structure that has been built
Construction workmanship and materials: the way in
which something has been built, with regard to the type
and quality of the structure, materials, and workmanship
 Traditional(Conventional) V/s Modern
methods of construction (MMC)

❖ Conventional methods are where most of the work is done on

the building site, such as on masonry and timber-framed
structures.
❖ With developments in technology, general construction
knowledge and manufacturing processes, MMC have
evolved from the more conventional methods to a large
extent.
❖ MMC can be defined as those that provide greater
efficiency in the construction process, resulting in
increased production, better quality, in less time and with
less waste, so reducing the environmental impact.
❖Non-traditional(MMC) approaches to house construction
all essentially involve an attempt to shift some aspects of
the construction process away from the site, to a factory.
Hence, they are sometimes referred to as “industrialized”
building techniques.
❖Some elements of the MMC are “pre-fabricated”, or they
are complete “systems” which simply require assembly on
site.
Planar or
Panel
system
 The basic difference of the two methods,
mostly depends on the;-
***Design of the structure of the house
***methods and materials used in the
construction

What makes construction systems a modern construction?

The construction safety

Adequacy to the proposed use

Climate adaption
Adequate material choice

Reduction in cost (economic gains)

Service gain
Social and environmental benefits
Innovative quality
Acceptance and urban integrity
affordability and low energy consumption
 Frame means border, to enclose
 Framed structure is A group of structures placed
together in a way that they enclosed a space- class room
 Framing is Framing in construction known as light-
frame construction, is a building technique based around
vertical structural member, usually called “stud” which
provide a suitable frame to which interior & exterior wall
coverings are attached, and covered by a roof made of
horizontal ceiling joists and sloping rafter.
❖Framed buildings are building structures formed by the
framed elements usually in the form of columns and
beams, as well as further strengthened as
necessary by the introduction of rigid floor membranes
and external walls.
Advantageous features of framed structure
Cont…….
Adaptable to almost any shape
Easily altered within limits of frame –regular
or non-regular grid system is very adaptable
in spatial arrangement

Offsite preparation possible –especially for

prefabricated construction using precast
concrete or structural steel elements

May be designed to accommodate movement

Acceptable distribution of natural light –

window openings can be provided easily on
eternal walls

Easy to design structurally including computer

design –again, due to simple geometry
Common Forms Of Framed Building Structure

 In MMC (modern method of construction) systems for

structures framing process is mostly done offsite and are
only erected on site. MMC system provides much
quicker way of building. There are different types of
frames as listed below are used in MMC systems for
structures.

1. Timber framed type and construction methods

2. Structural steel framed type and construction
methods
3. In-situ RC frames type and construction
methods
❑ Timber framed structures differ from those constructed of traditional brick and
block work because the structural frame members are fabricated from wood.
❑ They transmit their loads onto the foundation through a common sole or
baseplate.
❑ Timber frame structures must comply with the building regulations in every
aspect including resistance to fire.

 The wood used for building or other engineering purpose is called “Timber”
Timber is generally obtained from the “trunk” of tree.
 Wood consist of all types of wood such as
Burning wood
Furniture wood
Structural wood
Wood suitable for structural work is called Timber
 Benefits of timber framed construction

 Timber framed construction allows for

the use of semi skilled labour for the
manufacture in factory controlled
conditions.
 Rapid completion on site is easily
achieved with less wet trades involved.
 The occupier of a timber framed
dwelling benefits from the higher
insulation which can easily be
achieved. The use of low thermal
capacity linings absorbs less heat than
masonry walls making it is easier to
reach the required comfort temperature
more quickly.
 Cont….

Use of Timber For Construction Purpose:

• Doors, windows, ventilators, beams, trusses,
rafter, bridges, piles, arches, flooring, ceiling,
house post, partition wall…etc.,
• Timber frame panelling system is another fast
construction method used in domestic housing.
All panels and roof trusses are made offsite and
erected on site in a number of days. It has 30%
shorter building times than brick and block. This
means the house is water tight more quickly and
other trades can start work sooner. Timber frame
has higher insulation properties than brick
and block.
TIMBER

Hard wood Softwood Trees

Methods of Timber or Wood Frames Structure

 After the foundation has been laid, construction of

wood frame structure begins. There are various types
of techniques that can be used for the construction of
wood frames. Suitable construction technique should
be selected for a given wood structure:
I. Platform Frame Construction
II. Balloon Frame Construction
III.Plank and Beam Frame Construction
IV.Truss-Framed Construction
 I. Platform Frame Construction
It is an easy method and mostly suitable for the construction
of houses. In this technique, first-floor joists are covered with
sub-flooring to create a surface upon which exterior walls and
interior partitions are erected. In the platform system, wall
framing can be assembled on the floor and the entire unit can
be tilted into its place.

Platform Frame Construction

 II. Balloon Frame Construction
 It is another method of wood frame construction which although is a
bit less popular compared to platform frame construction, but is
utilized when the conditions ask for it. In this method, exterior wall
studs and first-floor joists are supported by anchored sill. The exterior
wall studs are continuous to the second floor. The second-floor joists
are supported by ribbon strip which are inserted into the inside edges
of exterior wall studs.

Balloon Frame Construction

 III. Plank and Beam Frame Construction
 In this framing method, beams, whose ends are supported by posts and
planks are used to cover floors and roofs. The posts provide wall
framing and planks act as subflooring and roof sheathing. Wall
sheathing is attached to supplementary framing between posts. Roof and
floor loads imposed on beams, then get transferred to the posts and are
finally received by foundations.
 IV. Truss-Framed Construction
 In this frame construction method, roof truss, floor truss and metal
anchors are used to build strong wood frames. Outstanding advantages
of trussed frames are substantial rigidity and wider spacing of roof and
floor supporting members.
 Truss-framed Construction

• The load
coming on
The the roof
spacing • Material of
between the truss
trusses is
guided • Span
by: • Location
of cross
wall if any;
Timber Frame Benefits of timber framing :
 Fast, efficient and cost effective
 Flexible to add further extensions
 Environmental friendly
 Hand crafted
 Unique characters
 Building with an organic, natural, earthy charm(a feature or
quality that is pleasing or attractive)
 Breather Membrane

❖ To prevent moisture entering

into the plywood sheathing
during construction a
breathable membrane is
stapled onto the plywood on
the external face.
❖ This membrane also provides a
second line of defense should
moisture penetrate the exterior
cladding.
 External Cladding
 External cladding can be chosen
from a wide range of materials
which include brickwork secured
across a cavity to the timber
frame with flexible metal ties.
 The flexible wall ties are used to
allow for differential movement
between the brick cladding and
the timber frame.
 The brick cladding must be
designed in such a way to allow
for movement at projecting
windows sills and under roof
structures.
A=Inner Lining of Plasterboard, B= Vapor Check, C=Structural Timber
Frame, D=Thick Insulation Quilt-CFC free, E=Sheathing Board,
F=Waterproof Breather Membrane, G=Stainless Steel Wall Tie, H=Clear
50mm Wall Cavity, I=Brick Outer Cladding
 Cont….
External Cladding
 Roofing tiles may also
be used as a cladding
material. These tiles are
suspended on timber
battens which have
been secured to the
plywood.
 These battens must be
treated with a timber
preservative prior to
being secured to the
plywood.
Preservation Treatment
 2. Steel Framed Structure
 Construction of steel framed structures includes construction of
its foundations, columns, beams and floors systems.
Construction phases of structural steel frame are discussed.

E.g. Steel Beam, Columns, Portal

Construction of Steel Frame Structure Frames, Roof Trusses
Construction of Steel Frame Structural Elements
 What is a structure?

• A structure is a system of inter connected elements

to carry loads safely to under ground earth.

Fig.2: Steel Structure Frame

 I. Construction of Steel Frame Structure Foundation

 Steel framed structure construction begins with the construction of its

foundation. Generally, the types of foundation required for the given
structure is based on the soil bearing capacity.
 Soil investigation including surface and subsurface exploration is used
to assess the condition of soil on which steel frame structure rests.
 For example, when moderate or low loads are imposed, then it is
advised to use reinforced concrete bearing pads or strip foundation.
These foundation types transfer loads to soil capable of supporting
transferred loads.

Fig. Reinforced Concrete Bearing Pad Foundation for Steel Frame Structure
 Continue …
 If the strength of soil is poor and the imposed load is large, then it
is recommended to consider pile foundation. The pile foundation
would transfer the load of the structure to the stiff soil.

Fig: Pile foundation to transfer loads of steel frame structure though low soil
bearing capacity of stiff soil with adequate bearing capacity
 II. Steel Column Construction
 The section of the steel is specified based on the load imposed. There
are various sizes of steel column section to choose and these steel
columns are commonly produced in advance.
 The most significant point in column installation is the connection
between foundation and column and splices between columns.
 Regarding foundation to column joints, base plates are welded to the
end of columns. The most desired shape of base plate is square and
rectangular shape. Typical details of column to foundation
connection is shown in Fig below.
 It should be known that, the most desired shape of base plate is
rectangular and square shape because such plates provide largest
spacing between the bolts which is desirable.

Steel Column to Foundation

Details,
(A) Top bolt places created in base
plate,
(B) (B) Side view of column base
to foundation
 As far as column splices are concern, it is provided in every two or
three storey to ease erection process in addition to simplify steel
column production and deliveries.
 The distance between floor and column splice is about 60cm. When
circular steel columns are used, weld connection is used to join both
steel columns above and below.

Fig: Column Splices

 III. Erection of Steel Beams

❑ Various prefabricated beam sections are available to be used in the

construction multi storey steel frame structure. Beams commonly transfer
loads from floors and roof to the columns.
❑ Steel beam members can span up to 18m, but the most usual range of steel
beam spans rang from 3m to 9m.
❑ While steel beams are erected, column to beam connection and beam to
beam connections are encountered. There are different types of column to
beam connection which are selected based on the type of loads imposed on
the column to beam joint.
❑ For example, if the joint is subjected to vertical loads only, then simple
connections are used. Flexible end plate, fin plate and double angle cleat
are examples of simple connections which are shown in Figure.

Fig: Different types of column to

beam connection suitable for the case
where vertical loads are applied
solely: (A) Flexible end plate, (B) fin
plate, (C) Double angle cleat
 Continue …
 If the joint is subjected to both vertical loads (shear force)
and torsion forces, then full depth end plate connections
and extended end plate connections should be considered
as shown in Figure.

Fig: Full depth and extended end plat connection used when the column to beam
connection subjected to both shear and torsion stress
 As far as beam to beam connection is concerned, end plate
beam to beam connection is used to join secondary steel
beams to primary steel beams.
 Continue …
 Since top flange of secondary beams support floor
system, so it must be levelled with top flange of the
primary beams. This can be obtained by notching the top
flange of the secondary beam as shown in Figure-10 and
Figure-11.

Fig.10: Notched Part of Fig.11: End Plate Beam to

Secondary Beam Beam Connection
 Continue …
 Alternatively, projected bracket is welded to the primary
beam and then secondary beam is attached without the
need for notching secondary steel beams as shown in
Figure-12.

Fig.12: Provision of Bracket Welded to

Primary Steel Beams
 IV. Floor Systems Used in Steel
Frame Structure Construction
❖ There are various types of floor systems which can be used in the steel
frame structure construction. Floors are commonly installed as the beams
are erected.
❖ Not only do the floors systems support vertical applied loads but also they
act like diaphragms and resist lateral loads through the use of bracings.
❖ Examples of floor systems include Short-span composite beams and slabs
with metal decking, Slim deck, Cellular composite beams with slabs and
steel decking, Slim floor beams with precast concrete units, Long-span
composite beams and slabs with metal decking, Composite beams with
precast concrete units and Non-composite beams with precast concrete
units.
❖ Also Read: Types of Floors Systems for Multi-Storey Steel Structure
Construction
Continue …

Fig.13: Details of Composite Floors used in

Steel Frame Structure
 Steel Framing -

Advantages Disadvantages
 Flexible & Easy to Install  Corrode if exposed to water
 Higher quality / tolerances  Previously - not code approved
 Dimensionally stable  Protection of electrical wiring
 Lighter, Stronger  Isolation of dissimilar materials
 Price Stability  Thermal transmission
 Insect resistant  “Installed” Cost of Steel
 Non-combustible
 Less waste, Recyclable
 3. Concrete frame or RC frame Structure

 Concrete frame construction is a construction method which

comprises a network of columns and beams to transfer the loads
coming onto the structure to the foundation successfully.
Holistically, it forms a structural skeleton for the building which
is used to support other members such as Floors, Roof, Walls,
and Claddings.
 Major Parts of Concrete Frame Construction

Reinforced concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements

(beams) and vertical elements (columns) connected by rigid
joints. These structures are cast monolithically-that is, beams
and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in
unity. RC frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral
loads through bending in beams and columns.
I. Columns in Framed Structure
II. Beams in Framed Structure
III. Slab in Framed Structure
IV. Foundation in Framed Structure
V. Shear Walls in Framed Structure
 I. Columns in Framed Structure

➢ Columns are an important structural member of a frame building. They are the
vertical members which carry the loads from the beam and upper columns and
transfer it to the footings.

Fig:
Column in
Framed
Structure.

➢ The loads carried may be axial or eccentric. Design of columns is more

important than the design of beams and slabs. This is because, if one beam fails,
it’ll be a local failure of one floor, but if one column fails, it can lead to the
collapse of the whole structure.
 II. Beams in Framed Structure

 Beams are the horizontal load-bearing members of

the framed structure. They carry the loads from slabs and
also the direct loads of masonry walls and their self-weights.

Fig 3: Beams in Framed Structure

 The beams may be supported on the other beams or may be supported by

columns forming an integral part of the frame. These are primarily the flexural
members. They are classified into 2 types:
 Main Beams – Transmitting floor and secondary beam loads to the columns.
 Secondary Beams – Transmitting floor loads to the main beams.
 III. Slab in Framed Structure
 A slab is a flat horizontal place that is used for covering the building
from the above and provide shelter for the inhabitants. These are
the plate element and carry the loads primarily by flexure. They
usually carry vertical loads.

Fig 4: Slabs in Framed Structure.

 Under the action of horizontal loads, due to a large moment of inertia,

they can carry large wind and earthquake forces, and then transfer
them to the beam.
IV. Foundation in Framed Structure
 The sole function of the foundation is to transmit the
load coming from the above columns and beams to the
solid ground.

Fig 5: Foundation in Framed Structure

V. Shear Walls in Framed Structure

 These are important structural elements in high-

rise buildings.

 Shear walls are actually very large columns because

of which they appear like walls rather than columns.

 They take care of the horizontal loads like wind

and earthquake loads.
❑ Principle Factors Affecting Choice of Frame
Production consideration
 Availability of materials, labor and plant
 Speed of construction
 Availability of mechanical plan

Architectural Design consideration

▪ Size and shape of site
▪ Conditions of site
▪ Integration of mechanical elements
▪ Architectural or aesthetic requirements
Structural Design consideration
▪ Foundation consideration
▪ Standardization of members or design
▪ Span and floor loads
▪ Fire resistance requirement
▪ Maintenance consideration
▪ Integration of architectural & structural elements
 Cont…
Structural Design consideration
 Foundation consideration
 Standardization of members or design
 Span and floor loads
 Fire resistance requirement
 Maintenance consideration
 Integration of architectural & structural elements

Comparative Study of Steel, Concrete & Timber:

 QUIZE ONE (5%)
1. What you have gained from todays
lesson? Write at least one paragraph or
six lines.
2. Prepare two essay questions from
todays lesson by your self.
Assignment one (5 %)
Write at least five pages short note summary for the
following technical terms listed below(Assignment type
individual, but it should be unique).
NB:IT is better to use any illustrative figures and drawings
1. Structural insulated panels(SIPs).. 2-3 pages
2. Volumetric construction(VC)…2-3 pages
3. Insulated concrete Formwork(ICF)..1-2 pages
 Question ?
Suggestion…
Comment…
Thank You !!!!!