INTRODUCTORY LECTURE:

WHAT IS A STRUCTURE ???

Dr. Anamika Jiwane

OFFICE – 33-104
What is a shelter?????
What is a shelter?????

A shelter is a basic architectural structure or building that provides

protection from the local environment. Having a place of shelter, of safety
and of retreat, i.e. a home, is commonly considered a fundamental
physiological human need, the foundation from which to develop higher
human motivations.
WHAT IS A STRUCTURE ???
Definition of Structure:
Structure is a system of element/s
composed of individual members joined
together in such a way
1. To carry the load applied on it and
2. To transmit loads laterally on the
earth.

Structural Elements
Structural elements are arches, beams,
columns, foundations, trusses, and walls.
Purpose of Structure
Primary purpose of structure is to resist any
loads applied to the building and transmit
those to the ground.

Structures are not always rigid; some

structures are designed to be flexible.

Buildings, such as those built in earthquake

regions of the world, can be made flexible.
• Example of structure:

Structures are around us everywhere. For

Example;
• Human Skeleton.
• Furniture.
• Vehicles, airplanes, & ship frames etc.
• Building, towers, bridges..etc

Furniture
Old structures for living:
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Def: The structural system is the load-resisting sub-system of a structure.

Structural system transfers loads through interconnected structural components or

members.

Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling

and constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and transmit
applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the
members.
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 1. Concrete Frame Structures
2. Steel Frame Structures
1. FRAMED SYSTEM 3. Light Gauge Steel Structures
4. Wood Framed Construction
5. Pre Engineered Building Construction

2. LOAD-BEARING
1. Load-bearing system
WALL SYSTEM
1. Truss
3. TRUSSED 2. Space Frame
SYSTEM 3. Geodesic Dome

1. Shells
4. SHELL SYSTEM 2. Folded Plate
1. Arches
2. Vaults
5. FUNICULAR 3. Catenary cable
SYSTEM 4. Membrane structures
5. Pneumatics
1. FRAMED SYSTEM

Classification of Framed System based on use of material

and construction system. They are;

1. Concrete Frame Structures

2. Steel Frame Structures
3. Light Gauge Steel Structures
4. Wood Framed Construction
5. Pre Engineered Building Construction
1. CONCRETE FRAME
STRUCTURES
Concrete frame structures are the most
common- type of structures for modern
building.
As the name suggests, this type of building
consists of a frame or skeleton of concrete.
Horizontal members of this frame are called
beams, and vertical members are called
columns.
The column is the most important, as it is
the primary load-carrying element of the
building
The gap between columns can be covered
with brick, aluminum or glass.
Each member of frame structure is firmly
connected to each other.
This frame becomes very strong, and must
resist the various loads that act on a building
during its life.
 Some other important components of concrete frame structures:
Shear Walls are important structural elements in high-rise buildings. Shear
walls are essentially very large columns - they could easily measure 400mm
thick by 3m long - making them appear like walls rather than columns.
.

Their function in a building is to help take care of horizontal forces on buildings like
wind and earthquake loads. These are usually not required in low-rise structures.
2. STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
Steel is an immensely strong and flexible material. This is why steel frame structures are
ideal for earthquake-prone areas.
Steel construction is most often used in
•High rise buildings because of its
strength, low weight, and speed of
construction
•Industrial buildings because of its ability
to create large span spaces at low cost
•Warehouse buildings for the same reason
❑ Strong
❑ Flexible
❑ Good for earthquake prone zone
❑ Large span spaces
❑ Low weight
❑ Fast construction
3. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL
STRUCTURES
Light gauge steel construction is very
widely used for residential and low-
rise buildings in the US and Europe.
It is very similar to light wood
construction.
❑ Used for residential and low rise buildings
4. WOOD FRAMED
CONSTRUCTION
Wood framed construction is
widely used for residential and
low-rise structures in North
America and Europe.
Good for Residential and low rise structures
5. PRE ENGINEERED BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Pre engineered metal buildings are a
fast, economical type of construction
best suited to warehouses and
industrial buildings.

The pre-engineered metal building system

is a building enclosure system that always
includes a structural system and often
includes roof and wall cladding.
The structural system consists of
rigid frames of roof
beams and columns that are bolted
together.
❑ Fast
❑ economical
 2. LOAD-BEARING
WALL SYSTEM

LOAD BEARING MASONRY

WALL CONSTRUCTION
Load bearing masonry walls is a
form of construction that was
used widely from the 1700s to the
mid-1900s. it consists of heavy
brick or stone walls that support
horizontal floor slabs.
Load bearing masonry construction is very
rarely used today for large buildings, but smaller
residential-scale structures are being built.

❑ Uses Heavy brick, stone

walls
❑ Rarely used
❑ For Small scale structures
 1. Trusses
3. TRUSSED SYSTEM 2. Space Frame
3. Geodesic Dome

TYPES
1. OF TRUSS FORM
Trusses

❑ Highly cost effective

❑ High quality
❑ Strong and stable
❑ Long span solution
pompidou4
 2. Space Frame

❑ Visually appealing
❑ Unlimited options ❑ Easy to dismantle and build again
❑ Rigid ❑ Long span without internal supports
❑ Light weight
3. Geodesic Dome

❑ Efficient against snow, wind etc.

❑ Energy efficient shape
❑ High volume in ratio to surface area
❑ Good insulation
❑ Not-expensive
❑ Durable
❑ Strong
❑ portable
 1. Shells
4. SHELL SYSTEM 2. Folded Plate

Shell Structure
❑ Strong structure
❑ Wider spans
❑ Without obstructed supports in interior
❑ Less load calculation time
❑ Lower cost
❑ Good against strong winds, storms etc.
 Rigid
heavy load carrying
FOLDED PLATE Economic for long span
Aesthetically pleasing
Free from columns /obstructions
interior of Yokohama port terminal
 1. Arch
5. FUNICULAR 2. Vault
SYSTEM 3. Catenary cable
4. Membrane
5. Pneumatics
1. Arch:

Span large openings, while supporting weight

2. Vaults
Able to cover long distances,
large areas of roofing
BUT: expensive maintenance,
complex formwork
3. Catenary Cable structures
❑ Light weight
❑ Able to support heavy load
❑ BUT: costly, need regular
maintenance
4. Membrane structures ❑ From PVC, Teflon Glass, Silicon glass etc
❑ Light weight
❑ Aesthetically pleasing
❑ Artistic
❑ Energy saving
❑ Environment friendly
❑ Cover large area for public assembly
5. Pneumatic Structure
❑ Light weight
❑ Reusable
❑ Rapid assembly
❑ Portable
❑ Prefabricated
❑ Transparency to light
❑ Creates artificial environment for adaptive use
❑ Suitable for temporary construction
❑ Easy to dismantle and reconstruct
❑ Ability to self support
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