DR.

ABBAS AL WARAFI
OFFICE – 35-211
T 14:00 – 15:50 (15-108)
H 14:00 – 14:50 (15-107/15-112)

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
• PROTECTION FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

• SATISFACTORY INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

DR. A. ALWARAFI
• STRUCTURE SYSTEM

• ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

• MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
 STRUCTURE SYSTEM

• THE SUPER-STRUCTURE –( VERTICAL EXTENSION OF BUILDING

ABOVE THE GROUND)

• COLUMNS, BEAMS, SLABS, AND LOADBEARING WALLS

• THE SUB-STRUCTURE –( UNDERLYING STRUCTURE BELOW

THE GROUND LEVEL)

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ENCLOSURE SYSTEM

• ROOF AND EXTERIOR WALLS

• DOORS AND WINDOWS

• INTERNAL WALLS AND PARTATIONS

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL

• SANITARY
• HVAC
• ELECTRICAL CONTROLS,LIGHT,SECURITY..ETC.

• VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
• FIRE – FIGHTING SYSTEM

DR. A. ALWARAFI
STRUCTURE SYSTEM OF BUILDINGS

• SKELETAL STRUCTURE

• SOLID STRUCTURE

• SURFACE STRUCTURE

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❑ SKELETAL STRUCTURE

➢ SKELETAL STRUCTURE

consists of a skeleton or
framework which support
all the loads and resists all
the forces
1. FRAMEWORK STRUCTURE

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 • SKELETAL STRUCTURE (FRAM)

2. SUSPENDED STRUCTURE 3. GRID STRUCTURE

❑ Skeletal Structure
are suitable for high and low
rise, and for long and short span
building

TRANSFARE OF LOADS

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❑ SOLID STRUCTURE

IGLOO
TRANSFARE
OF LOADS

➢ SOLID STRUCTURE CROSS WALL STRUCTURE

The Wall Acts As Both The

Enclosing And Support
Elements ( Load Bearing Walls
CELLULAR STRUCTURE

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❑ SURFACE STRUCTURE
1. THIN PLATES OF SOLID MATERIALS

FOLDED OR BENT
SHELL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

2. THIN FLEXIBLE MEMBRANES – TENSION STRUCTURE

(SUSPENDED OR STRETCHED)

TENSION SUSPENSION STRUCTURE PNEUMATIC

STRUCTURE

DR. A. ALWARAFI
THE SURVIVAL OF ANIMAL AND PLANT LIFE FOUND IN NATURE
DEPENDS UPON THEIR ABILITY TO DEVELOP A STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM

The Ability Of Both Nature And Architecture To Successfully Resolve

Forces Within Their System, Is Dependent To A Large Degree Upon

▪ THE MATERIALS OF THE STRUCTURE ELEMENTS.

▪ THE GEOMETRY OF THE SYSTEM.

The Choice Of An APPROPRIATE STRUCTURE SYSTEM In

Architecture Is Based On Knowledge Of The PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS And Understanding Of FORCES AND
STRESSES

DR. A. ALWARAFI
➢ A Force Can Be Defined
As(PRODUCTS OF LOADS) That
Which Tend To Exert MOTION ,
COMPRESSION OR TENSION
On A Body

➢ These Forces Can Be

Classified As Two Types
❖ GRAVITY LOADS
❖ LATERAL LOADS
LIVE LOAD AND DEAD LOADS

DR. A. ALWARAFI
• CLASSIFYING OF LOAD - 1

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
• CLASSIFYING OF LOAD - 2

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
 LIVE And DEAD Loads Induce
(PRODUCE) Forces And Stress Within
The Structure Which Classified As :

• COMPRESSION
• TENSION
• SHEAR
• TORQUE
• BENDING

DR. A. ALWARAFI
drag

DR. A. ALWARAFI
❑ COMPRESSION

A Compression Force Tends To

CONDENSE Materials

IN ARCHITECTURE
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION IN NATURE

DR. A. ALWARAFI
❑ TENSION

A Tension Force Tends To

STRETCH Materials

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❑ SHEAR

A Shear Force Tends To

DIVIDE Object

SHEAR IN NATURE- Shearing Stress N = Shearing

CANTILEVERED Force P Divided By Area Being
SHEAR LEDGE
Sheared A

Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one

part of a body in one specific direction, and another
part of the body in the opposite direction.
DR. A. ALWARAFI
❑ TORQUE

A Torque Is The Result Of

Forces Which Tend To TWIST
An Object Resulting In Shear
Stress Torque is common in nature
Torques which is not resisted properly , Structural failure due to insufficient
results in structural failure. resistance to torque
Twisting

Twisting forces causing to deform

DR. A. ALWARAFI
❑ BENDING
Bending Is The Result Of Forces Which Tend
To DEFLECT a Member By Inducing
TENSION , COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR.

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
 Internal forces cause stresses
within structure members

A STRESS CAN BE DEFINED AS

A FORCE PER UNIT AREA

F ( stress ) = P ( force ) ÷ A ( area )

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 A FORCE ACTING ON AN
ELEMENT THROUGH A DISTANCE

MOMENT = FORCE × DISTANCE

M ( moment ) = P ( force ) × L ( lever arm )

DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❑ EFFECT OF SPAN AND DEPTH OF BEAM
ON STRENGTH:

✓ Beam depth is an important

consideration for reducing bending
stresses and limiting vertical
deflection

DR. A. ALWARAFI
✓ Deeper beams are subject to lateral buckling
due to the stress caused by external loading

DR. A. ALWARAFI
✓ The geometrical shape of a structure
member plays an important role in
its ability to resist bending forces
and support loads

DR. A. ALWARAFI
✓ Applied Loads Cause Internal
Resistive Forces In Structural
Members Which In Turn
Produce Stresses Within
These Members

✓ If The Types Of Stresses Can Be

Determined, Then An
APPROPRIATE MATERIALS Can Be
Chosen To Stable And EFFICIENT
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
Concrete: Weak in tension and high in compression
Situation: If only concrete is used in beam; lower
portion of concrete will pull apart and the beam will fail

Therefore steel rods are placed in lower portion to

resist tensile forces
BEAM= Tensile ( steel) and compressive ( Concrete)

Concrete Joist: Concrete in lower half is used

to hold the steel rods,
if concrete is removed and the bars are
grouped, a concrete joist system is
formed. Deeper the joist better it is.

Removing excess concrete from lower portion which

is not structurally important, Dead load is reduced
and live load carrying capacity is increased.

Joist are better than the slab as it will require less

material for similar span and similar load.

DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
 ❖ PRE – STRESSING ( POST – TENSION )

Definition of prestress.: to introduce internal stresses into (something, such as

a structural beam) to counteract the stresses that will result from applied load.
Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other
materials with high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as
tendons.
DR. A. ALWARAFI
Steel section is the smallest as compared to wood, concrete etc.

DR. A. ALWARAFI
1. A force can be defined as that which tend to
exert MOTION , COMPRESSION or TENSION.
2. A compressive force tends to CONDENSE materials.

3. A tensile force tends to STRETCH materials.

4. A shear force tends to DIVIDE an object along parallel with
opposing external forces.
5. Torque is the result of forces which tend to TWIST an
object, resulting in a shearing stress.
6. Bending is the result of forces which tend to DEFLECT a
member by inducing tension, compression and shear.
7. Internal forces cause stresses within structure members.

8. A moment may be define as a force acting

through a distance.
DR. A. ALWARAFI
DR. A. ALWARAFI
 Sketch Book -Task 2 (refer to lecture-4)

1.1 Visit the campus of Isa Town and Sakhairand do the following:
Make a list of minimum 5 structural systems in each location, identify
their names and draw sketches or stick photographs for the same.

1.2 Draw sketches to explain the concept: Compression, tension,

shear, Torque, Bending etc.

1.2 Make a list of minimum 10 difficult words you learned from this
lecture and write their meanings in English/Arabic and attach a
picture if needed to help you learn.

DR. A. ALWARAFI