THEORY OF STRUCTURE TERMINOLOGY

 REACTION
MODULE 1 & 2 REVIEWER
o The sum total of all the external forces
 ROLLER SUPORT & CONNECTION measured from the supports of a beam.
o 2 reactions o The sum total of all the forces measured
o Type of beam connection free from from the supports of a simple beam.
horizontal stress.
o allows rotation and horizontal forces but  SIMPLE BEAM
will resist vertical forces. o 2 reactions (pin &roller)
o Type of beam simply supported on both
 PINNED SUPPORT &CONNECTION ends.
o Type of beam support that prevents
Horizontal and vertical forces but allows  CANTILEVER BEAM
rotation. o A beam anchored at one end and
o type of beam connection carrying the projecting into space. 
moment horizontal and vertical stresses o 2 reactions (force & moment)
o allows rotation but will resist horizontal 
forces and vertical forces.  CONTINUOUS BEAM
 To allow for better load distribution o Type of beam supported by a row of
 To make the analysis simpler columns.
 To allow relatively free end rotation of 
connection members.
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

 FIXED SUPPORT & CONNECTION o A beam supported on the ends which
o Type of beam support that prevents all are free to rotate and have no
types of forces. moment resistance.
o is a rigid connection that will resist all
forces on the horizontal, vertical, and  OVERHANGING BEAM
rotational forces?
o A simple beam extending beyond its

support on one end.
 FIXED END CONNECTION
Type of beam connection carrying the
moment, horizontal, and vertical stresses.  FIXED BEAM
o A beam supported on both ends and
 BEAM restrained from rotation.
o A rigid structural member designed to 
carry and transfer transverse loads across  LINTEL BEAM
spaces to the supporting elements. o It is a beam especially provided over an
o Uniformly distributed load of a force that opening for a door or window to carry the
wall over opening.
is supported by structural element.
o A beam loading that produces a linearly
 DEAD LOAD
varying shear diagram in simple beam.
o Classification of a load which is
o horizontal members, primarily designed to
permanently attached to a structure.
resist bending moment

 LIVE LOAD
 LOADS
o Moving variable weights add to the dead
o It is the general term applied for all which
load or an intrinsic weight of a structure.
act upon a structure and anything else
which causes stresses or deformation
within a structure or part.  MOVABLE LOAD
o A force that is supported by a structural o Load produced by a large furniture
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  GRAVITY LOAD triangulated steel members that span
o Classification of a load produced by a dead on a wide area.
load.
 Weight of a concrete
 POINT LOAD o 2,400 Kg per cubic meter
o A force applied at a very small portion on
1𝑁
a beam.  1 Mpa is equal to 𝑚𝑚2
o A beam loading that produces a sudden
drop of the line diagram in a simple beam.
 1 Pascal = 1000 N/mm^2
o A beam loading that produces a linearly
varying diagram in a simple beam.
 1 NEWTON
 SEISMIC LOAD o 1kg*m/s^2
o Classification of a load produced by
earthquake.  1 Giga pascal
o 1,000,000,000 N / mm^2
 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD 1 x 103 𝑁
o 1GPa is equal to o 𝑚𝑚2
o Type of load that produce parabolically
varying moments.
o Type of load representing the weight of a
prismatic beam.  1 cu.m. of steel is equal to 7,850 kg
o a load that is distributed or spread across
the whole region of a beam.  L/2
o Type of load that is increasing or o The centroid of a Uniformly Distributed
decreasing linearly throughout the length load measure from its greater magnitude.
of the beam.  2L/3
o The centroid of a Uniformly varying load
 UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD measure from its lesser magnitude.
o A beam loading that produces a  L/3
parabolically moment diagram in simple o The centroid of a Uniformly varying load
beam. measure from its greater magnitude.
o a load that spread over the beam which is o Formula in finding the distance to locate
linearly varying from one end to the other the resultant force of a uniformly
end. varying load

 COLUMN  COMPRESSION
o A vertical structural element that carries o A longitudinal strain that tends to
an axial force in compression. shorten the object under stress.
o vertical and resist axial compressive loads. o A longitudinal strain develops at the
midspan of extreme top fiber of a
 DEFLECTION
simple beam.
o The deformation of a structural member
as a result of loads acting on it.
  COMPRESSIVE FORCE
 COMPRESSION o Type of force acting at the extreme
o a force acting on a column top fiber at the midspan of a beam.

 TENSILE FORCE
 SPACE TRUSS FRAME
o Type of force acting at the
o wasStructural
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 midspan of a beam.  Shear force
 Concentrated load
 EQUILIBRIUM  Bending moment
o Sum of all external force is equal
to ZERO. Truss system – comprises in five or more member in
triangular units constructed with straight members whose
end are connected at joints, external forces, and reaction
 EQUAL
to those are considered to act only at nodes and result in
o The reactions measured at the
force in the members are either in tension or compression.
supports of a freely supported beam
on both ends.

 ARCHES
o support their loads in compression

 CABLES
o support their loads in tension

 FRAMES
o composed of beam and column that are
their pin or fixed connected.
o A structural system is often used in
building and are composed of beams and
columns that are either pin or fixed
connected

 TRUSSES
o A structural system consists of slender
elements which resist axial tensile or
compression forces
o Structural system composed of
triangulated steel member that allows
span on a wide area

 LATERAL LOAD
o Classification of a load produced by the
wind.

Loads in Beams and Columns

Axial load – is a loading that exist along the full length or

longitudinal axis of a beam.

Transverse load – is a loading that is perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of a beam.

These are lateral load except one

 Movable load
3This
possible internal
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MODULE 3 & 4 and the corresponding unit strains for a
specific material.
 INFLECTION POINT
o The section of a beam which the bending
 SHEAR STRESS
moment change from positive to negative
o A force acting at the surface of an object
and at this section, the magnitude of the
which tend the material to slip past the
bending moment is zero
adjacent part.
o The lateral deformation produced in a
 MOMENT DIAGRAM body by an external force that causes one
o A graphic representation of the variation part of the body to slide relative to an
in magnitude of the bending moment adjacent part in a direction parallel to their
o The variation of the magnitude of bending plane contact.
stress measured from the full length of a
beam.
 STRAIN
 MOMENT o The change in the shape of any material
o The rotational force measured at a given when subjected to the action force.
axis at a given point on a beam. o The deformation of a body under the
action of an applied force, about the
 MOMENT ARM change in size to the original size of a
o The force measured from a loading at a stressed element.
distance from the axis of rotation. o The deformation of a body under the
action of an applied force, about the
 MOMENT OF INERTIA change in size to that of the original size.
o A property of a body that defines its
resistance to a change in angular velocity  CENTROID
about an axis of rotation. o The sum of the displacements of all points
in the figure from such a point being zero.
 SPAN
o The distance measured along the full  CENTROID OF MASS
length of a beam. o The balance of weight in a force system.

 CLEAR SPAN  CENTROID OF AN AREA

o The distance between inner faces of the o Denoted as the average X and Y
support coordinates of an area.

 EFFECTIVE SPAN  EQUILIBRIUM

o The center-to-center distance between
the supports of a beam.
 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
o A design analysis as a basis where the total
lateral forces are distributed to the various
vertical elements of the lateral force-
resisting system.
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
o A graphic representation of the
relationship between unit stress values
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o Sum of all external force is equal to ZERO.
 STRESS
o The reaction of an elastic body to the
external forces applied, equal to the force
per unit area of the elastic body.
o The cohesive force in a body, which resists
the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of that body.
 BEARING STRESS
o The contact force between two opposing
objects.

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 AXIAL STRESS
o The force passing through the surface area
to the longitudinal axis of a material.
o The tensile or compressive stress assumed
to be normal to and uniformly distributed
over the area of the cross section.
o The main reinforcing bar resisting tension
at the span of a beam

o Classification of a load in simple beam that
theoretically produces a positive moment

 TENSION
o A longitudinal strain that tends to 
elongate the object. o The distance from the support to the span
o A longitudinal strain develops at the mid- of a beam where shear force is decreasing,
span of the extreme bottom fiber of a and moment is increasing
simple beam

 M = WL^2/8 o The analysis of the stress, strain and
o The formula in computing the maximum deflection characteristics of structural
ending moment for uniformly distributed behavior is referred to.
load on a simple beam.

 V = WL/2
o The formula in computing the maximum
vertical shear for a uniformly distributed
load on simple beam

 NEUTRAL AXIS
o An imaginary line passing through the
centroid of the cross section of a beam,
along which no bending stresses occur

 LINEARLY INCREASING OR DECREASING

o The shear diagram of a uniformly
varying load.

 FORCE X MOMENT
o Formula of Moment

 STATICS
o Branch of engineering mechanics that
is concerned with the analysis of loads.


o The main reinforcing bar resisting tension
at the support of a beam


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 MODULE 5 & 6

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