INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE (PART 2)  SLAB

Loads carried by Floor include:

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING FRAME
1. Dead Loads – weight of all material permanently
attached
a. Superimposed dead loads – floor and
ceiling finishes, mechanical duct, allowance, utilities,
partition
b. Self-weight
2. Live Loads – weight are nonpermanent and will
inhibit within a short time. Expressed in Pa or kPa.
(Surface loads per surface area)

AMONG THE MANY OTHER TYPES OF LIVE LOADS

ARE:
DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Traffic loads for bridges – Bridges are subjected to
series of concentrated loads of varying magnitude
 FRAME
caused by groups
Formation of elements/ members (vertical, horizontal,
of truck or train wheels.
diagonal)
b. Impact Loads – Impact loads are caused by the
2D (Truss) is composed of braces (resist lateral
vibration of moving or movable loads, Impact loads
deformation) that holds diagonal members.
are equal to the difference between the magnitude of
 SPACE FRAME
the loads caused and the magnitude of the loads had
Connection between horizontal and vertical frames.
they been dead loads.
Only composed of column and girders.
c. Longitudinal Loads – Longitudinal loads also need
Hold the suspended floor (gravity loads)
to be considered in designing some structures.
 MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
Stopping a train on a railroad bridge or a truck on a
Specially design to resist earthquake, wind and gravity
highway bridge causes longitudinal forces to be
loads (lateral forces)
applied.
 FLOOR LOADS
d. Miscellaneous Loads – Among the other types of
Superimposed dead load
Dead load live loads with which the structural designer will have
Self-weight of slab
to contend are soil pressures (such as the exertion of
Ceiling, mechanical wirings, etc.
lateral earth pressures on walls or upward pressures
-Live loads (non-permanent)
on foundations), hydrostatic pressures (such as water
 MONOLITHIC FLOOR
pressure on dams, inertia forces of large bodies of
Girder and slab are simultaneously poured and are
water during earthquakes, and uplift pressures on
rigidly connected. They act as one.
tanks and basement structures), blast loads (caused
 NON-MONOLITHIC FLOOR
by explosions, sonic booms, and military weapons),
Beams/ girders and slab are separately created and
and centrifugal forces (such as those caused on
connected afterwards.
curved bridges by trucks and trains or similar effects
 SLAB
on roller coaters).
Flat, horizontal panel that support the floor; can be
supported by beams/girders on edges or directly by
• SLAB
columns.
• ONE-WAY SLAB
TYPE OF SLAB ACCORDING TO METHOD OF
Composed of short and long strips intersecting with
CONSTRUCTION
each other.
a. Precast slab – has beforehand been cast with or
Short span to long span ration, m=s/l < 0.5.
without reinforcement in manufacturing works
conditions, and then carried and assembled on site
b. Cast-in-place slab - casted on site.
c. Monolithic slab – the slab and beams are
• Short strip supports the long strip.
constructed as one single concrete pour.
• The shorter the member, the stronger it
d. Non-monolithic slab – slab and beam are
can resist bending.
constructed independently.
• Since slabs are consists of multiple
strips, all the long strips are fully
supported by the short strip.
• SLAB
SHEAR STRESS
• You have previously learned that in elastic
homogeneous beams, where stresses are proportional
to strains, two kinds of stresses occur (bending and
shear), and they can be calculated with the following
expressions:
• An element of a beam not located at an extreme
fiber or at the neutral axis is subject to both bending
and shear stresses. These stresses combine into
inclined compressive and tensile stresses, called
principal stresses, which can be determined from the
following expression:
• The direction of principal stresses can be
determined with the formula to follow, in which α is
the inclination of the stress to the beam’s axis:
• SLAB
LONGITUDINAL BARS IN ONE-WAY SLAB
• SLAB
SHEAR STRESS
• At different positions along the beam, v and f
change, and thus the directions of the principal
stresses change. • It can be seen from the preceding
equation that at the neutral axis, the principal stresses
will be located at a 45° angle with the horizontal.
• Diagonals cracks are produced due to shear stress.
• For slabs, there is no reinforcement for shear due to
its thickness (100-150 mm are relatively thin)
* Furthermore, according to engineering mechanics, if
pure shear is produced in a member, a principal
tensile
stress of equal magnitude will be produced on
another
plane. Because the tensile strength of concrete is less
than its shearing strength, the concrete will fail in
tension before its shearing strength is reached.
IRON GRID
A framework (usually of steel) over a theater stage
and
immediately below the stage house roof; used as the
structural support from which scenery and lighting
equipment are hung. Also called a grid.
 • Girders are the main horizontal supports of a
structure and support smaller beams.
• All girders are beams, but not all beams are girders.
• SLAB • Beam and girders have defined cross-
TWO-WAY SLAB sectional area.
• Short span to long span ration, • Girder fabrication consists of load requirements
from smaller beams the girder will support. Beam
fabrication does not.
• Stiffness on both strips are relatively close.
• Both directions are bending to either
support each other or manifest independent
bending.

SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
• Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the
additional of beams between the columns, by
thickening the slabs around the columns (drop
panels), and by flaring the columns under the slabs
(column capitals).
• COLUMN
• Vertical structures that resists compressive forces.
• Suffer against BUCKLING.
-BUCKLING EFFECT is due to moment and
instability because of the applied compressive
force.

•COLUMN
1. Pedestals
2. Short columns
3. Long columns

•COLUMN
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
• Longitudinal Bars
- Provided to sustain compressive forces
• BEAMS AND GIRDERS caused by axial loads and tensile forces
caused by bending moments.
• Confinement
- Individual hoop ties with cross-ties or
continuous spiral bars to provide:
a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent
buckling when concrete cover breaks.
b) Prevention against spitting of the column due to
shear failure
c) Confinement of concrete column core for increased
strength and ductility.
• BEAMS AND GIRDERS
*COLLAPSE STAGE (Ultimate Strength) is when
FACTORED LOADS (service loads are multiplied with
LOAD FACTORS) provide non-linear inelastic behavior.