NAME: QUEVADA, JESSICA MAY L.

DATE: MARCH 3, 2023

SECTION CODE: G155 YEAR & COURSE: BSCE – III
ASSIGNMENT 5
1. Draw a schematic diagram illustrating the occurrence of groundwater showing:
groundwater table, zone of aeration, zone of saturation, effluent and influent streams.

2. Illustrate the occurrence of artesian showing the flowing and non-flowing artesian
well.
 3. Discuss the hydraulics of well and illustrate showing the drawdown, groundwater
table and the cone of depression.
WELL HYDRAULICS
- When a well is pumped water flows toward the well from storage, so the head
declines forming a cone of depression.
- The amount of decline is called drawdown so this is called the drawdown cone.
- The time required to reach steady state depends on Storativity, Transmissivity,
Boundary Conditions, and Pumping rate.
- Monitoring the development and final form of this cone in observation wells around
the pumping well allows us to determine aquifer properties (e.g. T and S).
IMPORTANCE OF WELL HYDRAULICS
Groundwater withdrawal from aquifer is important to meet water demand. Therefore, it is
important to meet water demand. Therefore, we need to understand well hydraulics to design
a pumping strategy that is sufficient to furnish the adequate amount of water.
IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS ABOUT WELL HYDRAULICS
1. Cone of depression
 represent the water table during the drawdown of water with the help of well
through homogeneous and isotropic aquifer
 in un-confined aquifer cone of depression represent the drawdown water table but
in confined aquifer it represents the pressure drop (change in piezometric head)
around the well.
2. Radius of influence
 It is distance from the center of the well to the point at which the drawdown is zero.
The point at which drawdown is zero indicates the outer limit of the cone of
depression. The cones of depression are larger for wells sunk in the confined aquifer.
Therefore, radius of influence is also greater in confined aquifer than in the
unconfined aquifer. It may be noted that drawdown, cone of depression and radius
of influence are the three parameters of the same phenomenon, are closely inter-
related and are characteristic features of every pumped well.
They depend on the following:
 Aquifer characteristics
 Well discharge, i.e., pumping rate
 Duration of pumping
 Slope of water table recharge within the influenced zone.

3. Drawdown
 when the water is pumped out from a tube well, the water level in the well as well
as in the vicinity of the pumped well is lowered. The lowering of the water level at
any point as a result of groundwater pumping is called drawdown at that point. The
drawdown is maximum at the well and goes on reducing away from the well till at
some distance the drawdown is zero. Obviously at and after this point water level
remains un-effected.
4. Hydraulic Gradient
 owing to the differential lowering of water level a difference of head is created
between the water level at the well and original groundwater table. The slope or
head difference per unit length is called hydraulic gradient.

5. Steady Flow
 In a pumped well when equilibrium is reached between the discharges of the
pumped well and the recharge of the aquifer by an outside source this condition
represents a steady or equilibrium flow. In other words, steady state is reached
when in the piezometers the changes in the drawdown with time have become
negligible or when the hydraulic gradient has become constant.

 For a semi-confined aquifer overlain by a semi-pervious layer the outside source

could be an unconfined aquifer with constant water table which is situated over the
semi-pervious layer. This constant water table aquifer can contribute required
recharge to the semi-confined aquifer through the semi-pervious layer.

6. Unsteady Flow
 The unsteady flow indicates non-equilibrium condition. This type of flow exists from
the moment groundwater pumping starts from the well till the steady state is
reached. In a completely confined horizontal aquifer of constant thickness and
infinite size which is pumped at a constant rate there will be unsteady flow for all the
time in the absence of a source of recharge in the form of vertical leakage or a
recharge boundary. Conversely to the steady-state flow, when the water level in
piezometers or hydraulic gradient changes with time during pumping unsteady flow
condition exists.

7. Partially Penetrating Well:

 When the tube well does not extend to full depth of the aquifer but draws water
from part depth of the aquifer the well is called partially penetrating well.

8. Specific Capacity of a Well

  It is a measure of the productivity of a well. It is a ratio of the pumping rate and
drawdown in the well.
Specific capacity = Q/H1 – H2 = Q/s where Q is well discharge and (H1 – H2) or s is drawdown.
Illustration showing the drawdown, groundwater table and the cone of depression.
 REFERENCES:
Caba, C. (2022). Groundwater & Well Hydraulics. Retrieved from
https://edurev.in/studytube/Groundwater-Well-Hydraulics/bf5dd289-ddf9-47ac-85b1-
7a11c61bca20_t
Irfan, M. (2018, February 24). Geotechnical Engineering-I [Lec #25: In-Situ Permeability].
https://www.slideshare.net/1mirfan/geotechnical-engineeringi-lec-25-insitu-
permeability
Sen, S. (2020). Terms used in Hydraulics. Retrieved from
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/water/groundwater/terms-used-in-hydraulics-8-
terms-defined/60975
Stone, E. (2019). Groundwater and well hydraulics. Retrieved from:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/15740186/