Problem Set 1 Part 2

1. A government chemist has performed a gravimetric analysis for chloride ion on a

sample submitted to the laboratory. The following results were obtained:

Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5
% Chloride ion 27.46 27.52 27.48 27.10 27.55

Determine the ffg:

a. mean
b. median
c. spread or range of the data
d. standard deviation
e. coefficient of variation
f. relative standard deviation
g. variance

Solution:

27.46+27.52+27.48+27.10+27.55
a. X = =27.42
5

27.10 27.46 27.48 27.52 27.55

b. Median = 27.48

c. Spread, w = 27.55 – 27.10 = 0.45

d. Standard deviation, s

√
2 2 2 2 2
(27.10−27.42) +(27.46−27.42) +(27.48−27.42) +(27.52−27.42) +(27.55−27.42)
s=
5−1
= 0.18
 e. Coefficient of Variation, CV

0.18
CV = x 100 % = 0.67 %
27.42

f. Relative standard deviation

0.18
RSD = x 1000 ppt
27.42
= 6.56 ppt
g. Variance

s2 = 0.182 = 0.0324

2. The accepted value of the above data is 27.50%. Calculate

a. the absolute error
b. the relative error

Solution:
a. Absolute error

E = 27.42 - 27.50 = - 0.08

b. Relative Error

27.42−27.50
Er = x 100%
27.50
 Er = -0.29 %

3. Calculate 98% confidence interval

Degrees of freedom 1 2 3 4 5

98% confidence level 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365

ts
CL = X ±
√ N−1
3.747 x 0.18
CL = 27.42 ±
√4
CL = 27.42 ± 0.34

27.76 – 27.08

4. Determine if the 27.10 value is an outliers at 98% CI

Dixon’s Test

Qexp > Qcrit then the data in question is an outliers

Qexp = gap ¿ ¿

¿
Qexp = ¿ 27.10−27.46∨ 0.45 ¿
= 0.80

Qcrit = 0.710
Qexp > Qcrit , 27.10 is an outliers