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The purpose of this article is to discuss terms of reclaimed water production. Why is are helping drive the increased production of
several aspects of reclaimed water that are of this? reclaimed water.
importance today. Emphasis is placed on Issues relating to water quality, popula- Recent spring droughts from 2000 through
water reuse in Florida and California because tion growth, environmental regulations, and 2009 in Florida increased demand for re-
they are two of the largest producers of re- saltwater intrusion are some of the primary claimed water. Severe restrictions were placed
claimed water in the United States. The term reasons that Florida currently produces more on residential irrigation with potable water, but
‘‘reclaimed water’’ is commonly used in Florida. reclaimed water than other states. Florida’s fewer restrictions were placed on reclaimed
California changed from ‘‘reclaimed water’’ to population increased fivefold from 1950 to water irrigation. The Water Management Dis-
‘‘recycled water’’ in 2000 (State of California, 2000, and it is now the fourth largest state in tricts in Florida are actively promoting the
2000). For the purpose of this discussion, both the nation with a 2009 estimated population use of reclaimed water as a way to reduce
terms are considered to mean the same thing. of 18.5 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). potable water use (Southwest Florida Water
Reclaimed water in Florida is defined as ‘‘water Several major reclaimed water projects in Management District, 2009a, 2009b).
that has received at least secondary treatment Florida were started for water quality reasons. With less rainfall and a larger population
and basic disinfection and is reused after flowing The city of St. Petersburg brought its reclaimed than Florida, California also has strong rea-
out of a domestic wastewater treatment facil- water system online in 1977 after passage sons for reclaiming water. Currently, Cali-
ity’’ [Florida Department of Environmental of the Wilson-Grizzle Act (Asano et al., fornia uses nearly half of its reclaimed water
Protection (FDEP), 2010c]. 2007). This act mandated that ‘‘wastewater on agriculture and the rest on landscape irri-
Florida has less than half the population treatment plants discharging to Tampa Bay and gation and other uses. The two largest reclaimed
of California. Statewide, Florida receives its tributaries treat their wastewater to that of water projects for food crop irrigation in Cal-
an average of 1372 mm of rainfall annually drinking water standards.’’ (Tchobanoglous ifornia (and the United States) were developed
(FDEP, 2010b), whereas much of southern et al., 2003). St. Petersburg became the first in response to seawater intrusion. The Monterey
California receives less than half that amount, major city in the United States to reach zero County Water Recycling Projects (Asano
yet Florida is the leading state in the nation in discharge of wastewater effluent into nearby et al., 2007) irrigates over 4800 ha with over
surface waters. By using reclaimed water in- 18.8 billion liters per year of reclaimed water.
stead of groundwater, this project reduced Crops grown include artichokes (Cynara car-
Received for publication 20 Jan. 2010. Accepted demand for well water near the coast and dunculus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), strawber-
for publication 7 May 2010. thus helped slow saltwater intrusion. Another ries (Fragaria ·ananassa), celery (Apium
Part of a colloquium (The Efficient Use of Alterna- project, Water Conserv II, was started in graveolens), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea),
tive Water and Traditional Irrigation Sources in
Horticulture) presented 25 July 2009 at ASHS-2009,
1986 to stop discharge of treated wastewater broccoli (Brassica oleracea), and spinach
St. Louis, MO; sponsored by the Water Utilization from Orlando and Orange County into Lake (Spinacia oleracea). The Watsonville Area
and Management (WUM) Working Group. Tohopekaliga, an important recreational bass Water Recycling Project irrigates over 800 ha
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To whom reprint requests should be addressed; fishing lake (Parsons, 2009). Now, water of similar crops with over 4.9 billion liters per
e-mail lrp@crec.ifas.ufl.edu. shortages (or water quantity issues) in Florida year of reclaimed water (Pajaro Valley Water