Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OVERVIEW
to lactic acid contributing now to the increased
• There are certain practices/activities that may interfere
levels of lactate
with the result
o Ex: Eating prior to blood collection and analysis =
FATTY ACIDS:
glucose level temporarily increases
PRE-ANALYTICAL VARIABLES/FACTORS
CONTRIBUTING TO THE VARIATION OF RESULTS:
• Exercise
• Fasting
• Diet
• Posture and Position
• Tourniquet Application
• Tobacco Smoking
• Alcohol ingestion
• Stress (anxiety)
• Drugs • TAG = Triacylglycerol = Triglycerides = Storage
form of Fat
NOTE: o structure: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol backbone
2. FASTING
• 8-10 hrs: glucose/sugar test
• 10-14 hrs: lipids and lipoproteins/lipid profile test
• Overfast: 48 hrs fasting - increases serum bilirubin
o Serum bilirubin will increase because the liver
• During exercise, there is insufficient oxygen in cannot excrete/metabolize the bilirubin
some tissues since the body will prioritize the more • 72 hrs fasting - increase triglycerides
important parts for functionality • Basal state collection: GLUCOSE, CHOLESTEROL,
o Glycogen/Glucose will now undergo anaerobic TRIGLYCERIDE, AND ELECTROLYTES
glycolysis/fermentation converting pyruvic acid o NOTE: Basal state collection is early morning
blood collection, 12 hrs after the last ingestion
of food
• These require fasting specimen: Fasting Blood o 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid = product of
Sugar (FBS), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), serotonin which is 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine)
TAG, Lipid panel, Gastrin, Aldosterone/Renin, and o 5-HT → 5-HIAA
Insulin • Caffeine increases concentrations of glucose; it
o OGTT usually performed among pregnant promotes release of catecholamines from the adrenal
patients medulla and brain tissue
o All of these increases when food is present o Catecholamines can increase glucose
o 8-14 hrs fasting • In obese persons: increased Lactate Dehydrogenase
(LD), Cortisol, and Glucose
3. DIET o “CLOG” - Cortisol, Lactate Dehydrogenase LD,
• High protein diet increases urea Obese, Glucose
o Urea’s other name BUN: Blood, Urea, and
Nitrogen 4. POSTURE AND POSITION
• Preferred position during phlebotomy: upright
position or supine
UREA:
• Changing from supine to sitting or standing position =
increase albumin, enzymes, and calcium levels
o These analytes are present in the blood
PHYSIOLOGIC VARIATION
• Changes that occur within the body such as cyclic
changes (diurnal or circadian) or those resulting from
exercise, diet, stress, gender, age, drugs, posture or
underlying medications.
• Affected by diurnal variation:
Increased in AM: ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol and
iron.
Decreased in PM: Acid Phosphatase, Growth
Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone
• Affected by age (decreased levels):
Creatinine clearance, Hormones
o Found in the kidney