Name:

Registration Number:
Course: Data Communication and Computer Networks
Teacher Name: Dr. Asim

Q.1)
Part a)
Part b)
Q.2)
The sudden impact cause when both switches are in operational mode it will cause a
broadcast storm. For example 2 Switches are connected with 5 ports each and a computer
send an address to SW1 which shows the instruction needs to broadcast the SW1 will
broadcast the address on all remaining ports except the port from which it receive the
instruction. Then the SW2 receive the broadcast instruction it will do the same. While SW2
has reverse or return port too so the instruction of broadcast will roam again and again and
this cause pressures on switches and lead them to hang. This situation known as switching
loop. It will take few min to down the network.
Bandwidth and data rate relate to each other
The terms bandwidth and data rates are often used interchangeably, but they are in fact very
different if you work in the cabling world. Your internet provider may advertise a bandwidth
of 500 megabits per second (Mbps). In that case, they actually mean data rate.
It is the speed at which data is transferred from one device to another or between a peripheral
device and the computer. ... For example, if bandwidth is 100 Mbps but data rate is 50 Mbps,
it means maximum 100 Mb data can be transferred but channel is transmitting only 50 Mb
data per second.
Reliability, availability relate to each other:
Reliability is the probability that maintenance of the system will retain the system in, or
restore it to, a specified condition within a given time period. Availability is the probability
that the system is operating satisfactorily at any time, and it depends on the reliability and the
maintainability.
Q.3)
Routing packet in the same network.

For sending a packet in same network MAC address is required which can be resolved by
ARP request sent by the host if MAC address is not known. It is a broadcast request and
MAC address never crosses it broadcast domain.

i.) When switch 1 does not know MAC address of host B:

When host A sends the packet for host B, there could be two cases, either host A knows
MAC address of host B or not. If knows then directly semd thw packet, otherwise an ARP
request is broadcasted in the same network. This request will be sent by switch to every host
excluding A. At this time switch will know the MAC of A. Now the request wil be accepeted
by the host B and send a unicast reply to host A specifying its MAC address in it. Now
switch will send it back to the host A and also stores in its table the MAC of host B. Now
switch have MAC of both the host. After this ARP request message can be sent to host B
from host A using MAC address via switch.

So it is not the case that host A sends the request without MAC address of host B and switch
also does not know the MAC address. Host A itself will specify the MAC of host B in packet
( know it using ARP) and then sends it to switch. Switch 1 will help in broadcasting the ARP
request by host A. Switch 2 will also recieve the request from switch 1 and seach its table for
MAC of host B and sends it if knows.

ii.)When switch 1 knows the MAC of both the host:

If switch 1 knows rhe MAC of both the host then switch directly forward the packet to host
B and switch did not recieve the frame as host B is directly connected to switch 1.