l'C

13. (a) Stea m exp and s isentropically in a noz zle fro m JMP a, 25f
to 1 OkPa. The flow rate ofthe stea m is 1 kg/s . Fin d the foll owi ng
wlten the inle t velocity is neglected.
(i) Quality ofstea m (6)
Sol ved Ann~a'. . .U
::::.:n~i_ve~r_s1_,·ty~Q'-u_
es_t_io_n_P_a~p:---e_rs~ - - - - - - - - Q
~ ~- l~SiS_
,, '/, Velocity of ste am at exi t of the noz zle
(5)
(iii ) Ex it are a of tlie 110'[:;,/e.
(S)
Given dat a:
p 1 = lM Pa = 10 ba r
T 1 = 250°C
p 2 = l0k Pa
m= 1 kg
©Solution:
Properties of ste am fro m steam tab
les.
At 10 ba r and 250°C
h 1 = 29 42 /kg s 1 = 6.9 23k J/k gK
v, = 0.2326m 3/kg

At 0.l ba r
h1= 191.8k.J/kg hg = 2585k.J/kg
s1= 0.6 49k .llk gK Sg = 8.15k.J/kgK
vi= 0.0 01 0lm 3/kg Vg = 14.688m3/kg
1-2 ⇒ isentropic expansion
S1 = S2 = 6.923k.J/kg

6.6923 = 0.649+ X2 X (8.15 - 0.649)

x2= 0.806 Ans.
Q-156 J. ,,t:,,, ,,,"',, '-'":5'"1.::erin
'

- 250°

= 191.8 + 0.806 X (2585 - J91.8)

= 2120.719 kl/kg

= ·0 .806xl4.6 88 = 11.838 m 3/kg

Velocity of steam at exit,

Vi= J2oo~h1 -h2 )

=J2000(2 942-2120 .719)

Vi== 1281.625 mis Ans.

.
. _mv2 _Ixll.83 8 _
Ex1tarea, A2 - - - - - - - 000924
• m2 Ans.
Vi 1281.625
 converge
k g o f ste nt-diverg
am per s ent noWe
ecOff.d. Th is req11ired
7 bar a n
I

d 1sO"C ~ noztle i to discharge

s s11pplied 2
pressure and discliarge witli steant
o f 1 bar takes place at
. The ex; against a b
and the p ansion up, t ack
frictiona oht11trhoataits
l resistan aisriedriter.\0':'.iti~as
ce betwee
 equb,alt'nl to 6.1 k._Tl/cg of steam. Taking approach veltJdty oj
75 mis and throllt of 4 h11r, estimate:
(1) Suitable areas for the throat and e..~it, and
(2) Overall efficiency of the nozzle based on th<!
enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pr~sur~ ant1
temperature and the t'Xit pressur~ (8)

Gb,en data:
m = 2 kgls
p 1 = 7 har
T1 = 180°C
p, =4bar
P2 = lbar
h2 - h2. = 63 kl/kg
Vi= 75 mis
@Solution:
Properties of steam from steam tables.
At 7 bar and l 80°C
h 1 = 2888.5k.l1cg s 1 =6.975k.JlkgX
v, = 0.3146m 3/kg
.5 I lS more than S,c . Therefore, the steam .lS uga111 ll'

!.Uperheated condition.
t 180 11
-
h

Frorn MoHier dia~rwn, l:OlH;spondiug to 4 b,,r

 - ----------
,.~ - ~
ve(,4/
(o'Ol -- -~ Q = :--.~14:.:..5_
y h, == 27 80 kl /k g
v, = 0. 46 24 55 m /kg
3

A t Ih a r
h1 == 41 7 .4 kl lk g hg == 26 75 kl lk g
= l. 30 3 k.llkgK s11 = 7.359kJlkgK
s1
VJ '= 0. 00 10 43 m
3
/k g v11 = 1.694m3/kg

n
1-2 ⇒ isentropic expansio
S t= S i= 6. 97 5 kl /k
g

= 1 3 0 3 + X2 X (7.359 - 1.303)
6. 97 5
X2 = 0. 93 7
hi = hf2 + X2 X hk 2
4} 7. 4)
= 4 }7 .4 + 0. 93 7 X (2 67 5-
= 2532. 77 kl /k g
·
But, h '2 - h2 = 63 kl /k g
h ,2 = 2532.77 + 63 = 25
95.77 k.llkg
roat,
V el oc it y o f st ea m at th
-
------;;-::;;
Vi2 --
v, = 20 00 ( h1 -h , ) + 20 00

: =465 .62 mis

- 2 0 0 0 (2 8 8 8 .5 -2 7 8 0 )+ 2

m·vI 2 x 0.462455
T hr oa t area,
~
n1 == V. - -
465.62
1
I
..:: 0.0001986m2 z:i 19.874 cw, Ans.
 Velocity of steam at throat,

Vi = ( I) ~2
2000 hi - hi + 200

75 2
- 2000(2888.5-2469.77)+ 200

Vi= 915.13 mis

To calculate x '2 ,

2469.77 =417.4+x; x(2675-417.4)

x'2 = 0.909
Specific volume, v2 =x~ x vg2 = 0.909x 1.694 = 1.54 1n3/kg
.
. A mv2 2x1.54
E x1t area, 2 = - =---
Vi 915.13
= 0.0003356 m 2 = 33.656 cm2 Ans.
Overall nozzle efficiency,

hi -h~ 2888.5-2595.77
fl = h1 - hi = 2888.5 - 2532. 77
= 0.823 = 82.3% Ans.
'01ve ,ir,O l jr,tversi
JdJ,A(a) p e . uestion
r/ve the P a 1ers
~press/on condition
Jor maxlniu f o r maxim
um dischar -135
nt d i s c h a r g e ge and
R efer c h a p in steam no
zzle. (16
t e r 3, 1,3,3 i n p a )
ge 3
 3.1.3.3. Con ditio n for max imum •discharge
\Ve know that the mass of steam disch arged through the nozzle.
2 " ~l

m =A 2n f!.J_ (!!2_] -(!!2_]-;,-

n IFrom Equa tion { "\ ) I
n -1 v1 P1 P1

There is only one value of the ratio (called cr 111ca/ pres..,·1,1n rc11u1 )

!/
whJch wiJJ produ ce the maximum disch arge This can be l)bra,n1..'d b,
I

(P i 1) and ~quuung 1l "'' .tcro ()thc;r

oiff<: cnt1 atint ·m· with respe ct to
1
,,,
~t.tWJllll<.,~ except rhc , auo P 1 iir~ con,uuu
P,
 - --- -- - -
-- - - - -
-
- -- 3.9

.. . (6)
Substituti.ng PP2i l . E
va ue m quah.on (5),

n
mmax =A 2 n . E.!_ \ 2
2

xn
v ln J _\(n 2+ -)~n~/:~
n- l 1
}-1
+l
1

2
mmax = A 2n x J i n+l -

~ n- l v
\ 2 }-1 - ( 2
Jn-1
'
1 l n +l j n +l .. . (7)
-
Substituting n
= 1.13 5 and
superheated steam n = 1.3 · for
respectively iri saturated steam
the above equati and
on, we get
mmax = 0 . 6
356A~Pi
for saturated ste
V\ am

m ™ = 0 .6 6 7 A ~
Pi for superheated
V1 steam
When th e f lo w
is isentropic n
== y = l .4, su
bstituting this va
lue in the
above equation
(7), then
m m a x = 0 .6 8 5 A~El_
v,
 JVV"~ --
,\J8pfll,A"'"'A UNIVERSITY soLVEop- - ---
3.3· Roal~ ----------
1et11 1 ~ S -- ----~J.}__9
prot:>
· ,,, at 10. 5har and O· 95dry
"''c1ea .
,,1 divergent nozzle. The ---- . ltess ,.,·
.
ex .
,,verge . . . pr~ssure o Pa11ded t
co, sJbOf, Find (i) Velocity 0 , if ,'ite<llh l . hro14gh
O, .., stea.,,, eav,11 a
,s Larue, (ii) The area at exit, (iii• St at thro<it , g the ttor~e
discr• ,, '/ ea.,,, d' J or 111 .

UJ. 2
ctr.2. Assum e the flow is isent . lschllrge if th
rop,c d
<Q'"'""'
e thro
Take n==1. 135. an there " at area
,,to~•ses,
, re no fir1ct,on
. .
GiVtl' data: [Apr' 031
pi:::: I0.5bar
p2 === 0.85bar
2
A,== 1.2cm
XJ == 0.95 .
n==l.135

~Solution:
We know that, for n = 1.135
Throat pressure, Pt= 0.577xp1
= 0.577 x 10.5 = 6.06bar
Properties of steam from steam
. tables '

At 1O.5bar
h1 = 772kJ /kg · hJg = 2006k.Jlkg

s1= 2.159k J/kgK Sfg = 4. 407kJ/kgK

At 6.O9bar
hJg == 2082.95k.l'kg
h1= 673.25kJ!kg
c:" == 4..815k.flkgK
·',g
Sf= l.9375k.JlkgK
vf= 0.00110lm !kg
3 v, ~ ()',.3155611/!kg
 ------:::.--1!.1-j '
At 0.85bar ~~e~
ht~ 398.6kJ/kg hfg = 2269.8k.J/kg l
~l== l .252kJlkgK Sjg = 6. I 63kflkgl(
3
vi== O.00I040m 1kg Vg = . l.972I,n3/kg

== 2. I59+0.95x4.407

== 6.34565k.llkgK

= 772+0.95x2006
== 2677. 7k.llkg
J-t ⇒ ;sentropic expansion between inlet and throat
S1 = s, :::: 6.34564k.llkg
s1 =SJ; + X1 XS fg,

6.34565:::: 1.9375 + Xt X 4.815

Xt = 0.915

= 673.25 + 0.9}5 X 2082.95

= 25 79 .15k.J/kg
.·. Velocity of steam at throat,

Vt= -J2ooo(h1 - h,) = ✓2000(2677. 1- 2579.15)

= 443.96mls Ans.

V1 = X 1 XV
g,

= 0.915 x 0.3 I 156

 d ]'urbi1_
1e_s_ _ _ _____ _____ _
/es- an___ _, 1. I I/
!Jo~~:-- - :=; 0.28874m /kg
'((11,,,
·' ant discharged,
of ste
tvf!lSS A, X v, = 1. 2 X l () 4 X 443 ?~
,n :::::
v, 0.28$74
= 0.1845m3 /kg Ans.
t_ 2 isentropic expansion between throat and exit
s, = S2 = 6.34565k.l/kgK

6.34565 = 1.252 + X2 X 6.162

Xi = 0.83

= 0.83 X 1.9721
= l.637m 3/kg

= 398.6 +0.83 x2269.8

hi= 2282 ..534k.//kg
Velocity of steam al exit

v2 = J2ooo(h1 - h2 ) - , / 2000(2611 1 - .!1-~~ , t.~)

= 889m '~·
 3.142
A 2 xV ,-
m2=

A2 X 889
0.1845 = 1.637
4 2 2
A 2 = 3.397x1O- m = 3.3 97c m
A.ns.

Pro ble m 2 ,
Dry sat ura ted ste am at 2. 8/Ja r is exp and ed throu h co111,
• • 2 :g a
3cm . Cal cul ate the . erg~
noz zle to J. 7/Jar. The exi t are a lS. t!Xitvefor:
ion and (iii'I S.Uper SQIJIlty aa
ma ss flow rate for (i) Jse ntr opi c exp ans
'lltt
flo w ·

Given data:
P1 = 2.8 har
P2 = L7h ar
4 2
A2 ~ 3cm = 3 x 10- m
2

©Solution:
Properties of steam from steam table
At 2.8hcir
h1 = 272 1.5 kJ/ kg S1 = 7.014/cJ!kgK
3
· v1 = 0.6 460 0m /kg ·

At 1.7 har
hf= 483 .2k J/k g
h1g = 2215.6kllkg

Sf= 1.4 75k .l/k gK

Sjg = 5. 706kllkgK
3
3 · vg == I.0309m /kg
vl= 0.00 I 0~6 m /kg
For is.entropic flow
SJ = S2 = 7. 0 J4k.JlkgK
 fl.Ott
feS art
• _ S .
s _ __ ___- -- - --- ---
d turbin.:e-=--
+ X 2 XS Jgz
--
3. 143

prt1 s2 - h
.~e - I 475+x2x 5.706
.
1. 014 -
Xz::::: 0.97
- h + X2 X hft2
h2 - h
::::: 483.2 +0.97 X 22}5.6

hz === 2634. I5k.ll kg

Vz:::: X2 X VK2

::: 0.97 X 1.030 9

3
=== I.00m /kg
Velocity of steam at exit,
V2 === -Jzooo{~ - h 2 ) = .J2000(27il.5 -2631.15)
V2 === 41 Smls Ans.

Mass flow rate of steam ,

A 2 x. V2 3 x IO ··4 x 418
m = --- = -----
v2 1.00
3
= 0.125 7m /kg Ans.

For super satura ted flow, n = I .3

 3.144

• 1

Specific volume v2 = v1 x (P 1 ~; = 0.6460 x ( 2·8

P2) 1.7
Jh
= 0.94827m 3/kg
Mass flow rate,
4
m= A2 X v2 = 3 X 10- X 413
v2 0.94827
m = 0.1306kg/s Ans.

Problem 3

Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8bar enters a convergm

divergent nou/.e and leaves it at a pressure of 1. Sbar. If the steamfl(}I
process is isentropic and if the corresponding expansion inde.t u
I. 13 5, find the ratio of cross sectional area at exit and throaJ /«
maximum discharge. lOct'Ol\
Given data:
p 1 = 8bar
p 2 = l.5bar
n = 1.135

©Solution:
We know that, for n = 1.135 ?bor
6
77 , g ::: .i ...
Throat pressure, p, = 0,'i77xp1 == 0. 5 x
 l 5 and Turbines
Nozz e - . -~-- -----------
9eulfl Properties of steam from steam tables.--------- -_ _j_ 1
At 8har 45
·------
hi = 2769. IkJ!kg
Vi = 0.2404111 3/kg S1 :::: 6,662&kJ;k k.
. g
At 4.62bar
h1 = 626.7kJ!kg
hfg 21 l 7.2kJfkg
s1 = 1. 829kllkgK ===

sfg === 5. 0l 8kJ1kgK

v1 = 0.00I090m 3/kg
Vg === 0.40526m 3/kg
At I.5bar
h1 = 467. I IkJ!kg
h18 == 2226.5k.J/kg
s1 = I .4336kJ!kgK
Sfg == 5.7897kllkgK
v1 = 0.00I053m 3/kg
vg == I.l593m 3/kg
l-t ⇒ isentropic expansion
Si= St= 6.6628kJ/kg
st =sf, + xt x s fg,

6.662,8 = 1.829 + XtX 5.018

Xt = 0.963
h = h ., +. x l xh fgt
t Jt

= 626. 7 + D.961 X 2117.2

= 2666. l 8k.//kg
v1 = x1 XV g 1

== 0.963x0.40526
"{
v, == 0.39m· /kg
 ..s 2 -- 6 ·6b L. Ol\./ ll" c, ~-
s1 ==

Sz === S1, + X2 fg ,
X s_

5.7897
6.662 8 == J.4336 + X2
X

Xi == 0.903

V2 = X2 X Vg2
3
I.1593 = I.04695m /kg
== 0.903 x

hz = hh + x2 x hfgz
5
= 467.11 +0.903 x2226.
h2 = 2477.6395kJ/kg
it,
Velocity of steam at ex

Vi= ,)2000 x (h1 - h2) = -J2000(2769 .l - 2477

= 763.5m/s
nce,
According to mass bala
eam at throat = Mass flow rate of ste r
Mass flow rate of st

AI x VI ::::
A2 x V2
·vI V2

~ ::: J.04 695 X 477.749

A, 76 3. 5x 0.39

=== 1.68 Ans .

 ines
flo zz/eS a n d Turb
~re(1}1/---
4
;/ ,,1em
pro roup o f conv erge111~
,,, e11terl· a g
.1 •
t.llVer .,
ftta .L
p re ss u re o r - is O"!{e111 llo Z<.te,,· at 2
c·, the u'M'Cnarge nd the~ lllou.,/e -07ha,. Tl, e exp·a,,Ihs.0a,
,I, '
i
,,, uo
ti J11 ultl throughout a os.r o f r.t.(.<:,tio,, i ' 11
pfl •[ihri .l. co11verge111
'h l
. et/111 th e n o zz le is n e g li g l e, hut the los "
.
1.f J
OJ • e q u iv a l , s hy friction '"· the
/jO fl ;l e is
n o f th e n o a
(lf
ent to J0%0 0/ en11, 0111 ,,.
P_ '"ertl Ject1o . • ti, ,iy urop
tftver" in th a t section. Calculate e throat and exit are
~,a!Jle . a to
tfl'dlll
o f steam . /Oct
. ,. r,ue J4k
gls Ol & Nov 'OJJ
_
J,sc,,0 e, ·
Given Pata:
pi= 2lhar
1i = 270°c
p i= 0.07bar

m= 14kgls
friction is 10%, the effici~ncy
since loss by
11= 90%

@Solution: m)
o f steam (from Mollier diagra
Properties
k.J/k'g (at 2lbar and 270°C)
h1 = 298O k. /1kg draw a
sio n is isen tro pic, from h1 = 2980
Since the expan g ra m up to 0.07bar pressure
line.
the Mollier dia
vertical line in
follow ing va lu es at that point
Now, note the
/1kg (at 0.07bar)
h2 = 2O52.213k.
,
I

3
= 16.lm /kg
v2 •m · lly su-per heated
· ·tH1
1s i
. .cal pressure ratio when steam
Th e cnt1

P, = 0.546
P1
j_ / 4-c) e,-~
~h
- ---·
o/ /:'~~
:. Throat pressure
,,
Pt = 0.5 46 x J)J == 0.5 46 x 21
=== 11 .466 bar

Properties of steam at 11. 466 bar;

h, ~ 2805kJikg
3
v, = o. J650m !kg
Vclocity of steam at throat,
~ == j2ooo{h1 - h,)
= ,J2000(2980 - 2805)
= 59I.6mls
Velocity of steam at exit,

V2 = ✓2000Vi, - h2 )x TJ

= ,J2000 X (29 80- 2052.21.3)x0.9

= I 292.29m/s
Throat area of the nozzle,
:.A = m xv, = 14 x 0.1650
' ~ 591.6
2
':._ 3.9xlo-~ m = 39cm
2 Ans.

:. Exit area of nozzle

'
A == m x v2 = 14 x 16.1
1

- V2 1292.29

0.174 m
2
= 1144.42cn..2 Ans.
=
 __ _1 Turbines- - -- - - -____ _ _ _
'7/e5. anc
JvOZ.- ---

•· l
-
- ·
-- -. - JI 49
seP"1~
r
, ,o wing .
·~ ,.,11eP.f'l1r11 :, 0 • data refer to a smg e stage '"'Pul,e lurh;,.,_.
P• 11,e fioll 11•c n · entropy drop ::::: 200kJllcg
_ ozzle
[.fe ntroJ wrr. iency = 90%O
le eJJ,c
Nou.
le angle
= 25°

.
.; blade sp eed to whirl con,ponent
f'{oZZ ~
of steQ,r, spee,J o. .
1 flatio~rljcient = 0. 9. The veloc,tyh of. steam
l entering the now,
1
,.e . OJ •

coeJJ •
(i) r. e .
5
'h blade angles at t e III et and outlet if the steQ,n
B ,,,;s. Fmd withaut shock and leaves the blade ,n the IZ)aaJ
ente ·v
JO rs the blade., eJJ.,
Blaue ·lliciency (iii) Power developed and (iv) Axi<d
di·,ection
f}trUSI l {ll steam flow
if the rate is lOkg/s. {Apr'OJJ

Given data:
_ h'e = 200 k.l/kg
hi-
-90%
·TlN-
cx. = 25°

Vb = 0.5
Vwi

vr2 == 0.9
v11
V.I == 30 mis
V2==~2'
Vw2 == O and

B== 90° for axial discharge

@Solution: .

Actual enthalpy drop, h, - h' = (h, - hJ X_TlNKO k.Jlkg

h; - he = 200 X 0.9 - 1
j _J JU
~ he-,,.h,
Exit velocity of nozzle , V, = ~ 1,1~•:
i

=~
- 0+302
- 600.75 mis
Inlet velocity of steam to the turbine
'
Vi = Ve == 600 mis
From L1BCE , Vw 1 = Vi cos25°
== 600. 75 cos25° == 544 ·46 mis

~=V i sin25°

== 600. 75 sin25° % 253.89 mis

D
I
I
I
I
I I
I
I I
I
I
II
I
== r
I
IIV,- .t:
t
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
E ~----- ----
'
I
I
I
,< I I

Fig. 3.49.

V
__!_!_ = 05
V .
ll'J

:. Vh = 0.5 X 544.46 = 272.23 m/s

From llACE , v~ = JvA + (v"'I -vJ2

2

= fi,53 89 2
+ (.544. 76 -27223)
 urbi nes 3. I 5 I
I 5. art d 1 - - - - -- - - --- - - - - - _
--- -
f'/Ott e = 3 72.2 5 mis
~yetJ',, vii 253 .89
' tan 0 === ~___ _:.- - -
V wi -Vb 544. 46- 272.23

:. 0 = 43° Ans.

Vr 2 =. 0.9 X Vr 1

= 0.9 x 372. 25 = 335.03 mis

272. 23
335. 03

:. q> = 35°3 9' Ans.

V2 = .Jv~ -vb 2

= ✓33~ -.03 2 -272 .03 2

= 19·5 .28 mis
Vf= V2 = 195. 28 mis

Power deve lope d, p = m ( Vwl + Vw) X vb

= 10 (544 .46 + 0) X 272.23
= 1482 .18 kW Ans.

· ncy,·
Blade effi1c1e m{vWI + Vw 2 )x Vb
flh _
/ 2
mxl / 2~

(yWJ + Vw2 Jx vb
1l2v
/
,2
I
 ◄

~ ~Fnb ·
3. 152
~--=---- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -Thermal · -15lneer,
(544.46 + o)x 272.23 ~
= 2
I '2x600.75

= 82.14% Ans.
Axial thrust, r~ = m (Vf1 - Vfi) = 10 (253.89 - 1-95,ZB)

= 586. t N Ans. ~

Problem 18
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of
600 mis at an angle of 25 ° to the plane of rotation of the blades. 17it
mean blade speed is 250 mis. The blade angle at the exit side is 30 ~ The
blade friction loss is 10%. Determine
(i) The blade angle at inlet
(ii) The work done per kg of steam
(iii) The diagram efficiency
(iv) The axial thrust per kg of steam per sec. {Nov'03]

Given data:
Vi= 600 mis
a.= 25°
Vb= 250 mis
~ = 30°
V
_.2_ = 0.9
v11
© Solution:
From ~BCE,
Vw 1 = Vi cosa. = 600 x cos25° = 543 .79 mis
Vf1 = Vi sina. = 600 sin25° = 253.57 mis
 ne-s - - --- - - - -
hi--
1r-
... an-d Ti- 3. / 53
flo ZZ l e., ----
~ D
I
CI I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
I
'
I
I I
I

I I Vr
.12
I I

0'1 : t
'tI I
I
I
I :
0
£~
:
-- -- -- -- -- - --J3-- -- -- -- -~IF
I
I I
I ,
I
~v;J!W.
~ _ __,J'
'~ -- -- -_ .: ..Vw
:~ -- -- -- -- -: .. .J .~-

Fi g. 3. 50 .
V 25 3. 57
Fr om ~ C E , ta n 0 =V Ii
_:v,b 54 3. 79 -2 50
WJ

= 40 °4 7' An s.
.·. 0

2
2
= ✓ 253.57 +( 54 3. 79 -2 50 )

= 38 8. 09 m is
Vr2 = 0. 9 X Vr l

= 0. 9 x 38 8. 09 = 34 9. 28 mi s
F'rc rn.
l\A op ' ViIJ + vw2 = v,.7- co s3 0°

25 0 + V w2 = 34 9, 28 co s3 0°

Vw 2 = 52 .49 rn /s
~ i = Vr 2 sin 30 °
= 34 9. 2 8 sin 30 = l 74 .64 m1s
 Q

3.154
Thermal~
tne,

=]X (543.79 + 52.49) X 250

= 149.07 kW/kg Ans.
Di~gram efficiency,

m(Vw I +Vw2 )vb = 149.07xlOOO

11D - - - -2
mxl/2xV;2 lxl/2x600

= 82.82% Ans.
Axial thrust, Fy = m ( ~i - Vj-2)
= 1(253.57 - 174.64)

= 79.93 Nlkg-sec Ans.

Problem 19
At a particular stage of a reaction turbine, the mean blade speed,
60mls and the steam pressure is 3.5bar with a temperature of J75<f. ll
identical fLXed and moving blades have inlet a11gles of 30 ° 0nd /k
011

angle of 20 '! Determine

(i) The blade height if it is 1/10 of the blade ring diameter for a/lo"
rate of 13.5kg/s.
(ii) The power developed by a pair and
(iii) The specific e11tht1lpy drop ift/1e stage efficiency is BS%.
. (Apr'04I
Given data:
Mean blade speed, VJ, ;;:: 60m/sec
Steam pressure is 3.5bar
Temperature= 175°C _ ,o·'
For identical fixed and moving blade e = p == JO" and o. ~ ~ - .,
m = J3.5kgls
h=l/10d
 and turbines _ _ __ 3. /55
1voz!l!!!- ---~
\'/CO!!!,__. ..--
_,.
, ./
. n.
@s{)/JJflO sine rule :
. . ' /0
According . le

C0 nsidenng ~ ABC '

Vi _ .v11 = 60
sin 150° sin 20° sin 10°
60 '. . 2, 0

V =---xs m 0
71
sin 10° ·
60
- x 0.3420 = l 18.2mlsec
0.1736 .
Vr 1 = I l 8.2mlsec

~
1
= Vrsin30° = 118.2 (sin30°) = 59. lm/sec
EA= Vrl 'eos30° = 118.2 X 0.866 = l02.4m sec

(Vw1 + Vw) = EA +.AB+ BF= 102.4 + 60 + 102. 4

= 264.8mlsec
Velocity flow at exit V.1, = 6Omlsec
' I
Pressur Oif 3
e and 175.°C:
.5bar
From steam table
V.vup = 0. 73m 3/kg
Mass of steam flow (m)

13 .5 == n: ( d + h) h vii _!f_00h + h}~' 60

- 0.73
~\If'

13 .5 = 2838h 2
h '!. == 13.5
2838
,.. ,
h = 0.06Hm = 6Hmm Aus
_6_ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ ____________1~n=-:.e:r,,rnaf
5 __ Fn .
- ~ gineet
C I) ----.c::--. .
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
l/1:
1 I
'v,
I f

1I
t
I
2

I I
I I

: 30 0° :
E ~----------- A 60 B------------7F
I ~----~ I
I I
' Vw Vw. '

Fig. 3.51.
The power developed:
By a pair of fixed and moving blade rings
P=m (Vwl + V~) X vb
= 13.5 (264.8) x 60 = 214650W

P = 2I4.65kW Ans
Heat drop required for the efficiency of 85%.
Heat drop required
214.65
= -- 252.52kl /sec Ans
0.85

blem 20
1

. . . d throJJgh ~
Steam at a 3har wif/, JO °C superheat lJ passe . 111 ,,,v.~
. J I ,\' 7 . .
tJ ergent n(Jt.zle. The ve/(Jcity of .\'team entering the ,,ozz e .r vo 11,,
· :'I~ .' tlCY UJ ·
hackpretu;ure i.11 I. Shar. A ,-..\·u,ning nozzle e1,,ue · pottl' ~'
. - . I: ,,gh 1/le
rm1ne the area of the nozzle at ex it, Di..\·ch11rge I ir<> oe·
ted to 0.45kgAec. Take l~~-(superheated .\'team) ~ 2.lkJ!kg · ,uJ/
pvov
~~et,
"
r
,,1e
---
am Nozzle s and Turbines
Given data:
pi :;;3har
- --
--
_____ 3./57
-- -

T1- Trat;:: 100C

p b === p 2== l .5bar

Vi=== 91.5mls

11N== 90%
m== 0.45kgls
Cps (superheated steam) = 2.2kJ/kg 'C

©Solution:
Corresponding to 3 bar, read Tsa,= 133.5°C
:. Ti= 10+133.5 = 143.5°C
Corresponding to 3 bar and T,=143.5°C from super heated tabk but
lhe values are not available. So, read values from Mollier diagram
3
h = 2750 kl/kg and s, ~7.o k.1/kgK
1
Corresponding to 1. 5 bar, read Enthalpy and entropy values,
6
hr= 467. Ikllkg hfg = 222 .3kflkg
9
Sf= I.433k flkgK Sfg =57 kf!kgK

3
vg= 1. I59m /kg
l-2 ⇒ isentropic expansion
S1 = S2 = 7.03 kJ/kgK
But s 2 =sf + X2 x s_1g _,

7.03 = I.433 + x2 x 5. 79
X2 = 0. 865 92 85kJ/kg
6 3 "' 23 .
222
.
:. h2 = 467 l + 0.865 x . h!?'
t'

We k ~ ;1 " / 11 - hi
now that the nozzle c.fficioJlC)', ·
 ◄

lhermal Hngin eer n

158 1

27 50 -h~
09
· = 27 50 - 2392.85

:. hi' = 2428.565 k.f/kg

Ex it velocity, V2 = -J2000 x 01 - h~) + V/

2
= ✓2000 X (2750 - 2428,565) + 91.5
= 806.996 mis
We know that mass flow rate,

. A mx v2
But area at eXIt, 2 = - - -
V2

_ 0.4 5x 0.8 65 xL 15 9 (·:v 2 ==x x vg)

806.996
= 5. 59x Io- 4 m 2= 5.59 cn l Ans. ·'1

Problem 21
. . /iedwiih K
am nozzle JUPP ,.,. .,,,JJ,
A con ver gen t-d ive rge nt adiabatic ste . 1 )bar. Ass i
rge pre s.,·ure,.,. · .. -o,,/.~,
ste am at 1Ohar an d 25 0 °C. Th e db.cha Qltl J,\ )
ty O,j .\'le /Nov 11J4/
tha t the nozzJeeff ici enc y i.f JOO% an d ini tia l veloci
fin d the di&·cha rge velocity.

Giv en data:
Pi =IOhar
Ti= 2so c0

P2 = l .2h ar
11N = I 00% (no los s)
Vi= 50m /s
 am Nozzles and Turbines
Ste
@Solution: _ __________ _/ 15~

Corresponding to 10 bar and T1==25ooc fr

h1 = 2943 k.l/kg . om super heated table, read
S1 = 6.926 k.J/kgK
Corresponding to 1.2 bar, read Enthalpy and entropy val
h1= 439 .3kJ/kg h1g = 2244. lk.J!kg ues,

s1 = 1.36 lk.JlkgK sjg = 5.937k.JlkgK

1-2 ⇒ isentropic expansion
S1 = S2 = 6.926k.JlkgK
But s 2 = s fz + X2 x sk

6.926 = 1.361 + X2 X 5.937

X = 0.937 .
2 2244 1== 25-Wl2k.l ~g
:. h2 = 439.3 + 0.937 X .

~2

Exit velocity, Vi= 2000 X (h 1 - h1)+ I

1) .. •q )
7q 2,() -
= 2000 X (2943 - -- "'

== 896.92 r,1/J

p Jbut, J11tt
roblem 22 ,uztlt ltJ o. . e thi!
J j11 {J I 1er111JII
i ~ eXP"'' d-e . ;b/e. Dt . Jr.l ,,
11 Dry saturated steam at 1Obar ' . ,·ty is "~g/lg tuke 1h 11111 ,0i/
"'"oa, flrea
. IA'. 7cm 2 and the m
. Jet velo' 1
. - ',r{)P'". jl,J1t' "''' /, Ip/' .
ltaof6•fl , ,,,e 1Jefl
~ ow and the exit area. Aslu ·
1,IJs1·
'>r dry saturated t,tearn.
("
''"e,, d- Uta:
/J i ;:;: l Obqr
/J1. ::::: 0 •4b ar
~ -
' "" 7cm 2 = 7x 10 4 rn 2
 ;
I
I

Therm a/ fn,,, ne, ,

_ o er111,.
. fl· ow and dry saturated steam
.1sentrop1c - - ----, ---- ,;,
,l l~· ·S = C✓ ⇒
1

tion:
the steam is initially
We know that the critical pressure ratio when
:aturated i.e. n = Ll~ 5 is,

!!!._ = 0.577
P1
Pressure of steam at throat,
Pt= 0.577 x P1 = 0.577 x 10
Pt= 5.77bar
?roperties of stea m (from steam table),
At IObar,
h 1 = 277 6.2 kJ/k g S1 = 6.583k.llkgK
3
v 1 = O. l 943m /kg
At 5.77bar,
hl= 663.8 l5k J/k g hfg = 2089.96kJ/kg
vg = 0.3 274 m;/kg Sf = l .9 l 6k.flk1,K

!l/g = 4.8 55k llkg K

At 0.4har,
~r=317. 7k./lkg h;.~ = 263 6.9kJ/kg
3 Sf = l .02 6kll kgK
v~ = 3.99 34m /kg
Jj8 = 6.50 4kllkg K
1-t ⇒ isen lrop ic expansion
Si = St ;-_;; 6.5ij 3kJ/kg K

6.58 3 = l.9} 6 + X1 X 4 .855

Y, = 0 ,96}
 , Nozzles a!~~-Turbines
~'tea,11 :.------ --- -- - _
>=--- :. h1 === 663,815+(),961 x 2089,96 - 3./(
----.
= 2672 .27kJ/kg )'

= 0.96lx oJ'274
= 0.315m 3/kg
Velocity at the throat, Vi= .,J2009,x0 -hi) 1

= ✓200() x.(2776,2- 2672,27)

= 455 .,92ml~
'
., I
'' "' '

A, XV, '
. =·, ' •V.r
We know that mass flow rate, m 1 :

1 't· (, '
' "
; j. x ,1o·-:-4 x 455,E
== ,, 0J15

== 1'.013kgls

1-2 ⇒ isentropic expansion

SJ === S2 :::: 6.5 g3/(]/kgK
. -1· X >< s1k
Sz :::: .S / 2
-~:-:·6 . 5 0➔
6.583 ::::: } .026 + X. ,

X2 == 0. 854 6J6.Y
0 854 < 2
h :::: J J7.7+ .
2
;: : ;. 2 56''
)1/ ,
61k.l 'kg
 Cl

-· -- - - --- - - -- ·--
Velocil)' of steam at cxit:-

V2 = J2000 (/11 - h] - / 20()() (27 76.2 - 2569 61)

= 642.79m/ s
·. Throat area of nozzle~~
mxv.,
A == ...
2 V.,

- l.013x3.4 1
642.79
= 53.74cm2 Ans.
(ii) 300kglmin of steam (2 bar, 0.08 ifry) flows tlirou
give n stag e of a reaction turbine. The exit angles bi
as wel l as mov ing blades are 2<f and 3.68kW ofpol1
developed. If the ro~or speed is 360 rpm and tip leak~
5 perc ent, cal~ulate tlie niean drum diameter ant
blad e height. Tlie axial flow velocity is 0.8 times the J
velocity.

Given data:
m = 300kglmin = 5kg/s
p = 2 bar
X= 0.08
a= q, = 20°
P = 3!68kW == 3680 W
N= 360rpm
Tip leakage = 5°/4
 - · •• .,,c;, .n ,y yuesti
o n Pap ers
V V Q-JJ ;
_A= i = 0.8
v,, Vb
© Soluti.on:
C

I
I
I
I

V11 i
....
I
I
I
I
I
I
E '- -- -- -- -- -- \
' -- -- -- -- -- 'F
I

Vw I

Vw:
F ro m th e ve lo ci ty di
ag ra m , b y considerin
g L\EBC
. V
s m a =/1-
V1
Yt1 = V1 si n a = Vi x sin20°
Vt. = 0.342 v.
vw 1
c o sa =-
v.
Vw I = V1 cosa
== V1 cos20° = 0.94 rl
.
lt is give n that ·-V1 1-
. . J'b :; 0 .8

V. _ ~iL ;;;: ~.} 4~VL =--

b - 0 .8 Q.8
0.4275 v,
Similarly from ADAF,
 .Thermal -Engineer1r
V V
tan<\> =_ h_ = h
AF V,, + V"'2

V V
V. + V = h - h = 2.7475V.12
b "'2 tan <p tan 2Q°

Q.4275~ + Vw
2
= 2.475 X 0.8V,,
0.4 275 ~ + V""i = 2.475 X 0.8 X 0.4 275 ~
v"'l =0 .s1 2~

Po we r developed, p = m (Vw + Vw) vb

l 2

3680 = Sx (0. 94V1+o.512Vi)x 0.4275 V,

Vi= 34.43mls
Vb= 14. 72m/s

V. = n.D'"N
b 60

14 .72 ;:: 1t ~.P..e X ~6~

60
D,.. = 0.7 809n,
1..ctua} ma ss of ste am use d by con sid~ri
ng tip leakage,
m = 5 - (5 x 0 .05 ) = 4.75 mis
Fro m steain tab le at Pi = 2b,ff, vi = Vs= 0 .88 54 rrl 1kg
W e know tha t~•na ss of steam flow /s,

m = n- D.,
- h--Vii
--
x \\
 ,,;versi~:s:.-ues_tz_·o_n_R_a_e_rs__
jrtna 0
ll'fd 4.75 = 1tx0.7809xhx1I.77~
~ 8 54 8
·
r..
L· v,2=== 0.8~]
·ght of the blade,
f{el
h = 0.123m == 12Jn,n,

111 prove that tl,e work done/kg of air ;

(a) ,,, n a compressor is
given by ·
11
W== RT1(nln- l)[(rp)"- " -1}
where rp =pressure ratio.
(8)
Refer chapter 4.5 (~) in page 4. 7.

(Ii) A single stage single ac~ng air compressor delivers ~kg o.

of air per minute at 6 bar•. :The temperature and pressure
at the end of suction stroke are 3ff C and 1 bar. The bore
and stroke of tl,e compre~sor are 100mm and 150mm
respectively. The clearanc e is 3% of the swept volume.
Assuming the index of compression and expansion to be
1.3,find:
(Q Volumetr ic efficienc y of the compressor (J)
. 8'1'
(iQ Power required if the mechanical efficiency ,s J '
(l)
and
ma~Peed oftl,e
110 aJ
compress or.
Give11 d
ata:

0·6k·~1 · - 0,6
tn ====
&mm- -- ·-- O.01kg Is
60
Pi :::: 6 bar = 600kPa
Pi :::: lbar == l00kPa
r 1
====
300c = 303K
D:: : l00mm
 (a) Ste am en ter s· a conver gen t div erg ent noz.z/e at 2 MP a an d
13.
400°C wit/, .a negligible velocity and mass flo w
rate of 2.5 kg /s
is isentropic
and it exi ts at " press.ure of 300 kPa. T/1.e jlo-w
we en tire no zzl e e11trance · an d tl,roat an d averall nozzle
bet -
~

exit area.
efficiency is 93%. Determine (i) thro4' area an d (ii)

Given Data;
P1 =2 MP a .
T1 =4 00 °C
P2 = 300kPa
m = 2.Skgls
11 = 93%

©Solution:

entropy (a) ►
00c
l>roJ:>erties of steam (from molller diagram) at 20bar and 40
 h 1 = 3248.? kl/kg
Since the expansi on is isentropic, from h, = 3248. 7kl/kg· draw a
ve1tical line in the Mollier diagram up to 3bar pressure line. Now, note
the followi ng values at that point
h2 = 2780kJ/kg ,
V2 = 0.7511llkg
The critical pressure ratio when steam is initially super heated
p
_t =0.546
P1

.·. Throat pressure,

p, = 0.546 x Pt = 0.546 x 20 = I 0.92bar
Since toe expansion is isentropic, from h 1 = 3248.7kJl/cg drnw a
vertical line in the Mollier diagram up to I 0.92bar pressure line. Now.
note the following values at that point
v, = 0.2Sni3/kg h, = 3 180kJ/k g
Velocity of stcan1 at throat,

= J 2000( 324M.7 - 3 lt40) x 0 .QJ -== J i 7A 711J/s

Mass flow rate of sr.eaan / noa.!e,

A xV
.·.m = I I
V
I

A x 3 57.47
I
2 .5 =
0 .2 5
 !r!- YJ
A, :::: 17.48cn,2
,
Velocity of steam at exit,

V2 ==fiooo(\-h )x
2 11
== f2 ooox(3248.7 -2780)x0.93 = 933.69m/s
Mass flow rate of steam / nozzle,

:.m == ~ xV2
v2
_ ~ x933.69
25
· - 0.75
A2 = 20.08cm2
 Ex_ 3~ -- . .
p == 330.4038 X 10 3 W
._ - - - _ .
In a sunp1e .
l-'u! "'<>zzle at 3 75 111/: Uttpu/se turbuze, the nozzles are inclined at 20 ° to the .direction of moving
The reJari\1 . .. sec and blade speed is 165 m/sec., find suitable inlet and outlet angles such
_ 'e velocity of steam as it flows over the blade is reduced by 15 % due to friction.
Alsc
111'14ss flow rate is JO kg/sec.
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS"' - An up thrust for knowledge
Thern,nl 81'\g\n~rlng-ll . ___ .. '\ • 15 Steam Turbine

Sol. : Given data :

a ""20 ", v, c 375 tn/scc, u .,. \65 m/sec, 1\ "" 0, Vr2 = 0 .85 v r, , m= lO kg/sec.
To ftnd : i) e, <ti ii) P

Step 1 : Calculate the Inlet, outlet angles for bledes

As axial thrust i.e.

From Fig. 3.13, by inlet velocity triangle,

Whirl velocity at inlet, V wt = V1 cos a.

= 375 xcos(20) = 352.3847 m/sec

Flow velocity at inlet, V fl = V1 sin a.

fig. 3.13
= 375 xsin (20) = 128.2575 m/sec

And, tan0 = Vn =
128.2575
:. 0 = 34.3901 ° .•. Al
V wl -u 352.3847 -165

Relative velocity at inlet, Yrt = Vfl = 128·257 5 = 227 .0749 m/sec

sin 0 sin (34.390 l)

As, Va= 0.85 Vrt =0.85x227.074 9 = 193.0137 m/sec

Also, Vn = Vf1 = 128.2575 m/sec

From Fig. 3.13, by outlet velocity triangle,

sinq, = Va ·= 128.2575 :. ct> = 41_6439 0

Va 193 .0137

Va =
tanq> = :. tan (41.6439) 128.2575
Vw2 +u Vw2 + 165

V w2 =- 20.7628 m/sec.
Step 2 : Calculate the power developed

Power developed,

P = m(Vw1 +Vw2)u = lOx(352.3847+(-2O.7628)) x l65

p = 547.1761 X 10 3 W