n,enn.

tl Engineerin g· [I
- - -· - ---------- -- - · 15 Steam Nou 1.:

@ Two Marks Questions with Answers Q.10 What Is the condition of

leaves the nozzle ?
steam when It

Q.1 When nozzle la said to be a convergent

nozzJe? Ans. : The condition of steam when it leaves the
nozzle low pressure and a high velocity.
Ans. : When the cross-section of the nozzle
decreases continuously from entrance to exit Q.11 What is the critical pressure ratio ?

Q.2 What Is Internal efficiency ? Ans.: .!:1_ =

Pt
[-2-]n/n-l
n ... 1
Ans. : The ratio of total useful heat drop to the
total isentropic heat drop, is called internal Q.12 In a De-Laval nozzle expanding
efficiency. superheated steam from 1 O bar to 0.1 bar,
Q.3 What Is back pressure ? the pressure at the minimum cross-section
will be
Ans. : The pressure at which the steam leaves
the nozzle is known as back pressure Ans. : Pressure ratio (p 2 / p 1 = 0.546),

Q.4 In a nozzle, where Is whole frtctlonal loss while p 1 = 10 bar, p 2 = 10 x 0.546,

Is assumed to occur?
p2 = 5.46 bar
Ana. : Between throat and exit
Q.13 At which section the flow of steam In a
Q.S Define degree of reaction.
nozzle Is subsonic ?
Ana. : It is defined as the ratio of the static
Ans. : Convergent portion
pressure drop in the rotor to the static pressure
drop in the stage. Q.14 State the types of steam nozzle.

Q.6 Define reheat factor. Ans. : 1. Convergent nozzle.

An,. : Reheat factor is the ratio of the cumulative 2. Divergent nozzle. 3. Convergent - divergent nozzle
heat to the adiabatic drop from initial condition to Q.15 Why velocity of steam gets reduced when
exhaust pressure. It moves through nozzle ?
Q.7 What are the assumptions made In the Ans.:
analysls of air standard cycles ?
• The friction between steam and walls of nozzle.
Ans. : The working fluid is air, Air is
• Internal friction of steam itself.
considered as ideal gas.
• Shock losses
All the processes in (ideal) power cycles are internally
Q.16 What is the effect of friction in nozzle ?
reversible.
1-i•Mhfrhi·I
Combustion process is modeled by a heat-addition OR What is the effect of friction on the flow
process from an external source. through a steam nozzle ? i'i•i,j§§fj
Ans.:
Q.8 When the nozzle Is said to be
underdamplng ? • The enthalpy drop is reduced and hence the final
velocity.
Ans. : When the back pressure of a nozzle is
below the designed value of pressure at exit of • The kinetic energy gets converted into heat due to
.
nozzle, the nozzle is said to be under damping. friction and is absorbed by the steam. Due to this,
Q.9 Define bladlng efficiency. the final dryness fraction of steam increases.

Ana. : The ratio of the workdone on the blades • Steam becomes more dry due to increased dryness
to the energy supplied to the blades, is called fraction and hence specific volume of steam
blading efficiency. increases and mass flow rate decreases.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONSW • An up thrust for knowledge

 -- ---
·-- --- ·.. -- -~ -- -· ·.
1;\;I u, 5 -,.
I I.I~! llli~ I C 11>$ 111
. .

/
T Enthalpy

t f Saturation
line

-- En tr op y ~E nt ro py
I

i
(b) H - S Diagram ......................... ..............._.)
(1) T - S 0l1gr1m ................ . ............... .. .
~ .......... -....................... ........ ........................... ........ ...... ........
............................
---····· .. -................................... ..............
Fig. 1.11
ferences bet.i...
What are the dif d .,..
"
Q.20 lsentrop· ffow
Draw T-S & H-S dia
gram 1uper 11turated Supersatu
rated flow an re
Q.17 ?
or meta 1tabl• ftow. through steam noules

An1. : Refer Pig. 1.11 An s.: ,___

--, -·- --- --- ---
_ _.,- --_ ,#__ _
w?
Q.18 What 11 Meta 1table fto / Isentropfc n0_,
steam is Sr. / Supersaturated flow I
Ana. : When the supersaturated ~~'...) .............. . ........ ........
........ .. . .. . ; .. . ..........
-

expanded in the nozzle,

the condensation should
ce the steam has a gre
at . . ~.'.. j. . ~n~~~:' is .~.~.~ ~~~.t.J. ..No. ~~.red~~~~ . !.s.~ns~t···. ·~1--·
occur in the nozzle. Sin at uce enthalpy drop
enthalpy j in
ion does not take place 2. f Reduce in
velocity, the condensat the drop ; __ _ _. . . . . .,___·- -- -
;
the eq uil ibr ium between
1

the expected rat e. So

I
is delayed and the steam We can use moUier diagram
liquid an d vapour phase 1 / We cannot use mollier;
a dry state. The steam
in I diagram .
continues to expand in ate d
said to be supersatur
such set of condition is
or me ta stable. Review Questions
ce
conditions that produ 1. Explain various types
of nozzles.
Q.19 What are the ?
auper saturation of ,tu
m In nozzle•
erties of nozzle ?
s in 2. What is stagnation prop
Ana. : When the su
perheated steam expand tch Wilson line.
sation will occur in the 3. Explain with neat ske
the nozzle, the conden
has more velocity, the n for critical pressure
nozzJe. Since, the steam ected 4. Derive the experssio
I condensation will no
t take place at the exp ratio.
between the liquid and
rate. So, the eq uilibrium saturation.
and the steam continues 5. State the effect of super
vapour phase is delayed of
1
to expand in a dry sta
te. The steam in such set
turated or meta
condition is said to be supersa
st. wk flow.
@ University Questions with Answers
c:;;.20,, 7
io of a nozzle aid
Q.1 ~eflne critical pressure rat
discuss. wh~ attam . nt of sonic velOc(n··
me
determmes the ma xim um discharge through steafll
and 1.4) [10]
nozzle. (Refer sections l.S
 • Natural gas. The main constituents of natural gas are disposal plants. It works as a fuel for gas engines
methane (CHJ and ethane (C2H6). It has calorific which in tum drive the plant pumps and agitators.
3
value nearly 21000 kJ/m • Natural gas is used Gaseous fueld are becoming popular beause of
alternately or simultaneously with oil for internal following advantages they possess.
combustion engines. • Advantages :
• Coal gas. Mainly consists of hydrogen, carbon 1. Better control of combustion.
monoxide and hydrocarbons. It is prepared by 2. Much less excess air is needed for complete
carbonisation of coal. If finds its use in boilers and combustion.
sometimes used for commercial purposes. 3. Economy in fuel and more efficiency of furnace
• Coke-oven gas. It is obtained during the production of operation.
coke by heating the bituminous coal. The volatile 4. Easy maintenance of oxidizing or reducing
content of coal is driven off by heating and major atomosphere.
portion of this gas is utilised in heating the ovens. S. Cleanlines.
This gas must be throughly filtered before using in 6. No problem of storage if the supply is available
gas engines. from public supply line .
• Blast fumance gas. It is obtained from smelting 7. The distribution of gaseous fuels even over a
operation in which air is forced through layers of coke wide area is easy through the pipe lines and as
and iron ore, the example being that of pig iron such handling of the fuel is altogether eliminated.
manufacture where this gas is produced as by product 8. Gaseous fuels give economy of heat and produce
and contains about 20 % carbon monoxide (CO). After higher temperatures (as they can be preheated in
filtering it may be blended with richer gas or used · in regenerative furnaces and thus heat from hot flue
i
gases can be recovered).
gas engines directly. The geating value of this gas is
very low.
~Two Marks Questions with Answers
• Producer gas. It results from the partial oxidation of
coal, coke or peat when they are burnt with an Q.1 What Is the function of a boiler ?
insufficient quantity of air. It is produced in specially Ans. : • Boiler is a closed vessel that produces
designed retorts. It has low heating value and in saturated steam at the required pressure.
general is suitable for large installations. It is also Q.2 Brtefly explain the boiler mounting, and
used in steel industry for firing open hearth furnaces. name Its classifications ?
• Water or Wuminatlng 1u. It is produced by blowing Ans. : • Boiler mountings are the devise used for
steam into white hot coke or coal. THe decomposition safety of the boiler and following are the commonly
used mountings.
of steam takes place linerating free hydrogen and
a. Pressure gauge b. Water level indicator
oxygen in the steam combines with carbon to form
carbon monoxide according to the reaction : c. Fusible plug d. Steam stop valve

C + 1½0 -+ CO + H 2 e. Safety valve

The gas composition varies as the hydrogen content if Q.3 What la a valve ?
the coal is used. Ans. : A valve is used to control the t1ow of fluid
• Sewer 1as. It is obtained form sewage disposal vats in inside the pipeline.
which fermentation and decay occur. It consists of
.. _, ,, .. .... - ····· ··-····.. ,-..- .... ,................ ........_.. ,__ ., ___,___ ., ___ .,, TECHNI~ ~-~.. ·;~;·:,·;;.;;;~;=~·-~~-~;·~~:~;. ;;;·~;;~~ ;·· ... .... .. .. . . . .. . · · · · · · ·-··-... .
Them,al _Engineering__:_11 _ 2-28

Ans. : • Negative draft is nothing but a negative

Q.4 Write the function of Safety, Stop, and
pressure maintained in the boiler using induced draft
Feed check valves ?
fans
Ans. : • Safety valve : This type of valve is used to
keep the boiler safe by controlling the working pressure Q.14 What Is boiler flue ?
in the boiler and resist the blasting due to the high Ans. : • A flue is a duct, pipe, or_ opening in a
pressure the valve is mom1ted with boiler. chimney for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace,
• Stop valve : This type of valve is used to control the furnace, water heater, boiler, or generator to the
flow of steam from the boiler to the engine. outdoors.
• Feed Check vaJ ve: TI1is type of vaJve is used to Q.15 W hat Is the function of feed check valve ?
control the supply of feed water to tl1e boiler. The Ans. : The high pressure feed water is supplied to a
water level always remains constant when it works. boiler through this valve against the boiler pressure.
Q.5 Why draught Is produced In boiler ?
Q.16 What are the advantages of Cochran
Ans. : • To provide an adequate supply of air for the
boiler ?
fuel combustion
Ans. : • Low initial installation cost.
• To exhaust the gases of combustion from the
combustion chamber • It requires less floor area.
• To discharge the gases of combustion to the • Easy to operate and handle .
atmosphere through the chimney • Transportation of Cochran boiler is easy.
Q.6 What Is the function of a safety valve ?
• It can use all types of fuel.
Ans. : • To blow off steam when the pressure of Q.17 what are the dis-advantages of Cochran
steam inside the boiler exceeds the working pressure boiler ?
Q.7 What is the function of economiser? Ans. : • Low rate of steam generation.
Ans. : • To Increase thermal efficiency of boiler. • Inspection and maintenance is difficult.
Q.8 State the difference between cornlsh boiler • High room head is required for its installation due
and lancashire boiler.
to the vertical design.
Ans. : • Former contain one fire tube type and latter
• It has limited pressure range.
contains two water tube type boiler
Q18 State the advantages of water tube boilers
Q.9. What is the function of air preheater ? over fire tube boilers.
Ans. : Air preheater is used to heat the air before Ans. : • Steam can be raised more quickly
blov.ring it into the furnace. • Steam at higher pressures can be produced
Q.10 What is the necessity of preheating the • Higher rate of evaporation
air ?
• Failure of water tubes will not affect the working of
A.ns. : • The air is heated by the flue gas so as to
boiler
improve th..e performance of boiler.
Q.19 State the dis-advantages of water tube
Q..11 Name the various boiler mountings. boilers over fire tube boilers.
Ans. : • Boiler mounti ngs are used to run a boiler in a Ans. : • Not suitable for ordinary water
safe way ex: safety valve, Water level indicators etc.
• Not suitable for mobile application
Q.12 What Is draught In boiler ?
• High initial cost and hence not economical
Ans. : • Boiler draught
is the pressure difference Q.20 Which are the methods used to find out
between the atmosphere and the pressure inside the
the holler efficiency ?
boiler
Ans. : • Direct method
Q.13 What Is negative draft ?
• Incilirect method
 at Engineering-ti Boilers
~ ~----- - - - ---·- ·- - - - 2 • 29
Q.21 What Is the difference between aubcritlcal Q.27 What 11 the function of blow-off- cock ?
and 1upercrltlcal boller ?
Ana. : • It is a controllable val ve opening at the
Ans. : • Large superc~ti cal boilers, when operated at bottom of water space in the boiler and is used to blow
partial load, lower their pressure and usually become off some water from the bottom which carries mud or
subcritical . other sediments settled during the operation of boi ler.
• Below the critical pressure ' there is a great
Q.28 What 11 the function of ,team atop valve ?
difference between densities of liquid water and
An1. : • It is fitted over the boiler in between the
steam steam space and steam supply tine. Its fu nction is to
Q.22 What do you mHn by high pre1ture regulate the steam supply from boiler to the steam line.
boiler ?
Q.29 What 11 preventive maintenance of
Ans. : A boiler is called a high-pressure boiler when
bollera ?
it operates with II steam pressure above 80 Qars.
Ana. : • Blow down and test low water cut off
Q.23 What 11 water level Indicator In boller ?
• Blow down gauge glasses
Ans. : • Water gauge indicates the water level inside
the boiler and is hence called as water level indicator. • Blow down boiler

Q.2'1
• Check boiler and system for leaks
What Is benson bolter ?
Ans. : • The bcnson boiler is a water tube boiler, • Check burner flame
works on the basic principle of critical pressure of Q.30 What are the advantages of high pressure

water. boller?
Ans. : • They require less heat of vaporiz.at ion.
Q.25 How does fusible plug work In a bolter ?
• They are compact and thus require less floor space.
Ans. : • Fusible plug is a small device installed in
small borimntal fire tube boilers between furnace and • Due to the high velocity of water, the tendency of
boiler water drum for protection of boiler while lower scale formation is minimized.
water level in drum. • All parts are unifonnly heated and the danger of
Q.26 What Is the function of spring loaded overheating is minimized.
safety valve ?
Ans. : • Spring loaded safety valve is a safely Review Questions
mounting fitted on the boiler shell and is essentially 1. Explain with neat sketch Cochran boiler.
required on the boiler shell to safeguard the boiler
2. What is the selection criteria of boiler ?
against high pressure.
3. Distinguish between fire tube and water rube
boiler.
4. Write a note on high pressure boiler.

5. Explain classification of fuel.

□□□

TECHNICAL PUBLICA TIONS"' - An up thni st for knowledge

 :·.::.::.:
~ a J Engm eerin~g~-n:__ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ ~
6
'v
- ;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::.::::::::.:::::.::::::::::
_Stearn
--::_~ ~
result is a small increase in velocity over that of ~ ,
where, v 5 = Specific volume of steam = x v g moving blades. These blades fonn a wall of tno . 1
vlll.& 1
x = Dryness fraction of steam nozzles that further expand the steam. The ~
flow is partially reversed by the moving biaots !
3
v = Volume of steam at saturated point in m /kg producing a reaction on the blades. Since ~ :
g
pressure drop is small across each row of n~ \
• Toe value of v g is fow,d from steam table at given
(blades), the speed is comparatively low. ~1 I

pressure.
Q.6 What I• meant by governing 1 •~ I
• Blade efficiency for reaction turbine :
tu~M? I
2s (2 cos a -s) ·=
2 2 I

T'lh = 2 Ans. : Steam turbine governing means controlling

(l+2scosa-s 2 ) (1+ 2scosa-s)
the flow rate of steam into a steam turbine to
maintain a constant speed of rotation imder all loads
1cos 2 a
T'l bmax = ,, The variation in speed can have a significant ~ I
l+cos"a
on its perfonnance. \

[!!!]Two Marks Questions with Q. 7 What are the different methods of atean, I
Answers governing In a steam turbine ? ;

Q.1 What is a steam turbine ? Ans. : There are four different methods of \
governing the turbines.
Ans. : Steam turbine is a high speed rotating
machine which converts the heat energy of steam (i) Throttle governing
into work energy. (ii) Nozzle governing
Q.2 What is an impulse steam turbine ? (iii) By pass governing
Ans. : In this case, velocity of steam from the
Q.8 Define critical speed ?
nozzle is very high. The jet of steam coming out of
the nozzle strikes the blades moimted on the rotor. Ans. : It is the speed at which the machine vtbrates
The rotor is connected to the generator and thus most violently. It is due to many causes, such a.s
produces power. It has been observed that the imbalance or harmonic vibrations set up by the entire
velocity of steam jet is ahnost two times the velocity machine.
of the moving blades.
Q.9 What Is bleedlng ?
Q.3 What Is a stage In a steam turbine ?
Ans. : Bleeding is the process of draining steam
Ans. : In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of from the turbine at certain point dming its expansion.
moving blades behind the nozzle. and using this steam for heating the feed water
In a reaction turbine, each row of blades is called a supplied to the boiler.
stage. Q.10 Define heat rate In turbine ?
Q.4 State the operating prlnclple of an lmpulH Ana. : Heat required for unit of power generated in
turbine ?
specific conditions and specific fuel burning.
Ans. : The velocity of the steam is about twice as
Q,11 Define extraction turbine ?
fast as the velocity of the blades. Only turbines
utilizing fixed nozzles are classified as impulse Ana. : In an extraction turbine, steam is withdrawn
turbines. from one or more stages, at one or more pressures,
for heating, plant process or feed water heater needs.
Q.S State the operating prlnclple of a reaction
They are often called bleeder turbines.
turbine?
Q.12 How many governors are needed for safe
Ans. : The steam is directed into the moving blades
turbine operation ?
by fixed blades de,signed to expand the steam. The
 n

~-_.t
....~- ----- 3
: 1 w, go,"elUO("S are n~ea fur """"" ~am
te
s:..:.
,:.,, """ - - - .- -r-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:_-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:_-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:._-:_ __tnes--,
.:.._ Turb
•urume
expanded to perform work where as in IP turbine
a.l-3 1s • nldal..ftow ~ 1 after partial expansion in HP turbine it goes to boiler
for further heating and then it goes to IP turbine.
. In a radw-tlow turbine t.. .. _
-- . ' S--.u flo-ws
' ~;,std from the shaft to the c-.umg. Q.20 Where Da-laval turbines are mostly used ?

....,.1
Q.1.& Wbat are two typeis of dearance In •
Ana. :

Q.21
For small power purposes and high speeds.
How we can define the degree of
reaction ?
_. : Radial • clearance at the tips of the rotor
_ , ; i ~- Ana. : It is the ratio of heat drop in the moving
blades to the total heat drop in the fixed blades.
A,"Cial • the ~ -aft clearance, at the sides of the
I rcP" oi the casing. Q.22 Define rankf n• efficiency.

Q..1S o.ftne toppmg and • ~ lurbfn.a ? Ana. : The ratio of isentropic heat drop to the heat
supplied is called rankine efficiency .
. _ : Topping and 5Uperposed turbines are
~ - non<onden sing units that can be Q.23 How the efficiency of steam turbine Is
111 Improved?
I okd to ~ der, ~~pla nt.Top ping
1 ~ receive high-pressure steam from new Ana. : 1) Reheating of steam
high~ boilers. The exhaust steam of the new 2) Regenerative feed heating
a.tline bas the same pressure as the old boilers and
I ~ used to supply the old turbines. 3) Binary vapour plants

Q.16 What Is meant by the water rate of a Q.24 What la the effect of reheating in a
turt,ine? turbine?

Ans.: Water rate is another term used for the Ana. : Increases the workdone through the turbine
steam rate. Increases the efficiency of the turbine

Q.17 State any two disadvantages of velocity Reduces wear on the blades
compoundi ng ?
Q.25 What are the various losses in steam
Ans. : Steam velocity is too high and that is turbine ?
respmsible for appreciable friction losses. Ans. : 1) Profile loss
Blade efficiency decreases with the increase of the 2) Secondary loss
numbe.r of stages.
3) Tip leakage loss
Q.18 State the advantages of welded rotors ?
4) Disc windage loss
Ans.: Welded rotor is a composed body built up
by welding the individual segments. So the 5) Wetness loss
limitatiom on forgings capacity do not apply.
6) Annulus loss
Welding discs together results in a lower stress level.
Q.26 What Is profile loss ?
Therefore, more ductile materials can be chosen to
resist sec attack. Ans. : Due to formation of boundary layer on blade
high stress surfaces. Profile loss is a boundary layer
There are no keyways. So regions of
CODcentrations are eliminated phenomenon and therefore subject to factors that
influence boundary layer development. These factors
Q.19 What la the dlffeNnce between an HP
I
are Reynolds number, surface roughne..s, exit mach
turbine and an IP turbine ?
number and trailing edge thickness.
Ans. : lo a HP turbine i.JJ which steam enters the
_turbine from just the boiler amd it is partially
. -·--··· ...........-... .. - --•·--•--•-··· ··-- --···
-
-·····•·······•·•·····- ·····-··•····-···········
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS • An up thrust for knowledge
 3. 78 - --------
·-·-- ···- ··----· ··········- ··· ·----·· ···-···- ·- · -·- -- -
Review Question• ~' l
Q.27 What 11 tht cause of turbine deposits ?
Ana. : The turbine deposits arc steam-born foreign I· State the advantages and an'P/i·
r.
catto11.s
.
0
turbine. f 11
matters settled on turbine blades.
Q.11 What 11 tht effect of over ,peed of rotor ? 2_ Explain the compounding of stea,,, ,._ bi~ 11(,.

Ana. : Over speed rotor grows radially cauaing 3. What is reheat factor. ·
heavy rob in the casing and the seal system. As a
4_ Explain energy losses in steam turbine.
result. oonsiderable amount of shroud-band and rivet
5. Write a short note on governing
head damagt ooours. Of i!,.
Q.29 What II th• roll of Turbin•·· blade• In turbine.
turbine?
Ana. : A turbine's blades arc designed to control § University Question with An~
tM speed, direction and pressure of the steam as it
pmes through the turbine. [ May-2018 I
Q.30 What are the parts of turbine blade ? Q.1 Elucidate the working of velocity, P,ess-,q
_,1• e
Ana. : Root-The root is a constructional feature of velocity pressure compounu11 1g methods Willi
turbine blades, which fixes the blade into the turbine sketch. (Refer sections 3.6.1, 3.6.2 aad 3,6.J)
rotor.
Profile-The profile converts kinetic energy of steam
into mechanical energy of the blade.

Shroud- The shroud reduces the vibration of the blade

which can be induced by the flowing of high
pressure steam through the blades.

,. ..., ~, ,-....., ,
Q.31 What ls the need for compounding In
alalm turt,i nn ? (Refer section 3.6)

Q..32 Distinguish betwNn lmpul1e and reaction

prindplel. (Refer section 3.5) AU : May · 16
CU3 o.ftne the t.rm compounding In turbine,.
<Refer &eetlon 3.6) U•i·!IEP
0..-34 Oiatingulah between lmpulH and reaction
tu,t,ln e. (R~fer section 3.5) fdflf•dfii
 ~-------
Q.5
------ ---- -
In counter current mode which devl~ I•
Electnoity in efficient ?
High-pres sum
!!Quid
Ana . : Rccuperetor wi II be more e ffi cient If the
flow path of hot and cold flui ds
Q.6 Wh•t •r• th• major !Imitation of metallic
recuper■ tor ?
Compressor
Ana . : The major li mitation 0 f recuperntor is
Motor
reduced li fe for han d ling temperature more than
1000 °C
l o.,..pressure
vapour Q.7 What are the direct and Indirect benefit.
of waste heat recovery syatema ?
Waste heat In
Ana. : Direct Benefits
Fig. 4.12. H..t pump
1. Efficiency of process is increased
• One such example of this is a plastics factory where
chilled water from a heat is used to cool 2. Reduction in process cost .
mjection-moulding machines whilst the heat output
Indirect Benefits :
from the heat pump is used to provide factory or
offi~ heating. 1. Reduction in pol1ution

• Other examples of heat pump installation include 2. Reduction in equipment sizes

product drying, maintaining dry atmosphere for storage 3. Reduction in auxiliary energy conswnption
and drying compressed air.
Q.8 List the points to be considerad for 1

G!Jrwo Marks Questions with Answers Ans.:

developments of WHRS.

1. Sources and uses of waste heat

CU What ts meant by duty of a heat
exchanger?
2. Upset conditions occurring in the plant due to hea1
Ana. : lt is a device which transfers heat from bot recovery
fluid to cold fluid 3. Availability of space
CU What is major advantage of waste heat 4 . Any other constrain t, such as dew point occumng 1
NCOvery ln Industry ? in an equipments etc. I
Ant. : It reduces pollution and increases thennal Q.9 Wrtte any th,... commerda l wute heat 1
efficiency of the power plant r-.covery devices.
3
Q. At what t.mperature the heat recovery Ans. :
IYatiem la more effective ? I. Recupcrator 2. E CUf\O fl1l.£t:fS
Ana. : The heat recovery system is more effective 3. WHRSG 4. Heat pwnps
When the gas temperatw-e is aro~ 400 CC Q.10 Define 'heat wneela.
4
' Q.. Which device la uMd for billet r•heattng Ana . :
I furnace?
• A heat whc,t> I is a si.zabl~ pvrous ui~.
~ R.ecui>erator
fabricated 1

is used in biJlet reheating with mah"rial having a fai1ly hjgh heac capacity .
• Which rotateli betwten two side-by-side ducts: one
a co ld gas duc t, lhe other a hot gas duct .
- - , -; - •--·-· - -·- ···- ··.. -·-··- ·-·- .. .. ···-·- .. . ......... .. ·-····-· .. .. .. ········ .... . ... .. .... .
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS• · An up thrust fo, knowle~
 • 1~ ~l~\S \,f th~ ~i&k i~ l~~~ i'i::~el t\'l: ,\i \\\~l
.. ,. Q.U
th~ ~tttiti'-~' ~ tw~.11. the t,w UUl'ts.
j
An•. :
1

I Q"U
~\
~
U- meJw appllc• tion• or • · ~t • H~ ll (l(\lf'C llCOI must flow spontru,co\1a~
1 ftolll • _
•

S) sltm nt hlgh tcmpcmturc t0 one ot l\ lo\\'tt

I Ana.. : ll'1"f)\'n ll\lrt,
l . Wht'I't.' h~~,t .:-,,·hru~"' l:\t•t,,'t\'u hu~" mt,~('~ l,f nir th~ dircctlan Qf
• lkttl rump
h""'-l'\S small tt'n\t,-'lt'mnn't" ,Hn~"'-'""t's is rt."l" it'C'd. cnt'r ..,,, tfow by the Ust
S("-'lllnn c,ms 0,1
O.f
' Hl!'~ti~ a.nJ Wntilath.'1, syst't'ms :ind rt"\~lW't' ry l, f n thcm\Odymun k system.
h<-3t fi\__'\ll\ liry<-r t,:\hnust :m :\l\.' ~vpil-1\1 of low t.mPttlt\,...,,
3frlk~tk'OS. Q.15 Olv • thrM exampl•• I
air to air hHt recovery dev c...
<tu Dtffne a 'hNt i>Jpe'. Ana.:
Ana. : n) Heat wh«I b) Hcot pi~ c) Heat P\ltnp
1. A h~st pi~ ~an trnn~r up tt_, l 00 times mort'
thmnal ffle~· than correr. the ~st known Review Quutto na
""mdm:-tor.
l. .Explui1t with block diagrar,, conge~a~
In other words. heat pipe is thennnl t'.nergy fXJW(T p/arrt.
absorbing and transferring system nnd hnv~ no
, Starn tlta work-i,tg principle of congenerario'l
moving pans and requires minimum maintenance.
3. Explain waste heat recovery from rttM{}emiJri
Q.13 Wrtt. five appllcattons of 'hut pipe'.
Ana.: 4. Explain hear pipe and hear pMmp.
I . Cooling of closed rooms with outside air 5. Explain heat recovery from boiler.
2. Preheating of boiler feed water with waste heat
1
from flue gases in the heat pipe
JJ,
I'CCOVeJ)
economizers.
3. Drying . curing and baking ovens
5. Process to space heating
6. Process to Process
7. HYAC applications make up air.
8. Preheating of boiler combustion air
9_ Recovery of waste heat from furnaces
1O. Reheating of fresh air for hot air driers

······• ................................. .............. ,.

•
.... ,. .. ., ................. ....
,, , "
 .ilil
Hot water
distnbution Ll

'-- -==--"~>.
I \ ~
\_::.-- \ Fln

Sump
Induc ed draft, •Ingle-flow
crc,ad owllO War
Induce d draft, doubte -ftOW
croHt low towar

Fig. 5.113 : Cros s flow i uced···d .....~................ ,, ...........................

nd ............. -.. ............ ............ ·----·- -
··-Q 11 Write the carri er equa tion.
---- -. (Refe r sect ion 5.22.1)
f 5.41. 3 ICou nter Flow Forc ed Draf t ·
a. 12 Define degree of saturation with tqllltlon,
• It is suited for high air resistance due to centrifugal
(Refer aectlon 5.22.4)
blower fan.
Q.13 Draw the · proc en heating WIIII ,
• Fans are relatively quite.
hum idific ation on psychrometrtc chlrl
(Refe r aect lon 5.25.8)
I -----·-----
I,-- ----
s.42 Two Mar ks Que stion s with Ans wers
...................... ,
Q.14 Define dry bulb and wet bulb tamperatun.
(Refe r sect ion 5.21)
Q.1 Shor t note on Bell- Cole man cycle .
(Refe r secti on 5.10) Q.15 Wha t Is aatu ratad air ? (Refe r HC1lon 5J1)
Q.2 Defin e COP and Refri gera ting effec t Q.16 Defin e vapo ur pren ure. (Refe r HCtlon 5.21)
(Refe r secti on 5.4)
Q.17 List the main com pone nts used In VCC
i Q.3 Wha t are the majo r comp onen ts of VCC ? expansion valve,
Ana. : Compressor, cond enser ,
(Refe r sectl'?n 5.5)
diagr am for evaporator.
Q.4 Draw P-h and T-S
aupe rhea tlng. Q.18 Capl llary tube s are used In _ .
(Refe r secti on 5.12 and Fig. 5.12)
Ans. : small wlits
Q.S Wha t Is dry and wet comp ressi on ?
(Refe r secti ons 5.6.1 and 5.6.2) Q.19 List the vario us type s of compressor,
! Q.6 Wha t Is Ideal VCC ? (Refe r secti on 5.5) Ana. : 1) Reci proca ting

l Q.7
i
Wha t Is the signi fican ce of payc hrom etrlc
char t ? (Refer secti on 5.20)
2) Centrifugal
3) Rotary
! Q.8 Define sens lbl• heati ng and aenalble rit l
j cooll ng. (Refer secti ons 5.25.1 and 5.25.2) Q, 20 When volu me flow rat. of refrlgera
large, Whic h com preu or Is used1
j

1 Q.9 Wha t do you mean by dew poin t

i temp eratu re ? (Refe r secti on 5.24)) Ana. : Centrifugal /
1 Q.10 Wha t la humi dity ratio and relati ve
-···--··- --- -·- ------- --- --- --- -
L.. .= :.a:a~.~.mldl ty ? (Refer secti on 5.24)
- • •• •-•- - ~ - - . h•••--- •·o·n o_ ,.... ... .. . . . . _.;_••hooo, ........:::::::··:::--::::·•- --h•o
-.. ---- -..
TECHNICAL PUBLIC~TIONS.. A . -- ··--·-· ----·- JQe
• n up thrust for knoWlec
~J(.Why la . ;~i.;;··:.·.::.: .:~.------ s
lntercoollng ldont....._
... -u ?
coll'lp;;·'-Ion
·. . . ..... .=:~-:.12,
..... ..., -------
B . . With ! ·'-.....~ - - -
~-· : Y usmg a Slllg)e sta . i then--... -..........=::::::--~ t1on and .
rano decreases volumetric ~g~ With high . t the tempera~.. -... ,. :·. . ... .::::::=:~ s_~~g
. with dry com . e~,1c1ency hinl. J>ressUre ClnJ>erature. e T IS knoWn ........... .............::-::-
.,atto Pt'ess1on . ' &• pre as effective l
J,AC'-"w-ge temperature •
, 111""1~
&ives high COtnprssure . Q.2a Denn
e Relatt
I
essor : A ve humidity
' n,. : It · ·
a,22 Why I• •rnrnon1 of is defined as the . i\

refrigeration? I U19<1 In pr Water vapour (pw) in r~t10 of Partial pressure

fOQd essure (ps) f a mixture to th
:. 'nl• : High COP of m. o Pure water at th e saturation
" txture. e same temperature ii

; LoW cost Q.29 Defined i!

agree of saturation ,
Ana • It 18• · .
'
: Lower energy cost •• the ratio of th ·
and the saturat d . e actual specific humidity
e specific h ·di
; Q.23 Define paychrometry. temperature of th . urn1 ty at the same
e mixture.
, Ans, : Toe science which deal .
'. behaviour of moist air (mixture wttb ~e study of
: vapour) is known as psychrometry. dry arr and water
:r Q. 30 What 11
te meant by adiabatic saturation
mperature (or) thermodynamic wet bulb
temperature?
Ans . It . th
·1 Q.24 What la humldlflcatlo ·· ts e temperature at which the outlet air
dehumidification ? n and can be brought tn · to saturation
• state by passing \
thr~ugh the water in the long insulated duct \
; Ana. : The addition of water vapo . . . (adiabatic) by the evaporation of water due to latent :
h 'difi . .
! ur into arr is
,I um1
. .
cation
•
and the removal of w ter
a vapour from heat of vapori1.ation.
•m 1s dehUIIlldification. Q.31 What 11 dew point temperature?
: Q.25 Define specific humidity. Ans. : How it is related to dry bulb and wet bulb ·.
i Ant. : It is defined as the ratio of the mass of temperature at the saturation condition? Toe '\
I
temperature at which the vapour starts condensing is '
i water vapour (ms) in a given volume to the mass of
1 called dew point temperature. It is also equal to the •
dry air in a given volume (ma).
saturation temperature at the partial pressure of water \.
CU6 Differentiate absolute humidity and relative vapour in the mixture. The dew point temperature is \
humidity. an indication of specific humidity. For saturated air, \
the dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperature are ',
Ana. : Absolute humidity is the mass of water
vapour present in one kg of dry air. Relative all same.
humidity is the ratio of the actual mass of water Q.32 What 11 meant by dry bulb temperature
vapour present in one kg of dry air at the given (DBT)?
temperature to the maximum mass of water vapour it Ana. : The temperature recorded by the \
. can with hold at the same temperature. Absolute thermometer with a dry bulb. Toe dry bulb :
humidity is expressed in terms of kg/kg of dry air. thermometer cannot affect by the moisture present in \
·• Relative humidity is expressed in terms of \ the air. It is the measure of sensible heat of the air.
. i
'. Ptrcentage. l Q.33 What 11 meant by wet bulb temperature '
. I
' Cl..27 What Is effective temperature ? \ (WBT)?

; ~1\1. : The effective temperature is a measure ~f \ Ana. : It is the temperature recorded by a ,

'i feeling warmth or cold to the human body m.i
\, rtsponse to the air temperature, moisture content and \
\ air motion. If the air at different DBT and RH
\,condition carries the same amount of heat as the heat ,
~ by the air at temperature T and 1OO% RH, \
thermometer whose bulb is covered with cotton wick \
(wet) saturated with water. The wet bulb temperature \
·1
may be the measure of enthalpy of air. WBT is the '
lowest temperature recorded by moistened bulb.
- - - - -- - -- - - - - - -----·--·

,·-----·
'---...__
. -··---·-··--···· ...
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS•· An up thrust for knowledge
 5 - 128

-~---==:-~ --~---- ·- -.--· -..-• An•:--·:

-- --- - - - - - .::.: ~ -==-.-·· · · ··
Refrigeration and Air Conditt .
·······--········-··=======~
TherDlOI Engin~_!~ --~!---- -·_ ::-==-: ~- ~
--·-··- 1lon • p1·tch of fines
;1·a :·;;-··-c,;-,,n, dew point d,p,., . b,·lb
. . th difference between dry " • Number of coil tubes .
int temperature of air vapour
Ans . It ts e . l
· ·· - • Air ve oci·ty over the coil
temperature and dew po
• Direction of air flow·
: mi>."tUI'C· What I• meant by adiabatic mixing ?
. Q.35 What 11 p1ychrometer ? ~u 1
I

instntment which . Toe process of mixing two or more stre 1

• wi'thout any heat transfer to the surroundingam.
Ans. :Psychrometer is an An•-.
"-.· bulb temperature and
.' measures both w.,
wet bulb
of air . is
known as adiabatic mixing. It ts happened in air
rempersnll'C.
Q . 36 What 11 psychrometrlc chart ?
conditioning syStern.
Ans. : It is the graphical plot with specific Q. 43 What I• the difference between •Ir .
conditioning and refrigeration ? i
hunuditY and partial pressure of water vapour in Y
axis snd cm· bulb temperature along x axis. The An•. : Refrigeration is the process of providing and ·
spt"Cific vol~e of mix'ture, wet bulb temperature, maintaining the temperature in space below '
relative humidit)" and enthalpy are the properties atmospheric temperature. Air conditioning is the ;
appeared in the psychrometric chart. process of supplying sufficient volmne of clean air
Q.37 Define sensible heat and latent heat. containing a specific amount of water vapour and ,
Ans. : Sensible heat is the heat that changes the maintaining the predetermined atmospheric condition
temperature of the substance when added to it or with in a selected enclosure.
when abstracted from it. Latent heat is the heat that Define Dalton's law of partial preuurt.
Q.44
does not affect the temperature but change of state
occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the Ans. : The total pressure exerted by air and water ,
heat. , vapour mixture is equal to the barometric pressure. ,
Q.38 What are the Important psychometric Q.45 What are the effect of superheat and sub i
processes? cooling on the vapour compl'lllion I
Ans.: cycle?

• Sensible heating and sensible cooling Ans. : Superheating increases the refrigeration
• Cooling and dehumidification effect and COP may be increased or decreased. But
• Heating and humidification sub cooling always increase the COP of the
• Mixing of air streams
refrigeration and also decrease the mass flow rate of
refrigerant.
• Chemical dehumidification
• Adiabatic evaporative cooling. Q.46 What are . the properties of good
refrigerant ?
Q.39 Define coefficient of volume expansion.
, An s. • 11,e coefficient of volwne expans1on Ana. : . An ideal refrigerant should possess the
• .
1s
defined as the change followmg desirable properties.
. in volume· with th e ch.ange m
.
temperature per umt volume keeping the pressure I. The refrigerant sh .
ould have low freezing pomt.
constant.
2. It must h .
ave high critical pressure and
Define byp111 factor (BPF) of a coll. temperature t .
o avoid large power requirements. .
Q.40

Ans. : The ratio of the amount of air which does 3· It should h

, ave low-specific volume to reduce the
not contact the cooling coil (amount of bypassing air) size of the compressor.
to the amount of supply air is caJled BPF. 4 · It should
be xplos1v· e'
Q.41 What factors affect by p111 factor ? non to . nonflammable, non-e
---·----
·---··--······: --~~ and non-corrosive.
__/
··-,.•-····· · ····· ····· · ······ ·· · ·· ···-··... .. . . ...·.:,·.:.:.7:c·:.7:;;~:~;~;~·:;~~~~;:;;~NS~~--· · ····--· - ·. . ·· ··· · · ··· · --------- /
An up thrust for knowledge ································--··- ----- - - ··---··········-·· ....-/
-~-~ ·-·~ ~---=-~----
.a.A, Name~--~ -- s.
129
simple vapour lb COn,Ponen1:s--------==-=:
-«>"Ptlon •Y•ta uaect in ·-·-·--·- -·---··- Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
~ns.: "'· Ans · lri ····-···-····-- -
l. Absorber both ~ensibl:ununer~·-arr·· ··conditloiuiig- llie····afr·····gams··7
2. Putnp of !lli. . and latent heat. Hence the conditioning f
3. Generator ..... ts done by both . ,
4. Condenser. In wm·ter • . coolmg and dehumidification.
au- cond.iti · ·
5. Throttle valve. is done to th . orung, heatmg and humidification
e arr.
6· Evaporator.
Q.48 Define mrtaerant Q.s5 Detlna RSHF 11 nt.

Anl, : Any Substance An8. : It is Roo s · :

line. . . . m ens1ble Heat Factor (RSHF) .
from another required capable of absorbing heat This hne ~s drawn parallel to the base line in i
refrigerant.
substance can be . the psychrometric chart. ·
used as
Q.57
Show the simple vapour compression .
Q.49 Ust the Practical •PPllcat1on1 cycle on pre11ure • enthalpy diagram. .
refrigeration system. of vapor (Refer section 5.5)
"l·ib!H
Ana. : On a small scale, there is Electrolux Q.58 List out the basic elements of an air
' refrigerator conditioning system.
(Refer section 5.27) Hi•Ffi
Large air conditioning plants having cooling capacity Q.59 Define RSHF and GSHF.
much greater than 50 tons. (Refer section 5.34 and 5.25)
AU : Dec..-17, Marks 16
Q.50 Which energy Is used In vapor absorption
system? Q.60 Compare vapour compression and
absorption systems. (Refer section 5.18)
Ana. : It is cheapest and easily available heat
energy which operates the vapor absorption
h1idf59
Q.61 Define the term Air-conditioning.
refrigeration system be used as refrigerant. 81
(Refer section 5.27) •t·'"'•h-,•1tlllll:M
·
Q.51 Piping ma18rial of vapor absorption
system? Revrew Questions
Ana. : It is the steel pipes because ammonia is J. Explain with neat sketch simple VCC,
highly corrosive to copper pipes. 2. With block diagra,r, explain heat engine, hear
Q.52 In vapour compression re~geration pump and refrigerator.
systam where is the location of oil ?
3. Explain the working of simple vapour
4na. : . p laced between Compressor and
Separator ts absorption system.
Condenser.
4. Explain Li-Br absorprion sysrem.
(l.53 Air refl1gerator worb on
5. What is thermo electric refr igerarion ?
Ans. : Bell Coleman cycle
Q.54 What Is mea nt by perfect lnter~llng? ~ University Questions with Answers
temperature of air leaving the
~- : If the .ginal inlet temperature ··-- · -·•·-· \ May - 1016 \
intercooler is equal to the on pertiect inter-cooling.
the . ling is known as
mter~ . . we can approach the Q. 1 Describe rhe following refrigeration systems with ·
~Y having mter-coolmg. . thermal efficiency will layout : (i) Ammonia water system, (ii) Lithium -
lSothermal process. So the lSO •
bromide water system.
be increased by perfect inter-cooling.
(Refer sections S.11 and S.15) {8]
summer air
q,55 Distinguish between conditioning.
' - - - conditioning and winter aIr

---------·-
TECHNICAL
PUB;~ATl;~s· - Al1 up thrust for knowledge