Computer Aided Design Laboratory (Me - 324-B)

MBM Engineering College Jodhpur
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2018-2019
Department
Of
Mechanical Engineering
LAB MANUAL
Computer Aided Design
Laboratory (ME)
ME-324-B
Third year/ V Semester
Subject : ME-324-B
Semester : V
ME-324-B
Program Outcomes
PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Capability to apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science Engineering in the
field of Mechanical Engineering
PO2 Problem Analysis: An ability to analyze complex engineering problems to arrive at relevant conclusion
using knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering.
PO3 Design/ Development of solution: Competence to design a system, component or process to meet societal
needs within realistic constants.
PO4 Conduct investigation of complex problems: To design and conduct research oriented experiments as
well as to analyze and implement data using research methodologies.
PO5 Modern Tool usage: An ability to formulate, solve complex engineering problems using modern
engineering and information technology tools.
PO6 The Engineer society: To utilize the engineering practices, techniques, skills to meet needs of health,
safety legal, cultural and societal issues.
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: To understand the impact of engineering solution in the societal context
and demonstrate the knowledge for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: An understanding and implementation of professional and Ethical responsibilities.
PO9 Individual Team work: To function as an effective individual and as a member or leader in multi-
disciplinary environment and adopt in diverse teams.
PO10 Communication: An ability to assimilate, comprehends, communicate, give and receive instructions to
present effectively with engineering community and society.
PO11 Project Management and Finance: An ability to provide leadership in managing complex engineering
project at multi-disciplinary environment and to become a professional engineer.
PO12 Life-Long learning: Recognition of the need and an ability to engage in lifelong learning to keep abreast
with technological changes.
Program Specific Outcomes
PSO1 To empower the students to understand the basic concepts of mechanical engineering. In addition to
this, application of theoretical and practical engineering problems with the use of advanced software
tools to arrive at appropriate and cost effective solutions.
PSO2 To develop entrepreneurship skills compatible with industrial readiness and can pursue higher studies in
Mechanical Engineering or interdisciplinary sustainable development of society & high regard of ethical
values.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Following points will be learnt by students after completion of given course.
CO 1: Demonstrate basic concepts of the AutoCAD software, construction (drawing) and dimensioning
technique.
CO 2. Ability to manipulate drawings through editing and plotting techniques
CO 3. Able to do velocity and acceleration analysis.
CO 4. Produce 2D Orthographic Projections
CO 5. Produce 3D solid modelling
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. K. Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Addison Wesley, 1999.

2. Ibrahim Zeid, CAD/CAM: Theory and Practice, McGraw Hill Education, 2009
3. Tutorial Guide to AutoCAD 2017
ME-324-B
Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Week No. Experiment
Attained Outcomes
Attained
PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
1 Overview of AutoCAD
PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
2 Basic commands of AutoCAD PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
Modify and Display commands in PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
3
AutoCAD. PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
To creating drawing in orthographic PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
4
projection in AutoCAD PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
Dimensioning & annotation of the PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
5
drawing in AutoCAD PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
To creating Involute profile of gear in PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
6
AutoCAD PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
Velocity and Acceleration analysis in PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
7
To creating assembly drawing in PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2
8
9 To creating 3D modeling in AutoCAD PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2

PO5, PO6, PO7, PO8
V Semester: ME
Course Code Category Hours / Week Credits Maximum Marks

L T P C Pract Sess Total
ME-324-B Core
- - 2 1.0 100 100
Lectures Classes: Tutorial Classes: Practical Classes: 36 Total Classes: 36
Nil Nil
ME-324-B
List of Experiments
Staff
Sr. No. Date Name of Experiments Page No.
Signature
1. Overview of AutoCAD 1-14
2. Basic commands of AutoCAD 15-32
Modify and Display commands in

3. 33-54
AutoCAD.
To creating drawing in orthographic
4. 55-56
projection in AutoCAD
Dimensioning & annotation of the drawing
5. 57-63
in AutoCAD
6. To creating Involute profile of gear in 64-68

AutoCAD
7. Velocity and Acceleration analysis in 69-70

AutoCAD
To creating assembly drawing in AutoCAD
8. 71-73
9. To creating 3D modeling in AutoCAD 74-79
ME-324-B
Experiment No. 1: Overview of AutoCAD
1.1 Introduction of AutoCAD
AutoCAD is drafting based software. It is most popular in various fields such as
Mechanical, Civil, and Architectural, Electrical and other applications. Any complicated
shape can be produced by the AutoCAD. AutoCAD Provide us a wide area on screen it helps
for creating large size of drawing. In the AutoCAD no scaling required, you can create any
large drawing with actual parameters without scaling. Figure 1.1 show the working panel of
AutoCAD.
Figure 1.1: The Working area of AutoCAD

(https://autocad-beginners.blogspot.com/2018_01_07_archive.html)
Learning to use a CAD system is similar to learning a new language. It is necessary to begin
with the basic alphabet and learn how to use it correctly and effectively through practice. This will
require learning some new concepts and skills as well as learning a different vocabulary. Today, the
majority of the Mechanical CAD systems are capable of creating three-dimensional solid models.
Nonetheless, all CAD systems create designs using basic geometric entities and many of the
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constructions used in technical designs are based upon two-dimensional planar geometry. The
method and number of operations that are required to accomplish the basic planar constructions are
different from one system to another. In this work we draw the different objects, using AutoCAD
objects line, circle, rectangle, arc and ellipse, apply the three methods of coordinate system and
compare between them: Absolute Coordinate System, Relative Coordinate System and Polar
Coordinate System. The results show that using absolute coordinate system, enter the points as they
relate to the origin of the world coordinate system. When the relative coordinate entry method allows
to enter points in reference to the last point picked. And Using polar coordinate entry if wants to draw
a line certain distance at a particular angle.
1.2 Basic Toolbars in AutoCAD

Standard Toolbar
Contains frequently buttons as Redraw, Undo, and Zoom, as well as Microsoft Office standard
buttons black triangles in the lower-right corner have flyout containing tools that invoke commands
related to the first tool shown. Click and hold down the first button display the flyout.
Objects Properties Toolbar
Set objects Properties such as color, line type, and line weight and manages layers.
Draw Toolbar
This tool bar is docked on the left side of the window. To use this toolbar for draw line,
circle, rectangle, polygon, ellipse etc.
Modify Toolbar
This toolbar is docked on the left side of the window. To use this toolbar for editing like
erase any object and copy.
Layers toolbar
To use this toolbar for create and manage layers.
Style toolbar
Help of this toolbar we can change text style, dimension style and table style.
Screen menu
This menu is docked on the right side of the window. It shows the AutoCAD menus or
pulldown menus. This is the old menu of selecting a command.
Command line
Displays prompts and messages. In AutoCAD, you start commands in one of three ways:
Choose an item from a menu or a shortcut menu.
Click a button on a toolbar.
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Enter the command on the command line.
However, even if you choose commands from menus and toolbars. AutoCAD may
display command prompts and the command history in a command window.
Crosshairs
Identifies pick and drawing points within the drawing area. Use the crosshairs, which
are controlled by your pointing device, to locate points and select and draw objects.
Status Bar
Displays the cursor coordinates in the lower-left corner. The status bat also contains
buttons that you can use to turn on command drawing aids. These include Snap mode, Grid
mode, Ortho mode, Polar, Osnap, Otrack, Lwt (lineweight display), and DYN (Dynamic
Input) and Model (model and paper space toggle). Figure 1.2 show the status bar.
Figure 1.2: Status bar
 Alignment Grid
The grid command allows you to set an alignment grid of dots of any desired
spacing, making it easier to visualize distances and drawing size. You can turn the grid
on and off by pick the grid button located in the status bar or (by pressing Ctrl + g
or the F7 function key). The drafting setting dialog box permits you to review
and make changes to the grid settings as shown in Figure 1.3:
Figure 1.3: Drafting Setting Dialog Box for alignment grid space.
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Menu bar Tools drafting setting
 Snap grid
The snap grid is similar to the visual grid, but it is an invisible one. You cannot see
the snap feature, but you can see the effects of it as you move the crosshairs. It is like a set
of invisible magnetic points. The crosshairs jump from point to point as you move the
pointing device. This allows you to layout drawings quickly, yet you have the freedom to
toggle snap off at any time. Pick the snap button in the status bar to turn on the snap grid,
(or pressing Ctrl + b or the F9 function key).
 The Ortho Mode

Ortho short for orthogonal, allows you to draw horizontal or vertical lines quickly and
easily. Ortho is on when the Ortho button on the status bar is depressed. You can toggle
Ortho on and off by clicking the Ortho button. (Or press F8 function key).
 Polar
Polar makes it easy to draw lines at regular angular increments, such as 30, 45, or 90
degree. Using the F10 key or polar button toggles polar tracking on or off.
 Object Snap (Osnap)
Figure 1.4: Object Snap Mode.

AutoCAD provides a capability called "object snap" , or OSNAP for short,
that enables you to "snap" to existing object end points, midpoints, centers ,
intersections, etc. available object snap mode are illustrated in Figure 1.4.
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 Object Snap Tracking (Otrack)
Object snap tracking is active when the alignment paths appear from one or
more acquired object snaps. This feature is a part of AutoCAD’s Auto tracking. You can
toggle Auto Tracking on and off with the Otrack button on the status bar or by toggling
F11.
 Units
The units command open dialog box to determine measurement units for drawing
angles and direction and precision as shown in Figure 1.5. Access the command by:
Menu bar: format units
Figure 1.5: Drawing Units Dialog Box.

Length type: determine length types (scientific, decimal, engineering, architectural, and
fractional).
Angle type. Determine angle type. (The default decimal degree).
Precision. Determine accuracy of angles and lengths. Precision is the number of places
to the right of the decimal to display.
Clock wise control angle direction.
 Limits
Limits used to determine the limits of board. To access the command by:
Menu bar format Drawing limits
Specify lower left corner or [on / off] <0.0000,
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0.0000>: Specify upper right corner
<420,297>:
User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon
Shows the orientation of the drawing.
AutoCAD drawings are superimposed on as invisible gird, or coordinate system.
Coordinate system is based on X, Y, and (for 3D) Z coordinates. AutoCAD has a fixed world
coordinate system (WCS) and a movable user coordinate system (UCS). To help you
visualize the UCS location and orientation, a UCS icon is displayed in the lower-left corner
of the drawing area.
Model Tab/ Layout Tab
Switch your drawing between model (drawing) space and paper (layout) space. You
generally create your designs in your drawing in paper in space.
Function Keys
F1 Online helps
F2 Toggles between command window on / off.
F3 Toggles between Osnap on / off.
F4 Toggles between table on /off.
F5 Switching among Isoplanes Top, Right and left.
F6 Toggles between coordinate on / off.
F7 Toggles between Grid on / off.
F8 Toggles between Ortho mode on / off.
F9 Toggles between Snap mode on / off.
F10 Toggles between Polar Tracking on / off.
F11 Toggles between objects Snap Tracking (Otrack) on / off.
F12 Toggles between Dynamic Input on /off.
1.3 Working with Toolbars
AutoCAD provides 24 toolbars for access to frequently used commands, settings and
modes. The standard, object properties, draw and modify toolbars are displayed by default.
To display or close toolbars
1. Right-click the background or title bar of any displayed toolbar, such as the standard or
draw toolbar
2. From the shortcut menu, select the toolbar you want to display or close.
Command line toolbar display the toolbar dialog box, in which you can turn toolbar on and
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off and customize toolbar.
You can display multiple toolbars at ones, and you can dock or flat toolbars. Docked
toolbars lock in to place along the top, bottom or side of the AutoCAD window. Floating
toolbars move freely, move them using your pointing device. Floating toolbars can overlap
other floating and docked toolbars. You can also hide toolbars until you need them
To dock or undock a toolbar
1. To dock a toolbar, place your mouse on the background or title bar of the toolbar, then
use your mouse to drag the toolbar to a dock location at the top, bottom or either side
of the drawing window.
2. When the outline of the toolbar appears in the docking area you want, release the mouse
button.
3. To undock a toolbar, drag it outside the docking region.
4. To place a toolbar in a docking region without docking it, hold down CTRL as you
drag.
To change a shape of a floating toolbar
1. Drag the bottom border of a floating toolbar to create a vertical tool bar.
2. Drag the side border of a floating toolbar to create horizontal tool bar
3. Drag the border of a floating toolbar to reshape it.
Note- You cannot change the shape of a docked toolbar.
Closing Drawings
The CLOSE command closes the active drawing. You can also click the close button
in the upper right corner of the drawing.
Exiting AutoCAD
If you saved your most recent changes to all open drawings, you can exit AutoCAD
without saving the drawings again. If you have not saved your changes, AutoCAD prompts
you to save or discard the changes.
1.4 Using Short-Cut Menus
You can right-click your mouse to display shortcut menus from which you can quickly
choose option. On some key board, you can display shortcut menu by pressing the short-cut
menu key. Short-cut menus are context-sensitive. The shortcut menu i.e. displayed, and the
options it provide depend on the mouse location and other condition, such as whether an
object is selected are a command is in progress. You can display shortcut menu from most
of the following AutoCAD window areas.
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1. Drawing area.
2. Command line.
3. Dialog boxes and windows (for example, AutoCAD design center )
4. Toolbars
5. Status bar.
6. Model tab and layout tabs.
Command line REGEN
Is used for regenerating a drawing.
1.5 To save a drawing
When you are working on a drawing, you should save it frequently. If you want to
create a new version of a drawing without affecting the original drawing you can save it
another name.
1. From the file menu, choose save. If you previously saved and named the drawing.
AutoCAD saves any subsequent changes and redisplays the command prompt. It you
have never saved the drawing the save drawing as dialog box is displayed.
2. In the save drawing as dialog box under file name, enter the new drawing name.
3. Choose save. You can change the way AutoCAD saves drawing files, including the
interval at which AutoCAD automatically save a drawing command line save saves the
drawing. Save as saves a copy of the current drawing under the name you specify.
System variables SAVETIME sets the time interval at which AutoCAD automatically
saves your work. RASTERPREVIEW controls whether BMP preview images are saved
with the drawing.
1.6 Printing a drawing to PDF in AutoCAD
One of the most popular output formats of AutoCAD drawing is Portable Document
Format or PDF. A drawing exported in PDF format can preserve layer data, custom font
styles, and other properties.
If a drawing contains multiple layouts then you can choose to get the PDF output as a
single document with layouts in its sheets or you can plot them separately as well. The quality
of output can also be controlled using settings of PDF plotters.
In this article, I will show you some basic methods with which you can get output in
PDF format from your AutoCAD drawing with many different settings.
 Plot to PDF
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To plot a drawing to PDF press CTRL+P on keyboard or type PLOT on the command
line and press enter, this will open plot window in AutoCAD. Select DWG to PDF.pc3 plotter
from the list of plotters.
If you are using AutoCAD higher version (Above 2016) then you can also select other
PDF plotters with some predefined settings like AutoCAD PDF (General
documentation).pc3 which has a resolution of 1200 dpi and AutoCAD PDF (High Quality
print).pc3 which has a resolution of 2400 dpi. Figure 1.6 show the printer/plotter option in
AuotCAD.
Figure 1.6: Drawing to convert into PDF, JPG, and PNG etc.
You can also select Publish to web JPG.pc3, Publish to web PNG.pc3 or TIFF plotters
to get output in image formats. You can also get high resolution images from AutoCAD by
configuring custom plotter.
 PDF Export
Type EPDF on the command line and press enter to start the export PDF command.
Select the preset from PDF Preset drop-down menu. You can customize this preset using
options button of current settings panel as shown in Figure 1.7.
The PDF settings can be changed as per your requirement using Options button, I have
discussed the PDF options settings in next section of the article.
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Figure 1.7: Current settings for PDF, JPG, and PNG etc.
When you use this command in layout view you will find an additional Export field
with the current layout and all layouts options. Select all layouts option from this drop down
menu if you want to plot all layouts of current drawing into a single PDF file.
 PDF Options
The 2016 version of AutoCAD saw some major enhancements in the PDF feature. This
included additional PDF plotters with various quality preset and an option to control
properties of PDF. You can customize all of these PDF related settings from Export to
DWF/PDF panel of Output window as shown in Figure 1.8.
Figure 1.8: Page setup (PDF Option).

You can manage the quality of PDF output from Vector Quality and Raster Quality
drop down menus. You can change the resolution value to suit your needs, a higher resolution
will allow quality printing but it will also consume more ink. So always try to print your
drawings with optimal resolution value.
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If you are creating the PDF for display on monitors then a higher resolution value can
be selected.
The Merge Control drop down menu will control the overlapping lines of the drawings.
Lines Overwrite option will create the lines with the color of line on the top at the intersection
point, whereas Lines Merge option will make lines of merged color at the intersection. PDF
options to manage dpi is illustrate in Figure 1.9.
Figure 1.9: PDF Option to manage dpi.

There are also several options on Data panel of the PDF Options window that you can
use to control your PDF output even further.
If you want to preserve layer information in the output then check the Include layer
information radio button. You can also capture TrueType fonts of the drawing and include it
in the PDF file so that PDF readers can read the fonts directly from the PDF file and they
don’t have to substitute the fonts.
If for any reason you are unable to include your TrueType fonts in the PDF output then
you can convert the text into geometry by selecting the Convert all text to geometry radio
button. The shape fonts are always plotted as geometry irrespective of the selection made in
Data panel
Once you have made your settings click on ok to close the PDF Options window.
 Publish to PDF
One of the advantages of the Publish option is the ability to plot multi-sheet PDF files.
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To use this option type PUBLISH on the command line and press enter. From Publish to
drop-down menu of Publish window select PDF as format and click on Publish Options
button as shown in Figure 1.10.
From PDF Publish options window select the Multi-sheet file radio button and adjust
settings if you want, click on ok and select Publish. Specify the location where you want to
save the PDF file and click on Select button to get the final output.
Figure 1.10: Publish option in PDF.

1.7 Coordinate System in AutoCAD
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes, X, Y, and Z. When you enter coordinate
values, you indicate a point’s distance (in units) and its direction (+ or -) along the X, Y,
and Z axes relative to the coordinate system origin (0, 0, 0).
In 2D, you specify points on the XY plane, also called the construction plane. The
construction plane is similar to a flat sheet of grid paper. The X value of a Cartesian
coordinate specifies horizontal distance, and the Y value specifies vertical distance. The
origin point (0, 0) indicates where the two axes intersect
Three coordinate system in AutoCAD
Absolute co-ordinate System (X, Y)
Incremental / Relative Coordinate System (@X, Y)
Polar Coordinate System (@distance<Angle)
Absolute co-ordinate System (X, Y)
Absolute coordinates are based on the UCS origin (0, 0), which is the intersection of
the X and Y axes. Use absolute coordinates when you know the precise X and Y values of
the point. To enter an absolute X, Y co-ordinates, specify a point by entering its X and Y
values in the format X, Y values of the location of the point, from the origin. The following
of coordinates draw a rectangle as shown with Figure 1.11.
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Command: line Specify first point: 50, 50
Specify next point or {Undo}: 260, 50
Specify next point or {Undo}: 260,230
Specify next point or {Undo}: 50,230
Specify next point or {Close/Undo}: 50, 50
Figure: 1.11: Example of absolute co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.

Incremental Coordinate System (@X, Y)
Use relative X, Y coordinates when you know the position of a point in relation to the
previous point. The relative displacement from the last located point is given in the format
(@X displacement, Y displacement). Example of incremental coordinate system is illustrate
with Figure 1.12.
Command: line Specify first point: @50, 50
Specify next point or {Undo}: @210, 0
Specify next point or {Undo}: @0,180
Specify next point or {Undo}: @-210, 0
Specify next point or {Close/Undo}: @0,-180
Figure 1.12: Example of incremental co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.

Polar Coordinate System (@Distance <Angle)
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Polar Coordinate System (shown in Figure 1.13) uses a distance and an angle with reference
to a previous point to locate a point. Angle are measured in anti-clock direction, taking
0˚towords right.
Command: line Specify first point: 50, 50 .
Specify next point or {Undo}: @210<0 .
Specify next point or {Close/Undo}: @180<-270 .
Figure 1.13: Example of incremental co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.
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Experiment No. 2: Basic Commands of AutoCAD
2.1 Draw commands of AutoCAD

Draw tool bar used to access AutoCAD draw commands you can also use draw pull down
menu or type the command in command line. The draw commands create objects such as lines,
rectangles, circles, arcs, and ellipses.an object is the smallest component of the drawing. A drawing
is made up of combinations of these objects. When creating objects with draw commands,
AutoCAD always prompt ask you to indicate points such as endpoints, centers, radii, to describe
size and location of the object to be drawn. Drawing commands can be entered from the keyboard
(command line), the draw toolbar, or the draw pull down menu. Figure 2.1 shows draw bar
Draw commands bar
Figure 2.1: Draw commands bar.
The Line Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Line
Keyboard LINE short-cut L
Select line command
Specify first point and specify next point
Cross hairs
Rubber band
line
Figure 2.2: line command
The Construction Line Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Construction Line
Keyboard XLINEshort-cut XL
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Lines that extend to infinity in one or both directions, known as rays and construction
lines, respectively, can be used as references for creating other objects (Figure 2.2). Create
endless line and create projection.
Select the construction line
To create horizontal projection ‘h’ enter
To create vertical projection ‘v’ enter
To create angular projection ‘a’ enter
Then specify a point
The Polyline Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Polyline
Keyboard PLINE short-cut PL
Open polyline Closed polyline

Figure 2.3: Polyline command
A polyline (Figure 2.3) is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single
object. You can create straight line segments, arc segments, or a combination of the two.
Select the polyline
Specify start point
Specify next point
The Rectangle Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Rectangle
Keyboard RECTANGLEshort-cuts REC, RECTANG
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Figure 2.4: Rectangle command menu

The Rectangle command is used to draw a rectangle whose sides are vertical and
horizontal (Figure 2.4). The position and size of the rectangle are defined by picking two
diagonal corners. The rectangle isn't really an AutoCAD object at all. It is, in fact, just a closed
polyline which is automatically drawn for you.
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify a point or
enter an option
First Corner Point
Specifies a corner point of the rectangle.
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]:
Specify a point or enter an option
Creates a rectangle using the specified points as diagonally opposite corners (Figure 2.5)
Other corner pt.
First corner pt.
Figure 2.5: Rectangle command using first corner point.

Area
Creates a rectangle using the area and either a length or a width. If the Chamfer or Fillet
option is active, the area includes the effect of the chamfers or fillets on the corners of the
rectangle.
Enter area of rectangle in current units <100>: Enter a positive value
Calculate rectangle dimensions based on [Length/Width] <Length>: Enter L or W
Enter rectangle length <10>: Enter a non-zero value or
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Enter rectangle width <10>: Enter a non-zero value
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Move the cursor to display one of
four possible locations for the rectangle and click the one that you want
Dimensions
Creates a rectangle using length and width values.
Specify length for rectangles <0.0000> Enter a non-zero value
Specify width for rectangles <0.0000> Enter a non-zero value
Rotation
Creates a rectangle at a specified rotation angle.
Specify rotation angle or [Points] <0> Specify an angle by entering a value, specifying a point,
or entering p and specifying two points
Chamfer
Sets the chamfer distances for the rectangle (Figure 2.6)
Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
Specify second chamfer distance for rectangles <current>: Specify a distance or press ENTER
Figure 2.6: Rectangle command using first and second chamfer distance
The Polygon Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Polygon
Keyboard POLYGON short-cut POL
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Inscribed Circumscribed Edge

Figure 2.7: Polygon command
The Polygon command can be used to draw any regular polygon from 3 sides up to
1024 sides. This command requires four inputs from the user, the number of sides, a pick point
for the center of the polygon, whether you want the polygon inscribed or circumscribed and
then a pick point which determines both the radius of this imaginary circle and the orientation
of the polygon. The polygon command creates a closed polyline in the shape of the required
polygon (Figure 2.7).
Creates an equilateral closed polygon
Select the polygon command
Enter number of sides
Specify center of polygon
Select option Inscribed in circle or Circumscribed about circle
Specify radius of circle
The Donut Command
Toolbar custom
Pull-down Draw Donut
Keyboard DONUT short-cut DO
Figure 2.8: Donut command

This command draws a solid donut shape, actually it's just a closed polyline consisting
of two arc segments which have been given a width (Figure 2.8). AutoCAD asks you to define
the inside diameter i.e. the diameter of the hole and then the outside diameter of the donut. The
donut is then drawn in outline and you are asked to pick the center point in order to position
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the donut. You can continue picking center points to draw more donuts or you can hit to end
the command. Surprisingly, donuts are constructed from single closed polylines composed of
two arc segments which have been given a width. Fortunately AutoCAD works all this out for
you, so all you see is a donut.
The Revcloud Command
Figure 2.9: Revcloud command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Revision Cloud
Keyboard REVCLOUD
The Revcloud command is used to draw a "freehand" revision cloud or to convert any
closed shape into a revision cloud (Figure 2.9). Circles, Arcs etc. Along with Line and Polyline,
the Circle command is probably one of the most frequently used. Fortunately it is also one of
the simplest. However, in common with the other commands in this section there are a number
of options that can help you construct just the circle you need. Most of these options are self-
explanatory but in some cases it can be quite confusing. The Circle command, for example,
offers 6 ways to create a circle, while the Arc command offers 10 different methods for drawing
an arc. The sections below concentrate mainly on the default options but feel free to
experiment.
The Circle Command
Figure 2.10: Circle command menu
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Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Circle Center, Radius
Keyboard CIRCLE short-cut C
Figure 2.11: Circle command with define center pt. and radius)
The Circle command is used to draw circles. There are a number of ways you can
define the circle (Figure 2.10 & 2.11). The default method is to pick the center point and then
to either pick a second point on the circumference of the circle or enter the circle radius at the
keyboard. Create a circle using center radius.
Select circle command
Specify center point of the circle
Specify radius of circle
The Arc Command
Figure 2.12: Arc command menu
ME-324-B 21
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Arc 3 Points
Keyboard ARC short-cut
Figure 2.13: 3 pt. Arc command
The Arc command allows you to draw an arc of a circle (Figure 2.12 & 2.13). There
are numerous ways to define an arc, the default method uses three pick points, a start point, a
second point and an end point. Using this method, the drawn arc will start at the first pick point,
pass through the second point and end at the third point. Once you have mastered the default
method try some of the others. You may, for example need to draw an arc with a specific radius.
All of the Arc command options are available from the pull-down menu.
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: Specify a point, enter CE, or press ENTER to start tangent
to last line, arc, or polyline
The Spline Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Spline
Keyboard SPLINE short-cut SPL
Figure 2.14: Spline command
ME-324-B 22
The Spline command creates a type of spline known as a non-uniform rational B-spline,
NURBS for short. A spline is a smooth curve that is fitted along a number of control points.
The Fit Tolerance option can be used to control how closely the spline conforms to the control
points. A low tolerance value causes the spline to form close to the control points. A tolerance
of 0 (zero) forces the spline to pass through the control points. The illustration on the right
shows the effect of different tolerance values on a spline that is defined using the same four
control points, P1, P2, P3 and P4 (Figure2.14).
The Ellipse Command option 1
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Ellipse Axis, End
Keyboard ELLIPSE short-cut EL
Figure 2.15: Ellipse command option 1

The Ellipse command gives you a number of different creation options (Figure 2.15).
The default option is to pick the two end points of an axis and then a third point to define the
eccentricity of the ellipse. After you have mastered the default option, try out the others. The
shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer axis
is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis.
Select Ellipse command
Specify axis end point of ellipse
Specify other end point of axis
Specify distance to other axis
ME-324-B 23
The Ellipse Arc Command option 2
Figure 2.16: Ellipse command option 2
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Ellipse Arc
Keyboard ELLIPSE A short-cut EL A
The Ellipse Arc command is very similar to the Ellipse command, described above. The only
difference is that, in addition to specifying the two axis end points and the "distance to other
axis" point, you are prompted for a start and end angle for the arc (Figure 2.16). You may
specify angles by picking points or by entering values at the command prompt. Remember
that angles are measured in an anti-clockwise direction, starting at the 3 o'clock position.
In truth, the Ellipse Arc command is not a new or separate command; it is just an option
of the Ellipse command and it therefore has no unique command line name (Figure 2.17). It is
curious why Autodesk considered this option important enough to give its own button on the
Draw toolbar. Still, there it is.
Figure 2.17: Ellipse command option
ME-324-B 24
The Point Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Point Single Point
Keyboard POINTshort-cut PO
The point command will insert a point marker in your drawing at a position which you
pick in the drawing window or at any co-ordinate location which you enter at the keyboard.
The default point style is a simple dot, which is often difficult to see but you can change the
point style to something more easily visible or elaborate using the point style dialogue box.
Points can be used for "setting out" a drawing in addition to construction lines. You can snap
to points using the Node object snap. See the Object Snap tutorial for details
The Point Style Command
Toolbar none
Pull-down Format Point Style…
Keyboard DDPTYPE
Figure 2.18: different point style.

You can start the point style command from the keyboard by typing DDPTYPE or
you can start it from the pull-down menu at Format Point Style… The command starts by
displaying a dialogue box offering a number of options. Figure 2.18: different point style.
To change the point style, just pick the picture of the style you want and then click the "OK"
button. You will need to use the Regen command, REGEN at the keyboard or View Regen
ME-324-B 25
from the pull-down to force any existing points in your drawing to display in the new style.
Any new points created after the style has been set will automatically display in the new style.
One interesting aspect of points is that their size can be set to an absolute value or
relative to the screen size, expressed as a percentage. The default is for points to display relative
to the screen size, which is very useful because it means that points will remain the same size,
irrespective of zoom factor. This is particularly convenient when drawings become complex
and the drawing process requires a lot of zooming in and out.
The Region Command
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Region
Keyboard REGION short-cut REG
Figure 2.19: Region command

A region is a surface created from objects that form a closed shape, known as a loop
(Figure 2.19). The Region command is used to transform objects into regions rather than
actually drawing them (i.e. you will need to draw the closed shape or loop first). Once a region
is created, there may be little visual difference to the drawing. However, if you set the shade
mode to "Flat Shaded", View Shade Flat Shaded, you will see that the region is, in fact, a
surface and not simply an outline. Regions are particularly useful in 3D modeling because they
can be extruded.
Converts an object that encloses an area into a region object. Regions are two-
dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or loops. Closed polylines, lines, and curves
are valid selections. Curves include circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, ellipses, and splines.
Before starting the Region command, draw a closed shape such as a rectangle, circle or any
closed polyline or spline.
The Wipeout Command
ME-324-B 26
Toolbar custom
Pull-down Draw Wipeout
Keyboard WIPEOUT
Figure 2.20: Polygon command
A Wipeout is an image type object (Figure 2.20). Most commonly it is used to "mask"
part of a drawing for clarity. For example, you may want to add text to a complicated part of a
drawing. A Wipeout could be used to mask an area behind some text so that the text can easily
be read, as in the example shown on the right.
The Wipeout command can be used for 3 different operations. It can be used to draw a
wipeout object, as you might expect, but it can also be used to convert an existing closed
polyline into a wipeout and it can be used to control the visibility of wipeout frames.
The Hatch
Toolbar Draw
Pull-down Draw Hatch
Keyboard Hatch short-cut H
Figure 2.21: Hatch command menu
ME-324-B 27
You can hatch an area using a predefined hatch pattern, define a simple line pattern
using the current line type (Figure 2.21).
You can also create a gradient fill, which uses a transition between shades of one color
or between two colors. Gradient fills can be used to enhance presentation drawings, giving the
appearance of light reflecting on an object
The Hatch and Gradient dialog box is displayed.
Select the hatch pattern or gradient pattern.
Select the boundary using add pick point or add select object
Right click and click to ok
Add: Pick Points
Determines a boundary from existing objects that form an enclosed area around the
specified point. The dialog box closes temporarily, and you are prompted to pick a point (Figure
2.22).
Internal pt. selected Hatch boundary Result
Figure 2.22: Pick pt. hatch command

Add: Select Objects
Determines a boundary from selected objects that form an enclosed area. The dialog
box closes temporarily, and you are prompted to select objects (Figure 2.23).
Object selected Hatch boundary Result
Figure 2.23: Select object hatch command
ME-324-B 28
Remove Boundaries
Removes from the boundary definition any of the objects that were added previously.
When you click Remove Boundaries, the dialog box closes temporarily, and the command line
displays a prompt (Figure 2.24).
Select Objects or [Add boundaries]: Select objects to be removed from the boundary definition,
specify an option, or press ENTER to return to the dialog box
Select Objects
Removes temporary boundary objects for hatching or filling as you select them.
Internal pt. selected Object removed Result
Figure 2.24: Remove object hatch command

Temporarily closes the dialog box and displays the currently defined boundaries with
the current hatch or fill settings. This option is unavailable when no boundary has been defined.
Associative
Controls whether the hatch or fill is associative or non-associative. A hatch or fill that
is associative is updated when you modify its boundaries.
Create Separate Hatches
Controls whether a single hatch object or multiple hatch objects are created when
several separate closed boundaries are specified.
ME-324-B 29
The Text
Single line Text
Command line: DT
Current text style: Current text height: current
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: Specify a point or enter an option
Figure 2.25: Text command

If TEXT was the last command entered, pressing ENTER at the Specify Start Point of
Text prompt skips the prompts for height and rotation angle. The text that you enter in the In-
Place Text Editor for single-line text is placed directly beneath the previous line of text. The
point that you specified at the prompt is also stored as the insertion point of the text (Figure
2.25).
DT enter for single line text
Specify start point of text
Specify height of text
Specify rotation angle of text
And type text
Multiline Text
Draw toolbar:
Draw menu: Text > Multiline Text
Command line: mtext
Creates or modifies multiline text objects. Imports or pastes text from other files to use in
multiline text.
Select Multiline Text
ME-324-B 30
Specify first corner of the window then Specify opposite corner of the window. Figure 2.26
illustrate text formatting menu.

Figure 2.26: Text formatting menu
Notes:-
ME-324-B 31
Assignment
2.2 Practice of draw commands with drawings.
Figure 2.27: Figure 2.28:
Figure 2.31:
ME-324-B 32
Experiment No. 3: Modify and Display commands in AutoCAD.
3.1 Modify & Display commands in AutoCAD.

Modify commands
AutoCAD drawings are rarely completed simply by drawing lines, circles etc. Most
likely you will need to modify these basic drawing objects in some way in order to create the
image you need. AutoCAD provides a whole range of modify tools such as Move, Copy, Rotate
and Mirror. As you can see, the command names are easily understandable. However, the way
these commands work is not always obvious. This tutorial is designed to show you how all of
the Modify commands work. If you just need information quickly, use the Quick Find toolbar
below to go straight to the information you need or select a topic from the contents list above.
Modify toolbar used to access AutoCAD draw commands can also use modify pull
down menu or type the command in command line. After you have created some objects in
AutoCAD, objects that make up a technical drawing, such as lines or circle or a combination
of both, they are sometimes just not the way you would like them, they may needed to be
rotated, moved, copied, scaled larger or smaller, etc., to do these things you needed to have a
good basic understanding of some of the AutoCAD editing commands (Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1: Modify commands bar

The Erase Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Erase
Keyboard ERASE or E
The Erase command is one of the simplest AutoCAD commands and is one of the most
used. The command erases (deletes) any selected object(s) from the drawing. Remember you
can always get deleted objects back by typing U to undo, from the Standard toolbar or by
using the OOPS command.
ME-324-B 33
The Copy Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Copy
Keyboard COPY or CP
The Copy command can be used to create one or more duplicates of any drawing object
or objects which you have previously created. Copy is a very useful and time-saving command
because you can create very complex drawing elements and then simply copy them as many
times as you like (Shown in Figure 3.2).
Select the copy command.
Select the object and right click.
Specify base point.
Specify required distance to copy and enter.
Before copy During After

Figure 3.2: Copy command
The Mirror Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Mirror
Keyboard MIRROR
The Mirror command allows you to mirror selected objects in your drawing by picking
them and then defining the position of an imaginary mirror line using two points (Figure 3.3).
Before mirror During After
Figure 3.3: Mirror command
ME-324-B 34
The Offset Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Offset
Keyboard OFFSET
Offsetting a line Offsetting a circle
Figure 3.4: Offset command

Offset is probably one of the most useful commands for constructing drawings. The
Offset command creates a new object parallel to or concentric with a selected object (Figure
3.4). The new object is drawn at a user defined distance (the offset) from the original and in a
direction chosen by the user with a pick point. You can offset lines, arcs, circles, ellipses, 2D
polylines, xlines, rays and planar splines.
Select the Offset command.
Specify offset distance and enter
Select object to offset.
And click to required side.
The Array command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Array
Keyboard ARRAY
Figure 3.5: Array command
ME-324-B 35
The Array command makes multiple copies of selected objects in a rectangular matrix
(columns and rows) or a polar (circular) pattern (Figure 3.5). This command has been
completely transformed in AutoCAD. It is now completely dialogue box driven with the option
to see a preview of the array before it is created. You can also now create rectangular arrays at
a user specified angle. This constitutes a major improvement in usability.
The Rectangular Array
Rectangular Array
Figure 3.6: Rectangular array command

The illustration on the right shows the results of a rectangular array with two columns
and three rows (Figure 3.6). The distance between rows is indicated with the dimension DR
and between columns with DC. When creating rectangular arrays it is important to remember
that new rows are created above the original object and new columns are created to the right of
the original object. The resulting array is, therefore, always created with the original object in
the bottom left hand position with respect to the current co-ordinate system. It is possible to
create arrays which do not align with the World Co-ordinate System by setting a User Co-
ordinate System first. See the UCS tutorial for details.
Try creating this array yourself.
First, draw a rectangle 20 drawing units wide and 10 drawing units tall. To do this, start
the rectangle command Draw Rectangle from the pull-down menu. When you are prompted
to pick a point, pick somewhere in the lower left quarter of the drawing area. Then, when you
ME-324-B 36
are prompted for a second point, enter the relative Cartesian co-ordinate @20, 10. You have
now drawn a rectangle at the right size. See the Using Co-ordinates tutorial for more
information on drawing with co-ordinates.
Now start the Array command. First of all, make sure that the Rectangular Array radio
button is selected and that you are looking at the Rectangular Array dialogue box and now
follow the steps below:
Click the Select objects button. The dialogue box will temporarily disappear enabling
you to select the rectangle you just drew. Press the Return button on your keyboard to complete
the selection. You are now returned to the dialogue box and the message immediately below
the Select Objects button should read "1 objects selected".
Enter the number of rows required in the Rows edit box. For this example, enter the value "3".
Notice that the schematic preview on the right hand side of the dialogue box updates to reflect
the values you are entering.
Enter the number of columns required in the Columns edit box. Enter the value "2".
Enter the row offset in the Row Offset edit box. This is the distance DR in the illustration
above. Note that is not the distance between rows. In this example, our rectangle is 10 units
high and we will enter a row offset of 15. The result will be a 5 unit gap between rectangles.
Figure 3.7: Accept button.

Enter the column offset in the Column Offset edit box. The same parameters apply as
for the row offset. Enter a value of 25 to give a 5 unit gap between our rectangles.
Click on the Preview button. Once again, the dialogue box disappears and the specified array
is temporarily drawn so that we can preview it. We are now offered 3 choices. If the array isn't
quite right, click the Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you are happy with
the array, click the Accept button (Figure 3.7), the array will be permanently drawn and the
command is ended.
ME-324-B 37
The Polar Array
Figure 3.8: Polar array command

The polar array works in a similar way to the rectangular array (Figure 3.8). The main
difference is that rather than specifying the number and offset for rows and columns, you
must specify a center point and the total number of objects in the array (including the original
object).
You can try this for yourself by drawing another rectangle as described above. This
time, though, locate the rectangle in the center top half of the drawing area. Now, start the
Array command, click the Polar Array radio button and follow the steps below:
Click the Select objects button. The dialogue box will temporarily disappear enabling
you to select the rectangle you just drew. Press the Return button on your keyboard to complete
the selection. You are now returned to the dialogue box and the message immediately below
the Select Objects button should read "1 objects selected".
Specify the center point for the array. This is the point C in the illustration below. You
can do this by entering x and y co-ordinates into the appropriate edit boxes if you know what
these values should be. However, this is rarely the case and most often you will want to click
the Pick Center Point button to pick a point from the drawing area. Pick a point somewhere
below the rectangle you have just drawn.
ME-324-B 38
Polar array
Figure 3.9: Polar array type with accept button selection
Enter a value for the total number of items. For this example, enter the value "6". Notice
that once again, the schematic preview updates to reflect the values you have entered.
Make sure that the rotate items as copied checkbox is checked.
Click on the Preview button. Once again, the dialogue box disappears and the specified
array is temporarily drawn so that we can preview it. We are now offered 3 choices. If the array
isn't quite right, click the Modify button to return to the Array dialogue box. If you are happy
with the array, click the Accept button (Figure 3.9), the array will be permanently drawn and
the command is ended.
The Move Command
Before move During After

Figure 3.10: Move command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Move

Keyboard MOVE or M
The Move command works in a similar way to the copy command except that no copy
is made, the selected object(s) is simply moved from one location to another (Figure 3.10).
Select the Move command.
Select the object and right click.
Specify base point.
Specify required distance and enter.
ME-324-B 39
The Rotate Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Rotate
Keyboard ROTATE or RO
Before rotate After

During
Figure 3.11: Rotate command

The Rotate command allows an object or objects to be rotated about a point selected by
the user. AutoCAD prompts for a second rotation point or an angle which can be typed at the
keyboard (Shown in Figure 3.11).
Select the Rotate command
Select the object and right click
Specify base point
Specify rotation angle and enter
The Scale Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Scale
Keyboard SCALE
Before scale During After
Figure 3.12: Scale command
ME-324-B 40
The Scale command can be used to change the size of an object or group of objects.
You are prompted for a pick point about which the selection set will be scaled (Figure 3.12).
Scaling can then be completed by picking a second point (not always easy because it can
sometimes be difficult to precisely control the scaling) or by entering a scale factor at the
keyboard. For example a scale factor of 2 will double the size of the objects in the selection set
and a factor of 0.5 will half them.
Select the Scale command
Specify base point
Specify Scale factor
The Stretch Command
Select vertex During stretch After stretch
Figure 3.13: Stretch command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Stretch
Keyboard STRETCH
The Stretch command can be used to move one or more vertices of an object whilst
leaving the rest of the object unchanged. In the example below, a rectangle has been stretched
by moving one vertex to create an irregular shape (Figure 3.13).
Select the Stretch command
Specify base point
Specify distance to stretch
The Trim Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Trim
ME-324-B 41
Keyboard TRIM or TR
Before trim After
Figure 3.14: Trim command
The Trim command can be used to trim a part of an object (Figure 3.14). In order to
trim an object you must draw a second object which forms the "cutting edge". Cutting edges
can be lines, xlines, rays, polylines, circles, arcs or ellipses. Blocks and text cannot be trimmed
or used as cutting edges. The illustration on the right shows the Trim command in action. The
square and circle have been drawn using the Polygon and Circle commands respectively. In
order to trim these objects, a line has been drawn (cyan in the illustration), this forms the cutting
edge. The Trim command, unlike most other modify commands requires that two separate
object selections are made. The cutting edges are selected first (there can be one or more) and
then the objects to be trimmed are selected. In the example above, the line is selected first
because it forms the cutting edge and then the square and circle are selected.
The Trim command is slightly more complicated than many other modify commands.
To get a better understanding of how it works, draw a square, circle and line as illustrated above
and then follow the command sequence below. Don't forget to watch the AutoCAD command
line at each stage of the process.
Select the Trim command.
Select the cutting edge.
And right click.
And select object to trim.
The Extend Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Extend
ME-324-B 42
Keyboard EXTEND
Before extend After
Figure 3.15: Extend command
This command extends a line, polyline or arc to meet another drawing object (known
as the boundary edge). In the illustration on the right, two lines are extended to meet another
line (cyan) which forms the boundary edge (Figure 3.15). This command works in a similar
way to the Trim command, described above. Two selections are made, one for the boundary
edge(s) and one for the object(s) to extend.
Lines and other objects can be extended in one of two directions. In the illustration on
the right, the line could be extended either to the right or to the left. You can tell AutoCAD in
which direction to extend by picking a point to the right or left of the midpoint respectively.
AutoCAD does not intuitively know where the boundary edge lies so you must explicitly
indicate the direction of extension by picking either one side or other of the midpoint.
Select the Extend command.
Select boundary edges.
And right click.
And Select object to extend.
The Break Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Break
Keyboard BREAK
Before break After

Figure 3.16: Break command
ME-324-B 43
The Break command enables you to break (remove part of) an object by defining two
break points. In the illustration below, a corner of a rectangle has been removed (Figure 3.16).
The Break command can be used with lines, polylines, circles, arcs ellipses, splines, xlines and
rays. When you break an object, you can either select the object using the first break point or
then pick the second break point, or you can select the object and then pick the two break
points.
Select the break command
Select the object to break
F enter for first break point
Then specify next break point
The Join Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify join
Keyboard Join
Select the join command
Select objects to join and right click
The Chamfer Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Chamfer
Keyboard CHAMFER
Before chamfer After

The Chamfer command enables you to create a chamfer between any two non-parallel
lines as in the illustration below or any two adjacent polyline segments (Figure 3.17). Usually,
the Chamfer command is used to set the chamfer distances before drawing the chamfer. Follow
the command sequence below where the chamfer distances are changed to 20 before the
chamfer is made.
Select the chamfer command.
ME-324-B 44
‘D’ enters for give the chamfer distance.
Specify first chamfer distance and second chamfer distance.
Select the first object and second object.
The Fillet Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Fillet
Keyboard FILLET
Before fillet After

The Fillet command is a very useful tool which allows you to draw an arc between two
intersecting lines or adjacent polyline segments (Figure 3.18). You first need to use the
command to set the required radius and then a second time to select the two lines.
Select the Fillet command.
‘R’ Enter for fillet Radius, enter the required radius
Select first object and second object
The Explode Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Modify Explode
Keyboard EXPLODE
The Explode command is used to "explode" single objects back to their constituent
parts. In other words, the command is used to return blocks, polylines etc. (which may be
composed of a number of component objects) back to their individual component parts. The
change has no visible effect.
Select the explode command
Select the object to explode and right click
ME-324-B 45
3.2 Sets running object snap modes
The Object Snap Toolbar

Different tools are snap to end point, snap to mid-point snap to cross of two lines or
curves etc (Figure 3.19).
Object Snap toolbar:

Tools Menu: Drafting Settings
Shortcut menu: Press SHIFT while right-clicking in the drawing area and choose Osnap
Settings.
Status bar: Osnap
Command line: Osnap (or ‘Osnap for transparent use)
The Object Snaps tab of the Drafting Settings dialog box is displayed.
If you enter -Osnap at the Command prompt, OSNAP presents options on the command line.
Current Osnap modes: current
Enter list of object snap modes: Enter names of object snap modes separated with commas, or
enter none or off
Object Snap Modes
Specify one or more object snap modes by entering the first three characters of the name. If
you enter more than one name, separate the names with commas.
END point:
CENter:
TANgent:
MIDpoint:
NODe:
NEArest:
INTersection:
QUAdrant:
PARallel:
EXTension:
To select cutting edges that will do the trimming (or, if you choose the EXtend
ME-324-B 46
command, boundary edges for extending to): The objects you select become the cutting
edge of the TRim command or the boundary to which objects will be extended by the
EXtend command.
INSertion: To Specify the Insertion Point,
Click Content Editor tab Tools panel Base Point. Find

In the drawing area, specify the location to place the base point.
APParent Intersection:
The Apparent Intersection Snap tool snaps to the intersection of two entities that
do not intersect in three-dimensional space but seem to intersect in the current view.
You can snap to any two entities in the combination of an arc, circle, line, infinite line,
polyline, ray, ellipse, elliptical arc, spline, hatch pattern, polygon mesh, or poly-face
mesh. You can also snap to an intersection point within a single entity, including a
polyline or spline.
PERpendicular:
Setup "Object Snap" on you drawing by using command osnap. Then tick the
"Perpendicular" box in the pop up dialog.
Draw a line starting from a point then move your cursor slowly to an existing
line. Click the point on the line where you see a green mark indicating your drawing
line is now perpendicular to the existing line.
Selection methods
Selecting Objects by Picking
Perhaps the most obvious way to select an object in AutoCAD is simply to pick it.
Those of you who have used other graphics based utilities will be familiar with this concept.
Generally all you have to do is place your cursor over an object, click the mouse button and
the object will be selected. In this respect AutoCAD is no different from any other graphics
utility.
When you start a Modify command such as ERASE, two things happen. First, the cursor
changes from the usual crosshairs to the pickbox and second, you will the "Select objects"
prompt on the command line. Both of these cues are to let you know that AutoCAD is expecting
you to select one or more objects.
Select objects:
ME-324-B 47
To select an object, place the pickbox over a part of the object and left-click the mouse.
When the object has been picked it is highlighted in a dashed line to show that it is part of the
current selection and the command line reports "1 found". You will now see the "Select objects"
prompt on the command line again. At this point you can continue adding more objects to the
current selection by picking them or you can press or the Space Bar to complete the
selection.
The Crosshairs The Pickbox The Highlighted Object

Figure 3.20: Selecting object by picking methods
When you pick one or more objects in response to the "Select objects" prompt, you are
effectively creating a selection set (Figure 3.20). Selection sets are an important concept in
AutoCAD because they can be used to great effect, especially when drawings become large or
complicated.
Window Selection
The Window option is invoked by typing W in response to the "Select objects" prompt.
Window allows you to define a rectangle using two points in exactly the same way as the
RECTANGLE command. Once the window is defined, all objects which lie entirely within the
window will be selected.
Figure 3.21: Window selection

The Window selection box is shown as a rectangle with a solid line (Figure 3.21).
Only objects entirely within the window will be selected.
Command Sequence
Command: start one of the Modify commands such as ERASE
Select objects: W
ME-324-B 48
First corner: (pick first corner)
Specify opposite corner: (pick second corner)
Select objects: (at this point you can either select more objects or to complete the selection
set and continue with the current command)
Crossing Window Selection
The Crossing Window option is invoked by typing C at the "Select objects" prompt and
is a variation of the Window command (Figure 3.22) The command sequence is exactly the
same but objects are selected which lie entirely within the window and those which cross the
window border.
Figure 3.22: Crossing window selection

The Crossing selection box is shown as a rectangle with a broken line, Objects within
and crossing the window will be selected.
The Undo option
It often happens that you inadvertently add objects which you don't want to a selection
set during its compilation. When this occurs in the middle of a complicated selection it can be
pretty annoying. Fortunately AutoCAD allows you to undo the last selection made during the
compilation of a selection set. All you need do is enter U at the next "Select objects" prompt to
remove the objects previously added.
Selecting All Objects
The All option is invoked by typing ALL at the "Select objects" prompt. You can use
this option to select all the objects in the current drawing, no picking is required. Objects on
Locked or Frozen layers are not selected but objects on layers which are simply turned off are
selected.
Fence Selection
The Fence option allows you to draw a multi-segment line, like a Polyline. All objects which
cross the fence will be selected. The Fence option is invoked by typing F at the "Select objects"
prompt.
ME-324-B 49
Command: (start one of the Modify commands such as ERASE)
Command Sequence
Select objects: F First fence point: (pick first point)
Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick second point) (Shown in Figure 3.23)
Figure 3.23: Fence command

Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick another point or to end fence selection)
Select objects: ( to complete the selection set or add more objects)
Window Polygon Selection
The Window Polygon option, invoked by typing WP is similar to the Window option
except that you can define an irregular polygon shape within which objects will be selected.
As with the Window option, only objects which fall entirely within the polygon will be selected
(Figure 3.24).
Command Sequence
Command: start one of the Modify commands
Select objects: WP
First polygon point: (pick first point)
Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick second point)
Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick third point)
Specify endpoint of line or [Undo]: (pick another point or to end polygon selection)
Select objects: ( to complete the selection set or add more objects)
ME-324-B 50
A polygon is formed by picking at least three points.
Figure 3.24: Window Polygon Selection

Using a Previous Selection
AutoCAD always remembers the last selection set you defined. This is very useful
because you may need to make a number of changes using different commands to the same
group of objects. In order to re-select the last selection set you can use the previous option. The
previous option is invoked by typing P at the "Select objects" prompt.
Selecting the Last Object
You can select the last object created by entering L at the "Select objects" prompt.
Adding and Removing Objects
AutoCAD provides two methods for adding and removing objects to and from a
selection set. As you know, objects can be added to a selection set simply by picking them or
by using one of the methods outlined above. You can remove selected objects from a selection
set just as easily by shift picking. If you hold the Shift key down on the keyboard while picking
a selected object, that object will be deselected (removed from the current selection set). You
can tell when a selected object has been deselected because it is no longer highlighted. You can
remove more than one object at a time by holding down the Shift key while using implied
windowing. However, none of the other selection options which require keyboard input will
work using the shift pick method.
If you need to remove a more complex selection from the current selection set you should use
the Remove option to switch to remove mode. If you enter R at the "Select objects" prompt,
AutoCAD will respond:
Remove objects
Objects now picked or selected using any of the above methods will be removed from
the current selection set. When you have finished removing objects, you can return to Add
mode by entering A at the "Remove objects" prompt.
You can use any combination of picking, selection options and add/remove modes to
ME-324-B 51
define your selection set. Once you are happy that you have selected all the objects you need,
just hit to complete the selection process and to continue with the current command.
When you feel confident with the basic selection tools, have a look at the Advanced Selection
tutorial to find out how to use AutoCAD's advanced selection tools for creating complex
selection sets.
Tips & Tricks
When you are picking objects in a complex drawing, use the ZOOM command
transparently to make object selection easier. All Zoom options selected from the toolbars are
automatically transparent but if you invoke the command from the keyboard you will need to
enter 'zoom.
Notes:-
ME-324-B 52
Assignment
3.3 Practice of Modify & Display commands with drawings.
ME-324-B 53
ME-324-B 54
Experiment No. 4: Creating drawing in orthographic projection in
AutoCAD
Examples:
Figure 4.1:
Figure 4.2:
ME-324-B 55
Assignment
4.1: Practice with drawings.
Figure 4.5:
ME-324-B 56
Experiment No. 5: Dimensioning & annotation of the drawing in
AutoCAD
5.1 Dimensioning & annotation toolbar.
AutoCAD provides a whole range of dimensioning tools which can be used to quickly
dimension any drawing without the need for measurement. Dimensioning in AutoCAD is
automatic; lines, arrows and text are all taken care of by the dimension commands (Figure 5.1).
AutoCAD dimensions are special blocks which can easily be edited or erased as necessary.
AutoCAD provides lots of control over the way dimensions look. Using a system similar to
text styles, dimension styles allow you to design dimensions so that they look just the way you
want them to.
Figure 5.1: Dimensioning and annotation bar.

For example, the illustration above shows two different dimension styles. The one on
the left is the default style known as STANDARD. If you do not create a style of your own or
modify the standard style, all dimensions will look like this. The dimension line has arrow
heads and the dimension text is positioned above the line and is drawn using the current text
style. The dimension on the right has been drawn using a new style. The arrows have been
changed to obliques, the vertical alignment of the text has been centered and the current text
style has been changed.
When working with dimensions it is very important that line origins are picked
accurately so that the resulting measurement and text are correct. Always use an Osnap to pick
dimension line origins. If you have a lot of dimensioning work to do, it will be worth using a
running Osnap.
The Linear Dimension Commands
Figure 5.2: Linear dimension command

As the name suggests the linear dimension commands are used to dimension along
straight lines (Figure 5.2). There are five linear dimension commands, namely: DIMLINEAR,
ME-324-B 57
DIMCONTINUE, DIMBASELINE, DIMALIGNED and DIMROTATED. The DIMLINEAR
command is probably the most common dimension command you will use.
The Linear Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Linear
Keyboard DIMLINEAR
Figure 5.3: Linear dimension commands without arrow head.

You can use this command to generate horizontal and vertical dimensions. Creating a linear
dimension is easy (Figure 5.3). All you have to do is start the command, specify the two
points between which you want the dimension to be drawn and pick a point to fix the position
of the dimension line. Consider the diagram (right) whilst working through the following
examples.
The Continue Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Continue
Keyboard DIMCONTINUE
Figure 5.4: continue dimension command.

You can use the Continue command to add a string of dimensions (Figure 5.4). In the
illustration above the "36mm" dimension has been continued from the "64mm" dimension.
The Baseline Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Baseline
ME-324-B 58
Keyboard DIMBASELINE
Figure 5.6: Dimensioning and annotation bar.

You can use this command to generate a series of dimensions from a single base point
(Figure 5.6). You must already have created the first dimension in the sequence using a
command such as DIMLINEAR. The DIMBASELINE command then creates further
dimensions in a similar way to the DIMCONTINUE command. All the user has to do is pick
points.
The Aligned Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Aligned
Keyboard DIMALIGNED
Figure 5.7: Aligned dimension command.

You can use this command to generate aligned dimensions (Figure 5.7). These are
dimensions along inclined lines which cannot be dimensioned with the DIMLINEAR
dimension command because that command will only give a measured dimension in either a
horizontal or vertical direction. However, as you can see from the command sequence below,
this command works in exactly the same way.
The Radial Dimension Commands
Figure 5.8: Radial dimension command for circle and arc.
ME-324-B 59
There are two main radial dimension commands, DIMDIAMETER and DIMRADIUS
(Figure 5.8, 5.9 & 5.10). Both commands result in a similar looking dimension so AutoCAD
automatically inserts "R" to indicate a radius and the dimension symbol to indicate a dimension.
The Diameter Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Diameter
Keyboard DIMDIAMETER
Figure 5.9: Diameter dimension command.

You can use the Diameter command to annotate a circle or an arc with a diameter
dimension. To achieve this simply start the command, pick a point on the circumference of the
circle, pick a second point to determine the length of the leader and then add the dimension text
or Return to accept the default.
The Radius Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Radius
Keyboard DIMRADIUS
Figure 5.10: Radius dimension command.

The Radius command is identical to the Diameter command except that the dimension
measurement is a radius rather than a dimension and the resulting dimension text is prefixed
with "R" to indicate radius.
The Center Mark Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Center Mark
Keyboard DIMCENTER
ME-324-B 60
Figure 5.11: Center mark command.

You can use the Center Mark command to annotate a circle or an arc with a cross at the
center (Figure 5.11). The illustration above shows a center mark added to a circle after a
diameter has been drawn.
Angular Dimensions
There is only one command in this section and it is used to annotate angular
measurements.
The Angular Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Angular
Keyboard DIMANGULAR
Figure 5.12: Angular dimension command

The Angular command is amazingly flexible and can be used to indicate an angle in
almost any situation (Figure 5.12). Just like the other dimension commands, all parts of the
process are rubber banded so you can see the results of your actions before you make the final
pick.
Ordinate Dimensions
Ordinate dimensions are not really dimensions at all in that they do not indicate a
measurement. Rather they annotate known co-ordinate points. The DIMORDINATE
command is used to indicate the X and Y ordinate values at any point.
ME-324-B 61
The Ordinate Dimension Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Ordinate
Keyboard DIMORDINATE
The Ordinate command is used to annotate co-ordinate points with X or Y values. This may be
useful for setting-out on site plans.
The Leader Command
The Leader command can be used to annotate any point on a drawing. The command
sequence below was used to draw the leader shown in the illustration above.
Editing Dimensions
The dimension edit commands, DIMEDIT and DIMTEDIT are used primarily to adjust
the position of the text part of a dimension. This is usually only necessary if the drawing is
quite complex and the dimension would read more clearly if it were in a different position.
The Dimension Text Edit Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Align Text/options
Keyboard DIMTEDIT
Figure 5.13: Dimension text edit command.

The Dimension Text Edit command is used to modify the text position of any single
dimension (Figure 5.13, 14 & 15). The command can be used to position the text dynamically
(this is the default) or one of the options can be used for a specific type of movement. For
example, the dimension shown on the right has been modified by dynamically moving the
position of the text and then the text has been rotated using the Angle option.
The Dimension Edit Command
Toolbar
ME-324-B 62
Pull-down Dimension/Oblique (other options are duplicated in DIMTEDIT so don't
appear)
Keyboard DIMEDIT

The Dimension Edit command can be used to modify and change the text of any number
of dimensions. The command could, for example, be used to add a standard prefix or suffix to
a number of dimensions.
The New option displays the Multiline Text Editor. The changes you make to the text
will be applied to all selected dimensions so it is important not to delete the "<>" marker from
the text string. Deleting this marker will remove the values from all selected dimensions.
ED enter for dimension edit
Select the dimension to edit
Then enter new value
The Dimension Update Command
Toolbar
Pull-down Dimension/Update
Keyboard DIM UPDATE
The Dimension Update command is used to apply the current dimension style to
existing dimensions. You can use this command to change the style of a dimension. Unlike text
styles, dimension styles do not automatically update when the style is changed. The UPDATE
command must be used to force dimensions to appear in the current text style.
Notes:-
ME-324-B 63
Experiment No. 6: Creating involute profile of gear in AutoCAD
This describes the process by which an involute gear tooth is designed and drawn in AutoCAD. A
module of 0.2mm is chosen for convenience. Also, a 40 tooth gear will be chosen for example, the
process is similar for the pinion. Figure 6.1 below shows a few of the properties of a gear tooth.
Definitions:
P = pitch = 1 / module
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
B = base diameter
A = addendum
Dd = dedendum
C = clearance
f = pressure angle
a = angle between teeth
Figure 6.1: Gear properties
Determine the pitch diameter:
D = N / P = N * module = 40 * 0.2mm = 8mm
Determine the base diameter:

Choose a pressure angle, typically between 14.5° and 25°. A value of 20° will be used for this
example.
B = D * cos(f) = 8mm * cos(20°) = 7.5175mm
For convenience of later calculations, the base radius is found to be 3.7588mm. Determine
Addendum and Dedendum:
A = 1.0 / P = module = 0.2mm
Dd = 1.25 / P = 1.25 * module = 0.25mm
Note: the value used for the dedendum above (1.25) can be chosen from various standards,
1.25 and 1.35 are common.
Determine Clearance:
C = Dd - A = 0.25 - 0.2 = 0.05mm
ME-324-B 64
Determine angle between teeth:
a = 360 / 40 = 9°
Since the teeth are on a circular gear the point of contact that allows constant angular velocity follows
an involute path as shown below in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2: Involute path
Imagine a string unwrapping from the circle, i.e. the purple line is the radius of the green arc being and it is
equal to the length of the blue arc.
So in this manner, the teeth profiles are drawn. The tricky part is the length of the involute radius (purple
line in Figure 6.2). However, this is easily remedied by forming a chart of discrete involute radii for
various angles formed by the tangent normal (red radius line in Fig. 2, about 270° in this instance).
So the length of the purple line is equal to the length of the blue arc. Thus we need only find the arc lengths
for a discrete set of angles described above. The length of the blue arc is: radius * angle (in radians). About
five degree (5*2p / 360 radians) increments seems to produce adequate resolution, more can be used if
desired. Since the teeth are drawn about the base diameter, the base radius is used for the calculation. A
sample is shown below for the first 5° increment:
Arc length = base radius * 5 * 2p / 360 = 3.7588mm * 0.04363 = 0.1640mm Continue these
calculations for 10°,15°,20°,25°, etc. Results are tabulated in Table 6.1 below.
Angle Arc Length
(deg) (mm)
0 0.0000
5 0.3280
10 0.6560
15 0.9841
20 1.3121
25 1.6401
30 1.9681
35 2.2961
40 2.6241
45 2.9522
50 3.2802
Table 6.1
All one has to do now is draw these in a CAD program as illustrated below in Figure 6.3. For AutoCAD
do the following:
Before starting we have added four additional layers of different colors to make things easier to see.
ME-324-B 65
Draw the base circle, 3.7588mm radius.
Draw a vertical line from the center outward past the circle.
In a new layer, draw a tangent line, in my case to the right, a little more than a radius in length.
Create polar array of this tangent line about the center of the circle at increments that you used to calculate
the involute radius (5° in my case) and about 10 of them should be enough (hence the ten 5° calculations
shown in Table 6.1). So this is what mine looks like after the array of 10 items, 5° between items:
Figure 6.3: Involute profile

(Exported from AutoCAD)
Now just make each of the arrayed lines the appropriate length. From the chart we see that the first line
(0° line, horizontal above) is 0.0000mm long. Just delete it. As for the others, use the “lengthen”
command:
Type “lengthen”, then “t” for total, then input the appropriate segment length, i.e. 0.3280 for the second
segment. Then click on the segment that you want to alter. Be sure to click towards the end of the segment
you want truncated. Repeat the command for each consecutive segment. It may be helpful to draw in the
addendum circle at this point so you know when you’ve truncated enough segments. You’ll know you’ve
done enough when the segment you just truncated stick above the addendum circle. The radius of the
addendum circle is the pitch circle radius plus the addendum, 4.2mm in our case.
It should look like this:
Figure 6.4: Truncated segments above addendum circle
Notice that the last three were not necessary, as they are past the addendum circle.
Now connect the endpoints of the involute radii with a spline curve using default tangents. Do this in
another layer. Pick the intersection of the vertical line and the base circle as one of the points. It should
look something like this:
ME-324-B 66
Figure 6.5: Connect endpoints of the involute radii with a spline curve using default tangents
Now in order to mirror the segment to produce the other side of a tooth, we will need to know its
intersection with the pitch circle in order to determine tooth thickness.
Turn off the layer that contains the involute radii lines for clarity. Draw in the pitch circle and draw a line
from the center to the intersection of the pitch circle and the tooth profile line (blue line above above).
Make a polar array this new line by 1/4th the tooth angle, a, you only need one, so choose 2 elements, 2.25°
between elements. In order to use decimal angle values, make sure to set Format> Units> Angle to the
proper number of decimal points. Mirror the tooth profile about this line. It should look like this:
Figure 6.6: Mirror the teeth profile

Now, you are nearly complete. Just truncate the tooth at the addendum circle with a straight line. In order to
complete the gear with one array, a complete tooth must the drawn, we do not have the bottom defined yet.
Array the tooth using 2 elements, 9° between elements to make another reference tooth. Draw a straight
line between the bottoms of the profiles. Add fillets to these corners if you wish. You can use half the
clearance (0.025mm) as the fillet radius. Here’s what it looks like:
ME-324-B 67
Figure 6.7: Adding fillets to the corners
Now, just delete the unneeded parts and you are one array away from completing your gear. It will looks
like this:
Figure 6.8: Teeth profile
Now array the remaining 39 teeth to get the gear teeth profile
Figure 6.9: Gear teeth profile
ME-324-B 68
Experiment No. 7: Velocity and Acceleration analysis in AutoCAD

This describes the process by which velocity and acceleration of a mechanism is analyzed and drawn
in AutoCAD.
7.1 Relative Velocity: Velocity of any point on a link w.r.t. another point on the same link is always
perpendicular to line joining these points on the configuration diagram.
7.2 Let, in a four bar chain ABCD, AD is fixed and is 600mm long. The crank AB is inclined at
60° to AD and 300mm long and rotates at 10 rad/sec in clockwise direction, while the link CD =
360mm and oscillates about D. Link BC and CD are of equal length. Find angular velocity of CD
and BC and linear velocity (Vc).
 First set the unit setup for work.
 Decide the scale for the space diagram, let assume 1:1
 Draw a line AD=600mm through line command
 Then draw a line of AB=300 mm inclined at 60°, to AD
 Draw a circle of 360mm center is B and same 360mm with center D
 Join all point which is shown in the fig.
 Show all the points.
 V(ba) = w(ba).BA = 10(0.3) = 0.3 m/s.
 Make other scale for velocity diagram 1:0.00525
 Make velocity diagram.
 V(c) = ac (or dc) = 0.79602 m/s.
 V(cb) = 265.34*0.003 = 1.8923625 m/s.
 V(cd) = 360.45*0.003 = 1.08135 m/s
 Angular Velocity (bc) = V(bc)/CD

= 1.8923625/0.360
= 5.2565625 rad/s.
 Angular Velocity (cd) = V(cd)/CD
= 1.08135/0.369
= 3.00375 rad/s.
ME-324-B 69
Figure 7.1: Velocity diagram
Assignment
7.3 For the same problem as given above find angular acceleration of links BC and CD.
Notes:-
ME-324-B 70
Experiment No. 8: Creating assembly drawing in AutoCAD

8.1The assembly drawing is usually created after all the detailed part drawings
are completed
Once all parts are combined into one file, an assembly may be created using various
MODIFY commands such as MOVE (Figure 6.1).
Figure 8.1: Drawing assembly using MODIFY and MOVE commands.

Some lines may have to be changed from visible to hidden or visa-versa and some may
need to be deleted (Figure 6.2)
Figure 8.2: Assembled parts drawing.

8.2.Steps used to create assembly drawing
1. In a drawing, place the plant objects you want in an assembly.
2. At the Command prompt, enter wblock.
3. In the Write Block dialog box, select Objects.
4. Click Select Objects.
5. In the drawing, select the objects that make up the assembly. Press ENTER to complete
object selection.
ME-324-B 71
6. In the Write Block dialog box, do the following:
 Under Base Point, click Pick Point to specify a point in the drawing, or enter the X, Y,
Z coordinate values of the point.
 Under Destination, enter a file name and path for the new drawing, or click the [...]
button to browse to a location.
 Click OK.
7. On the ribbon, click Insert tab Block panel Insert.
8. In the Insert dialog box, do the following:
 In the Name list, click the assembly you just created, or click Browse to locate the
drawing.
 In the lower-left corner, select Explode.
 Click OK.
9. When you move your cursor to the drawing, you are prompted to specify an insertion
point. In the drawing, click where you want to place the assembly.
10. Change the tagging information for individual components and lines as needed.
ME-324-B 72
Assignment
8.3 To draw the detailed view of knuckle joint and assemble the parts using AutoCAD
Figure 8.3: Knuckle Joint

Notes:-
ME-324-B 73
Experiment No. 9: Creating 3D modeling in AutoCAD

You can use standard 3D solid objects known as solid primitives to create a box, cone,
cylinder, sphere, torus, wedge, and pyramid. To create these 3D solid primitives, switch
the workspace to 3D Modeling, where the palettes and ribbon panel are customized to
create and modify 3D solid models.
Switch to the 3D Modeling Workspace
1. On the status bar, at the bottom of the drawing area, click the Workspace Switching
button.
Figure 9.1: Status bar

2. On the Workspace menu, click 3D Modeling.
Figure 9.2: Switch to 3D modeling

The 3D Modeling workspace is displayed. In this workspace, you can access the various
commands and tools needed for creating 3D drawings.
9.1 Create a box
You can create a rectangular or cubical solid box. Box objects can form a basic structure that
you can resize or combine with other objects.
Figure 9.3: Box object

The following steps explain how to create a box.
1. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ View panel ➤ Visual Styles drop-down > Conceptual.
2. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ Modeling panel ➤ Solid Primitivesdrop-down
➤ Box.
ME-324-B 74
3. At the prompt, click any point in the drawing to specify a base point.
4. At the prompt, enter 8,8 for the opposite corner and press Enter.
5. At the prompt, enter 5 for height and press Enter.
6. The base of the box is always drawn parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS
(workplane). The height of the box is specified in the Z axis direction. You can enter
both positive and negative values for the height.
7. On the ViewCube, located at the upper-right corner of the drawing window, click
Top, Front, Left, and Right to navigate around the sheet.
9.2 Create a cylinder

You can create a cylinder with a circular or elliptical base.
Figure 9.4: Cylinder

The following steps explain how to create a cylinder.
➤ Cylinder.
3. At the prompt, enter 5 for radius and press Enter.
9.3 Create a cone

You can create a pointed or frustum of a cone with a circular or elliptical base.
ME-324-B 75
Figure 9.5: Cone

The following steps explain how to create a cone.
1. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ Modeling panel ➤ Solid Primitivesdrop-

down ➤ Cone.
9.4 Create a torus

You can create a ring-shaped basic 3D solid primitive that resembles the inner tube of a
tire. A torus has two radius values. One value defines the tube. The other value defines
the distance from the center of the torus to the center of the tube.
Figure 9.5: Torus

The following steps explain how to create a torus.

➤ Torus.
ME-324-B 76
4. At the prompt, enter 3 for tube radius and press Enter.
Practice
Draw a table stand with simple 3D solid primitives
1. Click ➤ Open.
2. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ View panel ➤ Visual Styles drop-downlist ➤ Conceptual.
3. On the left half of the status bar, click the Object Snap button to enable object snap mode. Right-
click the Object Snap button.
4. On the shortcut menu, click Center to turn it on. The Center option should now have a box around
its icon which indicates the object snap is enabled.
5. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ Modeling panel ➤ Solid Primitives drop-down ➤ Cone.
6. At the prompt, move the cursor over one of the smaller circles. The center point of the circle is
displayed. Click the center of the circle in the drawing.
Figure 9.6:
7. At the prompt, enter T for top radius and press Enter.
8. At the prompt, enter 0.5 for radius and press Enter.
9. At the prompt, enter -4 for height and press Enter.
10. Repeat the process on the other smaller circles in the drawing to create four table legs
ME-324-B 77
Figure 9.7: Legs of table

You have created four table legs.
Draw a table top with simple 3D solid primitives
Figure 9.8: Top of table
In the same drawing file, do the following:
1. On the ribbon, click Home tab ➤ Modeling panel ➤Solid Primitives drop-down ➤
Cylinder.
2. At the prompt, select the center point of the circle that has a radius of 4.
Figure 9.9: Top of table

4. At the prompt, enter 0.5 for height and press Enter.
ME-324-B 78
Figure 9.10: Table made with 3D primitives
You have created a table top.

Notes:-
ME-324-B 79

Computer Aided Design Laboratory (Me - 324-B)

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MBM Engineering College Jodhpur

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computer Aided Design

Third year/ V Semester

1. K. Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Addison Wesley, 1999.

9 To creating 3D modeling in AutoCAD PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PSO1, PSO2

Course Code Category Hours / Week Credits Maximum Marks

1. Overview of AutoCAD 1-14

2. Basic commands of AutoCAD 15-32

Modify and Display commands in

6. To creating Involute profile of gear in 64-68

7. Velocity and Acceleration analysis in 69-70

9. To creating 3D modeling in AutoCAD 74-79

Figure 1.1: The Working area of AutoCAD

1.2 Basic Toolbars in AutoCAD

Figure 1.2: Status bar

Menu bar Tools drafting setting

 The Ortho Mode

 Object Snap (Osnap)

Figure 1.4: Object Snap Mode.

Figure 1.5: Drawing Units Dialog Box.

Figure 1.8: Page setup (PDF Option).

Figure 1.9: PDF Option to manage dpi.

Figure 1.10: Publish option in PDF.

Figure: 1.11: Example of absolute co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.

Figure 1.12: Example of incremental co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.

Figure 1.13: Example of incremental co-ordinate System in X Y Plane.

2.1 Draw commands of AutoCAD

Figure 2.1: Draw commands bar.

The Line Command

Figure 2.2: line command

The Construction Line Command

Open polyline Closed polyline

Figure 2.4: Rectangle command menu

Other corner pt.

First corner pt.

Figure 2.5: Rectangle command using first corner point.

Inscribed Circumscribed Edge

Figure 2.8: Donut command

Figure 2.9: Revcloud command

Figure 2.10: Circle command menu

Figure 2.12: Arc command menu

Figure 2.13: 3 pt. Arc command

Figure 2.14: Spline command

Figure 2.15: Ellipse command option 1

Figure 2.16: Ellipse command option 2

Figure 2.17: Ellipse command option

Figure 2.18: different point style.

Figure 2.19: Region command

Figure 2.20: Polygon command

Figure 2.21: Hatch command menu

Internal pt. selected Hatch boundary Result

Figure 2.22: Pick pt. hatch command

Object selected Hatch boundary Result

Figure 2.23: Select object hatch command

Internal pt. selected Object removed Result

Figure 2.24: Remove object hatch command

Figure 2.25: Text command

illustrate text formatting menu.

Figure 2.27: Figure 2.28:

Figure 2.29: Figure 2.30:

3.1 Modify & Display commands in AutoCAD.

Figure 3.1: Modify commands bar